汽車與工程專業(yè)英語

1、 Chapter 1 Automotive Basics (1) Today s average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can be grouped into four major categories: body, engine, chassis and electrical equipment 。 當(dāng)今的車輛一般都由15000多個分散、獨立且相互配合的零部件組成。這些零部件主要分為四類：車身、發(fā)動機、底盤和電氣設(shè)備。 1.1

2、Body（車身） (2) The body is designed to keep passengers safe and comfortable. The body styling provides an attractive, colorful, modern appearance for the vehicle. 車身的設(shè)計要保證乘客安全舒適。車身的款 式使得汽車看起來漂亮迷人、色彩斑斕、時尚前衛(wèi)。 1.2 Engine（發(fā)動機） (3)The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by bur

3、ning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline and diesel . Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the transmission

4、 . 內(nèi)燃機是最常見的，其動力來自氣缸里液體燃料的燃燒。發(fā)動機有汽油機和柴油機兩種，都稱為熱機燃料燃燒產(chǎn)生熱量，使得氣缸內(nèi)氣體壓力升高，從而提供動力，帶動連接變速器的軸旋轉(zhuǎn). 1.3 Chassis（底盤） 1.3.3 Suspension（懸架） (4) The purpose of the complete suspension system is to isolate the vehicle body from road shocks and vibrations, which will otherwise be transferred to the passengers and loa

5、d. It must also keep the tires in contact with the road regardless of road surface. 整個懸架系統(tǒng)的作用是隔離來自路的沖擊和振動對車身的影響,防止它們傳遞給乘客和貨物。另外不論路面如何,懸架系統(tǒng)都應(yīng)該保持輪胎和路的接觸。 1.3.4 Braking（制動） (5) Drum brakes have a drum attached to the wheel hub, and braking occurs by means of brake shoes expanding against the inside of

6、the drum. With disc brakes, a disc attached to the wheel hub is clenched between two brake pads.在鼓式制動器上，制動鼓和輪轂連接，制動蹄張開壓緊制動鼓內(nèi)側(cè)從而產(chǎn)生制動。在盤式制動器上，連著輪轂的制動盤，被緊緊夾在兩個制動塊之間。1.4 Electrical system（電氣系統(tǒng)） (6) The electrical system supplies electricity for the starter, ignition, lights and heater. The electricity l

7、evel is maintained by a charging circuit. 電器系統(tǒng)為起動機、點火系、照明和加熱設(shè)備提供電流。電流的大小由充電電路來維持。 Chapter 2 Internal Combustion Engine 2.1.2 Engine Terms（發(fā)動機條款） 2) Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn. The power stroke "uses up" the

8、gas, so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture: this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves; 活塞通過連桿和軸連接，使得氣體帶動軸旋轉(zhuǎn)半圈。作功沖程耗盡了所有的氣體，這樣就必須采取相應(yīng)的措施排出廢氣以及向氣缸內(nèi)再充入新鮮的可燃混合氣：氣體的運動由氣門來控 。 2.2.1 Engine Block（發(fā)動機缸體） 1) The engine block is

9、 the basic frame of the engine. All other engine parts either fit inside it or fasten to it. It holds the cylinders, water jackets, and oil galleries. The engine block also holds the crankshaft, which fastens to the bottom of the block. 缸體是發(fā)動機的基體。發(fā)動機其它的部件都安裝或固定在缸體上，包括氣缸、水套和油道，以及固定在缸體底部的曲軸等。 2.2.2 Cy

10、linder Sleeves（氣缸套） 2) Cylinder sleeves are used in engine blocks to provide a hard wearing material for pistons and piston rings. The block can be made of one kind of iron that is light and easy to cast while the sleeves uses another that is better able to stand up wear and tear. There are two main

11、 types of sleeves: dry and wet. 缸體中的氣缸套為活塞和活塞環(huán)提供了一種堅硬耐磨的材料。缸體可以采用某種重量輕且易鑄造的鐵來制造，而缸套使用的卻是另一種更加耐磨損的材料成。主要有兩種類型的氣缸套：干缸套和濕缸套。 2.2.3 Cylinder Head（缸蓋） 3) The cylinder head fastens to the top of the block, just as a roof fits over a house. The underside forms the combustion chamber with the top of the pis

12、ton. In-line engines of light vehicles have just one cylinder head for all cylinders; larger in-line engines can have two or more. 氣缸蓋安裝在缸體的頂部，就像安在房子上的屋頂一 樣。缸蓋的下方和活塞頂部形成燃燒室。輕型車上使用的直列發(fā)動機，所有氣缸僅有一個氣缸蓋，較大的直列發(fā)動機有兩個或更多缸蓋。 2.2.5 Oil Pan or sump （油盤或油底蓋） 4) The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil f

13、rom the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus, there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working pats of the engine. 潤滑系的機油泵從油底殼抽出機油并把機油輸送給發(fā)動機的所有工作部件。機油從油底殼流進流出.因而在油底殼和發(fā)動機的工作部件之間就有機油定向循環(huán)流動。 2.3.2 Piston Assembl

14、y(活塞總成) 1) Most pistons are made from cast aluminum. The piston, through the connecting rod, transfers to the crankshaft the force created by the burning fuel mixture. This force turns the crankshaft.大多數(shù)活塞由鋁鑄造而成。通過連桿的作用，活塞把可燃混合氣燃燒產(chǎn)生的力傳遞給曲軸，帶動曲軸旋轉(zhuǎn)。 2) In diesel engines, the combustion chamber may be

15、formed totally or in part in the piston crown, depending on method of injection. 柴油機發(fā)動機根據(jù)噴油方法不同，活塞頭部可以形成全部燃燒室，也可以是燃燒室的一部分 3）Piston Rings（活塞環(huán)） In modern engines, each piston has three rings. (Piston in older engines Gas Rings sometimes had four rings, or even five.) The inside surface of the ring fit

16、s in the groove on the piston. The ring's outside surface presses against the cylinder walls. 在新型發(fā)動機上，每個活塞有三個活塞環(huán)。（在老式發(fā)動機上，每個活塞有四個甚至五個活塞環(huán)）環(huán)的內(nèi)側(cè)裝在活塞的環(huán)槽里，環(huán)的外表面緊壓在氣缸壁上。 4) The connecting rod little end is connected to the piston pin. A bush made from a soft metal, such as bronze, is used for this joi

17、nt. The lower end of the connecting rod fit the crankshaft journal. This is called the big end. 連桿小頭與活塞銷連接，連接處有像青銅這樣軟金屬制成的襯套，連桿下端連接在曲柄軸徑上，稱為連桿大頭。 5) N.B. No.4 piston is always performing the companion stroke to No.1: when the inlet valve in No.4 cylinder is fully open, No.1 cylinder inlet valve is f

18、ully closed - this feature is useful to remember when checking valve clearances.注意4號活塞和1號活塞總是成對運行：1號氣缸進氣門全閉時，4號氣缸進氣門全開這個特點在檢查氣門間隙時是很有用的。 6) As each cylinder fires, it causes the crank throw to speed up. The inertia of the rest of shaft cause it to stay slightly behind, resulting in a twisting action

19、 on the crankshaft. 當(dāng)一氣缸點火時，使拐的轉(zhuǎn)速提高，而軸的其它部分由于慣性作用，有所滯后,從而導(dǎo)致曲軸扭轉(zhuǎn)。 2.5: valve system （氣門系統(tǒng)） 1）It is apparent from this description that the exhaust valve stays open for a short period of time during which the intake valve is also open. In other words, the end of the exhaust stroke and the beginning of

20、 the intake stoke overlap for a short period of time. This is called valve overlap. Valve timing and valve overlap vary on different engines. 由上顯而易見，排氣門在進氣門打開的一小段時間內(nèi)也打開著。換句話說，排氣沖程終了和進氣沖程初期有一小段時間的重疊，這稱為氣門重疊。不同的發(fā)動機，其配氣正時和氣門重疊是不一樣的。 2） Each cam must revolve once during the four-stroke cycle to open a v

21、alve. A cycle, remember, corresponds with two revolutions of the crankshaft. Therefore, the camshaft must revolve at exactly half the speed of the crankshaft. This is accomplished with a 2:1 gear ratio. A gear connected to the camshaft has twice the number of teeth as a gear connected to the cranksh

22、aft. 在一個四沖程的循環(huán)里，每個凸輪轉(zhuǎn)動一次來打開一個氣門。在一個循環(huán)里曲軸是轉(zhuǎn)動兩圈的。因此，凸輪軸必須以曲軸轉(zhuǎn)速的一半旋轉(zhuǎn)，這是由2:1的傳動比來實現(xiàn)的。連接凸輪軸的齒輪齒數(shù)是連接曲軸的齒輪齒數(shù)的2倍。 2.6 Gasoline Fuel System （汽油燃燒系統(tǒng)） 1) Gasoline must vaporize easily. This characteristic, called volatility, is important. However, it must not vaporize too easily, or it will turn to vapor insid

23、e the fuel tank or fuel lines. Inside the fuel line, fuel vapor may block the flow of liquid gasoline. This is called vapor lock. Vapor lock is common in fuel lines where the inlet side of the pump is exposed to high temperatures. 汽油容易蒸發(fā)，這個重要的特性稱為揮發(fā)性。但是汽油也不能揮發(fā)得過快，不然它會在油箱或油管里轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)檎魵狻Ｔ谟凸苤杏驼魵鈺璧K液態(tài)油的流動，這稱

24、為氣阻。汽油泵的入口處易受高溫，就經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)氣阻。 2) Increasing the pressure of the fuel mixture in the combustion chamber before ignition helps to increase the power of an engine. This is done by compressing the fuel mixture to a smaller volume. Higher compression ratios not only boost power but also give more efficient po

25、wer. But as the compression ratio goes up, knocking tendency increases. 在點火前增加燃燒室內(nèi)可燃混合氣的壓力有助于提高發(fā)動機的功率，這是通過把可燃混合氣壓縮到一個極小的體積來實現(xiàn)的。高的壓縮比不僅可以增加功率，而且會帶來更多的有功率。但隨著壓縮比的增加，爆震的可能性也會增加。 3） Fuel pump: Most cars today have a mechanical fuel pump. This pumps fuel out of the tank and through the fuel lines to the

26、carburetor or injection system. In most cars, the pump is mounted on the engine block. Some cars have an electric fuel pump. This pump mounts in the fuel tank with the fuel pickup and the fuel-gauge-sending unit. 當(dāng)前大多數(shù)車采用機械油泵，油泵從油箱抽出油，通過油管送到化油器或噴射系統(tǒng)。大部分車的油泵安裝在缸體上。一些車采用電動油泵，油泵安裝在油箱上，附帶有油量傳感器和燃油表油量傳送裝

27、置。 4） A carburetor delivers fuel in proportion to the amount of air flowing through it. As you press on the accelerator pedal, the throttle valve opens wider to draw more air through the carburetor The carburetor provides richer or leaner mixtures, depending on a number of factors: engine speed, loa

28、d, temperature, and throttle position. To meet complicated demands, a carburetor is a highly intricate device, with many internal passages and parts. 化油器輸送的燃油與流經(jīng)化油器的空氣量成一定比例。踩下加速踏板，節(jié)氣門開度變大，化油器吸入的空氣增加?；推骺商峁┹^濃或較稀的混合氣，這取決于發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速、負荷、溫度和油門開度等因素。為滿足復(fù)雜的要求，化油器的結(jié)構(gòu)也很復(fù)雜，其上有很多內(nèi)部通道和部件。 5） The throttle mechanism

29、controls the flow of the air- fuel mixture. The throttle has several parts, including the throttle shaft and the throttle plate. By opening and closing, the throttle plate controls the flow of the air-fuel mixture into the engine. More air flows in as the plate opens; less air flows in as the plate

30、closes. 節(jié)氣門機構(gòu)控制著可燃混合氣的流量，包括節(jié)氣門軸和節(jié)氣門等部件。節(jié)氣門的開啟和關(guān)閉控制著進入發(fā)動機的可燃混合氣流量。節(jié)氣門開啟，空氣流量增加；節(jié)氣門關(guān)閉，空氣流量減少。 2.7 Diesel Engine（柴油機） 1) Diesel engine gets this name from the pioneer work done by Dr Rudolf Diesel. The diesel is used for the majority of heavy vehicles and the excellent fuel economy makes it an attracti

31、ve alternative to the petrol engine for light commercial vehicles, delivery vans and taxis. 柴油發(fā)動機的名稱來源于Rudolf Diesel博士所完成的開拓性工作。大多數(shù)重型車輛使用柴油，優(yōu)良的燃油經(jīng)濟性使得柴油機成為具有吸引力的替代品,來代替輕型商用車、廂式運輸貨車和出租車上汽油機。 2）At exhaust-gas turbo-charging, the exhaust-gas energy which would have been lost is used to drive a turbine.

32、 This turbine drives a compressor which aspirates the combustion air and supplies it pre-compressed to the engine. In this way, more fuel can be supplied to the larger air mass and the engine power is increased. A positive effect is also exerted on the combustion process. 在廢氣渦輪增壓中，原本要喪失的廢氣能量用來驅(qū)動渦輪，渦

33、輪驅(qū)動壓縮機，壓縮機吸入助燃空氣，預(yù)壓縮后送給發(fā)動機。這樣，空氣量多，供油也多，發(fā)動機功率就會增加，對燃燒過程也會帶來積極作用。 2.8.2 Thermostat circulation（溫控器循環(huán)） 1） When the engine is cool, the thermostat remains closed so that coolant cannot circulate through the radiator. Instead, coolant is recirculated within the engine block and cylinder head until the c

34、oolant reaches a predetermined temperature. At that temperature a wax-like pellet expands inside the thermostat to open it and allow the coolant to flow. Today, most original-equipment thermostats open at approximately 85oC to 90oC. In hotter climates, a “cooler” thermostat may be used to help avoid

35、 overheating. 當(dāng)發(fā)動機溫度較低時，節(jié)溫器保持關(guān)閉，冷卻水不能流通散熱器進行循環(huán)，而是在發(fā)動機缸體和缸蓋之間循環(huán)流動，一直到冷卻水達到預(yù)定的溫度為止。在該溫度下，節(jié)溫器中的蠟芯膨脹，從而打開節(jié)溫器，使得循環(huán)水流經(jīng)節(jié)溫器。目前，多數(shù)原裝節(jié)溫器的開啟溫度大約在 8590oC。氣溫較高時，可采用低溫節(jié)溫器防止發(fā)動機過熱。 2）The purpose of the lubrication system is to circulate oil through the engine. An engine must have a good lubrication system. Without

36、it, the friction heat from the contact of the moving parts would wear the parts and cause power loss.Oil, when placed between two moving parts, separates them with a film. This oil film prevents the parts from rubbing against each other. This oil film also cushions the parts, giving quieter and smoo

37、ther engine operation. 潤滑系統(tǒng)的作用是使機油在發(fā)動機里循環(huán)流動。發(fā)動機必須要有良好的潤滑系統(tǒng)，不然移動部件相互接觸摩擦而產(chǎn)生的熱量 磨損發(fā)動機部件，并損失發(fā)動機功率。機油位于兩個移動部件之間，通過油膜隔開兩部件。油膜防止部件之間的相互摩擦。它墊在部件之間，使得發(fā)動機工作安靜、平穩(wěn)可靠。 3）Three Types of harmful emission (HC, CO, NOX): There are many causes for emissions. Some emissions are caused by poor air quality. Other emiss

38、ions are caused by engine fuels, such as diesel fuel or gasoline. These are hydrocarbon fuels, made up primarily of hydrogen and carbon. Emissions are colorless and odorless. Sunlight, though, will transform them into smog. 產(chǎn)生排放的原因有很多，一部分排放物是由于空氣質(zhì)量差引起的，另一部分是由柴油或汽油等發(fā)動機燃料產(chǎn)生的。這些碳氫化合物燃料主要由碳和氫兩種元素組成。這些排放

39、物是無色無味的，在陽光的作用下轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闊熿F。 2.10 Emission Control（排放控制裝置） 1） Exhaust-gas recirculation is a method of reducing emissions of oxides of nitrogen that has been known and applied for years. In its essential components, engine exhaust is an inert gas, i.e. a non-combustible gas. 廢氣再循環(huán)可降低氮氧化合物的排放，這種技術(shù)早已為人所知并應(yīng)用多

40、年。發(fā)動機廢氣的基本成分是一種惰性氣體，也就是一種不易燃燒的氣體。 CHAPTER 3 POWER TRAIN（傳動系統(tǒng)） 1) When a vehicle is to be moved from rest the clutch must engage a stationary gearbox shaft with the engine; this must be rotating at a high speed to provide sufficient power or else the load will be too great and the engine will stall (

41、come to rest). 當(dāng)汽車原地起步時，離合器要將靜止的變速器軸同發(fā)動機接合起來，此時發(fā)動機必須高速旋轉(zhuǎn)以提供足夠大的功率，否則載荷過大將引起發(fā)動機熄火。 2) The driving member （主動部分） The driving member consists of two parts: the flywheel and the pressure plate. The flywheel is bolted directly to the engine crankshaft and rotates when the crankshaft turns. The pressure p

42、late is bolted to the flywheel. The result is that both flywheel and pressure plate rotate together. (p74) 主動部分由飛輪和壓盤兩部件組成。飛輪用螺栓直接連接到發(fā)動機曲軸上，隨曲軸旋轉(zhuǎn)而旋轉(zhuǎn)。壓盤與飛輪連接，這樣飛輪和壓盤一起旋轉(zhuǎn)。 3) The driven member （從動部分） The driven member, or clutch disc, is located between the flywheel and pressure plate. The disc has a

43、splined hub that locks to the splined input shaft on the gearbox. Any rotation of the clutch disc turns the input shaft. 從動部分（或從動盤）位于飛輪和壓盤之間。從動盤上有花鍵轂，連接著變速器上 花鍵的輸入軸。從動盤的旋轉(zhuǎn) 動變速器輸入軸隨之轉(zhuǎn)動。 4) Operating members （操縱機構(gòu)） These are the parts that release pressure from the clutch disc. The operating members c

44、onsist of the clutch pedal, clutch return spring, clutch linkage, clutch fork, and throwout bearing. The clutch linkage includes the clutch pedal and a mechanical or hydraulic system to move the other operating members. 操縱機構(gòu)釋放離合器盤的壓力。操縱機構(gòu)由離合器踏板、回位彈簧、離合器桿系、分離叉和分離軸承等組成。離合器桿系包括離合器踏板以及用來移動其它操縱部件的機械或液壓操縱

45、系統(tǒng)。 3.4 Universal Joints (UJ 萬向節(jié)） 1） The suspension connects the final drive assembly to the car body. The final drive moves up and down in relation to the engine and transmission. A coupling is needed that permits movement between the final drive and transmission. The universal joints provide this

46、coupling. 懸架連接著主減速器(后橋)總成和車身。主減速器相對于發(fā)動機和變速器上下運動，這樣在主減速器 和變速器之間就需要萬向節(jié)這種連接裝置來允許其相對運動。 2）A shaft which receives the drive from a cross type joint varies its speed during rotation; the greater the drive angle the greater the speed variation. A constant rotational speed can be restored by fitting a secon

47、d joint in a way such that when the first joint increases its speed the second joint decreases its speed. 傳動軸接收十字軸式萬向節(jié)傳來的動力，轉(zhuǎn)動時其速度發(fā)生變化。傳動角越大，速度變化越大。要實現(xiàn)等速，必須以某種方式安裝第二個萬向節(jié)，這樣第一個萬向節(jié)使轉(zhuǎn)速增大，第二個萬向節(jié)就使轉(zhuǎn)速減少。 3）Planetary gears are used mainly in final drives, rear- mounted splitter boxes and, above all, in aut

48、omatic transmissions. The simplest form of planetary gear (the planetary-gear train) consists of sun gear, ring gear and arm with planet gears. Each of the three elements may act as drive, output or may be at rest. Therefore, great variation is possible as regards the transmission ratio, ranging as

49、far as a reversal of the direction of rotation. The parallel meshing of several gears under load permits a compact construction. 行星齒輪系主要應(yīng)用在主減速器、后置副變速器和自動變速器上。最簡單的行星齒輪系統(tǒng)由太陽輪、齒圈和行星輪組成。三部件中任意一個都可作輸、輸出或保持靜止。這樣，依照變速比的不同可得到較大的變速范圍，汽車的倒行也能實。承載齒輪的平行嚙合使行星輪系結(jié)構(gòu)較緊湊。 4）When a vehicle is cornered the inner wheel

50、moves through a shorter distance than the outer wheel. This means that the inner wheel must slow down and the outer wheel must speed up. During this period it is desirable that each driving wheel maintains its driving action. The differential performs these two tasks. 當(dāng)汽車轉(zhuǎn)彎時，內(nèi)側(cè)車輪比外側(cè)車輪行駛的距離要短 ，這說明內(nèi)側(cè)車

51、輪比外側(cè)車輪轉(zhuǎn)得要慢。在此期間，維持每個驅(qū)動車輪的行駛狀態(tài)是很重要的。這兩個任務(wù)由差速器來完成。 另：重點詞句重點詞語1.Power Train: 傳動系統(tǒng) 2.Suspension: 懸架 3.Cylinder: 氣缸 4.Transmission: 變速器 5.Gasoline: 汽油機 6.Final Drive: 主減速器，后橋 7.Leaf Spring: 鋼板彈簧 8.Piston: 活塞 9.TDC: 上止點 10.Lubrication: 潤滑 11.Muffler: 消聲器 12.Planetary Gear: 行星齒輪 13.Disc Brake: 盤式制動器 14.Ven

52、ting System: 通風(fēng)系統(tǒng) 15.Hybrid: 混合動力重點句子一1 Gasoline and Diesel are called heat engines, the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the power train.汽油機和柴油機被稱為熱機，車用燃料產(chǎn)生熱量使得氣缸里的氣體壓力升高，為傳動系統(tǒng)的曲軸提供動力。2 An a

53、utomatic transmission performs similar functions to a manual transmission except that gear selection is controlled either htdraulically or electronically.自動變速器選擇檔位由液壓或者電控方式控制，其余方面，自動變速器和手動變速器的功能類似。3 The purpose of the complete suspension system is to isolate the vehicle body from road shocks and vib

54、rations, which will otherwise be transferred to the passengers and load.懸架系統(tǒng)的功能是隔離、緩減路面沖擊和振動,避免傳遞到車身,影響乘客和貨物的舒適性和安全性。4 All vehicles must fitted with at least 2 independent brake systems. They were once called the service brake and the emergency brake.所有汽車都必須配備兩套獨立的制動系統(tǒng)，即行車制動和緊急制動。5 The pressure deve

55、loped within the combustion chamber is applied to the head of a piston to produce a usable mechanical force.燃燒室內(nèi)的壓力作用在活塞頂部產(chǎn)生有用的機械功。6 The valve system is made up of those parts needed to open and close the valves at just the right time. 氣門系統(tǒng)由那些在正確時間開啟和關(guān)閉氣門的零部件組成。7 The burned gases removed from the combustion chamber contain such harmful emissions as hydrocarbons,carbon monoxide and nit