2019年雅思IELTS考試備考資料模擬試題3

1、2019 年雅思 IELTS 考試備考資料模擬試題 3小作文：二氧化碳五國排放量一張表格大作文：現(xiàn)代人鄰居間都不熟From The Economist print editionHow shops can exploit people 's herd mentality to increase sales1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfarebut it is. Shopkeepersknow that filling a store with the aro

2、ma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence ” (that is ， ho

3、w ants ， bees or any social animal ， including humans ， behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy.2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome ， Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani ， a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology ， described a new w

4、ay to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted： for instance ， byplacing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store ， forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr U

5、smani and Ronaldo Menezes， also ofthe Florida Institute of Technology， set out to enhance thistendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. Theidea is that ， if a certain product is seen to be popular shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about wha

6、t others are buying.3. Enter smart- cart technology. In Mr Usmani'ssupermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag， a sort of barcode that uses radio wavesto transmit information， and every trolley has a scannerthat reads this information and relays it to a central computer. A

7、s a customer walks past a shelf of goods， ascreen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high ， he is more likely to select it too.4. Mr Usmani 's “swarm- moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales w

8、ithout the need to give people discounts. And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing that they bought the “ right ” product that is the one everyone else bought. The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world， mainly because radiofrequency identification technology is new and has

9、only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal-Mart in America and Tesco in Britain are interested in his work， and testing will get under way inthe spring.5. Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could， indeed ， be boos

10、ted in this way.Matthew Salganik of Columbia University in New York and his colleagues have described creating an artificial music market in which some 14 ，000 people downloaded previously unknown songs. The researchers found that when people could see thesongs ranked by how many times they had been

11、 downloaded，they followed the crowd. When the songs were not ordered by rank ， but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed ， the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so.6. In Japan a chain of

12、 convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies. The shops sell only the most popular items in each product category，and the rankings are updated weekly. Icosystem， a company inCambridge， Massachusetts ，

13、also aims to exploit knowledge of social networking to improve sales.7. And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet. Online retailers such as Amazon are adept at telling shoppers which products are popular with like-minded consumers. Even in the privacy of your home ， you can still be part of the swarm.Questions 1-6Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage.