有關(guān)青瓷的英語(yǔ)材料

1、Traditional Sintering Skill for LongQuan Celadon龍泉位于浙江省的西南部，以燒制青瓷聞名于世。² Longquan city, in the southwest of Zhejiang China, is famous for sintering Longquan celadon.² Longquan City, located in the southwest of Zhejiang China, is noted for sintering Longquan celadon.² Longquan City, sit

2、uated in the southwest of Zhejiang China, is world-renowned for its unique celadon sintering skills.龍泉青瓷燒制技術(shù)有著悠久的歷史。² Longquan celadon sintering skill has a long influencing history. ² Longquan celadon sintering skill enjoys a profound history.² Longquan celadon sintering skill has a

3、long influencing history. ² Longquan celadon sintering skill enjoys a profound history.龍泉是一座具有悠久歷史和燦爛文化的東方名城。Longquan is a famous oriental city with profound history and splendid culture.五代時(shí)期的“秘色”青瓷，北宋時(shí)期寫意傳神的刻花青瓷，哥窯的紫口鐵足，南宋時(shí)期弟窯的粉清，梅子清為經(jīng)典代表的釉色等等都各具獨(dú)特的燒制技藝和文化內(nèi)涵。² Key words:³ Period³

4、; Dynasty³ Freehand brushwork³ Kiln³ Thick glaze³ Carved design² Mise Celadon sintered during Wudai period² Carved design celadon of freehand brushwork during North Song Dynasty² “Zikoutiezu” celadon from Ge kiln² Thick glaze celadon of “Fenqing” and “Meiziqin

5、g” from Di kiln during South Dynasty ² And the like/and so on/² 獨(dú)特的燒制技藝³ Unique Distinct/Distinctive Specifical³ 文化內(nèi)涵Connotation Implicationhave distinct technical features and cultural implication.² 程度這個(gè)詞不用翻譯² 前所未有的³ Unprecedented² Longquan celadon had unprec

6、edented production during Yuan Dynasty.明朝時(shí)期，龍泉青瓷作為大明王朝的國(guó)禮隨著鄭和下西洋而進(jìn)入沿途各國(guó)的皇宮內(nèi)院During Ming Dynasty, Longquan celadon, as national present, had entered into imperial palaces of many countries with Zheng Hes navigation宋元時(shí)期，龍泉青瓷出口激增。² 激增的表達(dá)³ Surge³ Increase dramatically³ Expand drastic

7、ally² During Song and Yuan periods, Longquan celadon had large exportation.² During Song and Yuan periods, the export of Longquan celadon increased dramatically.據(jù)調(diào)查，龍泉青瓷當(dāng)時(shí)遠(yuǎn)銷50多個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)。² According to research, Longquan celadon has been found in more than 50 countries and regions.²

8、According to research, Longquan celadon had been exported to more than 50 countries and regions一些國(guó)家的博物館珍藏著龍泉青瓷；在中國(guó)南海發(fā)現(xiàn)的一艘沉船中，發(fā)現(xiàn)了大量的南宋早期燒制的龍泉青瓷；在韓國(guó)新安海底發(fā)現(xiàn)一艘元代沉船，打撈出1萬(wàn)多件瓷器；在明朝，龍泉青瓷被譽(yù)為“雪拉同”在法語(yǔ)中。² Some museums exhibited Longquan celadon.² Large amount of Longquan celadon from the early stage of

9、 South Song Dynasty were found in the wreck of the South China Sea.² Nearly 10000 Longquan celadon were also found in the wreck of Yuan Dynasty in Xinan Seabed of Korea. ² During Ming Dynasty, Longquan celadon was called “Xuelatong” by FrenchTraditional Sintering Skill for LongQuan Celadon

10、龍泉是青瓷的主要發(fā)源地，受益于其上好的資源和精良的傳統(tǒng)燒制工藝。發(fā)源地Origin/Originate/Birthplace/Cradle Longquan is a principal origin of celadon, mainly benefiting from high-quality resources and excellent traditional sintering workmanship. Longquan，as the main cradle of celadon, benefits from extraordinary resources and sound trad

11、itional sintering workmanship.只有用龍泉獨(dú)有的紫金土和瓷石所制的青釉才能燒制出如翠玉般的青瓷。 獨(dú)有的 Exclusive 翠玉般的 形容詞性 Jade-like Only glaze made of Longquan's exclusive violet golden earth and porcelain stones can make the jade-like celadon. The jade-like celadon only could be sintered by glaze made of Longquans exclusive viol

12、et golden earth and porcelain stones.龍泉青瓷的原材料主要是主體材料和釉 原材料 Raw material The main raw materials of Longquan celadon are body material and glaze. The main raw materials of Longquan celadon consist of body material and glaze. 主體的原材料是瓷土；制備釉的原料主要是瓷石，紫金土，石灰石，石英和植物灰等，將選取的優(yōu)質(zhì)原料經(jīng)粉碎、淘洗后以一定的比例混合即為釉。 瓷土 porcelai

13、n clay 瓷石 porcelain stone 紫金土 violet golden clay 石灰石 limestone 石英 quartz 粉碎 crush up 淘洗 elutriate翻譯的時(shí)候注意“粉碎，淘洗”應(yīng)為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，“按一定的比例混合”可以放在前面，“將選取優(yōu)質(zhì)的原材料”可以省略。 The main raw materials of Longquan celadon are body material and glaze. The raw material of body is porcelain clay. The raw material of glaze is mad

14、e up according to certain proportion of porcelain stone, violet gold clay, limestone, quartz and vegetable ashes etc. after being crushed up and elutriated. The raw material of glaze is mixing product of porcelain stone, violet gold clay, limestone, quartz and vegetable ashes etc. in certain proport

15、ion after being crushed up and elutriated.釉的成色和光澤度取決于原料礦點(diǎn)位置，植物灰的種類和混合的比例。 成色 Quality 光澤度 Burnish degree The quality and burnish degree depend on the location of raw material, type of vegetable ash and making-up proportion. 龍泉青釉配方一直秘不外傳。 秘不外傳 Hardly disclose Celadon craftsman hardly disclose the reci

16、pe of glaze. The recipe of glaze has always been a secret 龍泉青瓷傳統(tǒng)燒制技藝包括 選料 raw material choosing 粉碎 crushing 淘洗 elutriating 壓濾 press filtering 陳腐 decaying 練泥 pugging 成型 shaping 晾干 drying 修坯 semi-finished product trimming 裝飾 decorating 素?zé)?biscuit sintering 施釉 glazing 裝匣 boxing 裝窯 putting into kiln 燒成

17、sintering in the kiln3 Traditional Sintering Skill for Longquan Celadon青瓷在龍窯中的燒制溫度要高達(dá)1310攝氏度。 龍窯 Dragon Kiln 高達(dá) as high as The temperature of celadon sintering in the Dragon kiln is as high as about 1310.在龍窯中的燒制過程極具難度，因此需要高超的燒制技術(shù)。 Version 1 (“燒制過程”作為共同主語(yǔ)) The sintering in Dragon kiln requires high d

18、ifficulties and techniques. Version 2 (主句/從句) The sintering in Dragon kiln is of high difficulties, which requires excellent techniques.坯和釉料在不同階段，溫度也應(yīng)不同。 Embryo and glaze materials in different stages require different temperatures. Temperatures should be changed with the different stages of embryo

19、and glaze material.同時(shí)，不同的溫度，環(huán)境，木柴也會(huì)導(dǎo)致青瓷品質(zhì)的好壞。導(dǎo)致 Result in Lead to Make Whats more, different temperature, surroundings and firewood will result in different qualities and finenesses of the celadon. 青瓷技師必須經(jīng)過多年的磨練才能精確地掌控窯的溫度。 磨練的表達(dá) Technicians of the celadon must be experienced for many years to make

20、perfect control of the temperature of kiln. Technicians of the celadon should undergo a long process of tempering to make perfect control of the temperature of kiln.由于在燒制的過程中，火苗是向上的，燒制龍泉青瓷的窯往往都是沿斜坡而建。As the fire is climbing upwards during the sintering, the kilns for celadon in Longquan are generall

21、y built along the slope在窯中燒制的過程中，火光四射，煙霧繚繞，其景象就如神龍?jiān)佻F(xiàn)，因此，被譽(yù)為“龍窯”。 火光四射 flaming blaze 煙霧繚繞 curling smoke When the celadon is sintering in the kiln, the scene is vivid with flaming blaze and curling smoke like dragons. Therefore the kiln is called the “Dragon Kiln”.一般來說，龍窯長(zhǎng)度約為40米到60米。最長(zhǎng)的達(dá)到97米。 The gene

22、ral lengths of Dragon Kilns are ranging from 40m to 60m. The longest one can reach 97m.龍泉瓷器裝飾技法包括刻花，畫花，貼花，捏塑，點(diǎn)彩，露胎等，但釉始終是最主要的。因此，我們可以比喻青釉即使青瓷的靈魂所在。 刻花 carving 畫花 painting 貼花 stamping 捏塑 modeling 點(diǎn)彩 color dotting 露胎 body exposing Decoration crafts of Longquan porcelains include carving, painting, sta

23、mping, modeling, color dotting and body exposing, but the glaze is the most important part. So we can say that the green glaze is the soul of celadon.4 Traditional Sintering Skill for Longquan Celadon現(xiàn)今，龍泉古窯大約還剩10處，其中，只有“曾芹記古窯”還在運(yùn)作使用。§ 運(yùn)作使用In use§ Presently, there are more than 10 kilns in

24、 existence in Longquan, but only the “Zengqinji Ancient Kiln” is still in use now. “曾芹記古窯”已經(jīng)被列入我省首批非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)傳承保護(hù)基地，同時(shí)，曾世平被認(rèn)作是古窯的第7代繼承人。§ 列入 be listed§ 非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)傳承保護(hù)基地Intangible cultural heritage Protection Base§ 繼承人 inheritorIt has been listed as Intangible cultural heritage Protection Ba

25、se of Zhejiang Province and Zeng Shiping has been recognized as the 7th inheritor of the kiln.中國(guó)各級(jí)政府機(jī)關(guān)對(duì)龍泉青瓷燒制技藝的傳承和保護(hù)都給予了高度的重視。§ 給予了高度的重視ú Attach great importance toú Pay great attention toú Is highly prizedú Value it highly§ 各級(jí)政府機(jī)關(guān)ú All levels of the government

26、67; Version 1ú Chinese governments at all levels attach great importance to the inheritance and protection of the Longquan celadon sintering workmanship.§ Version 2ú The inheritance and protection of the Longquan celadon sintering workmanship is highly prized by all levels of Chinese

27、government.采取的保護(hù)措施包括：§ 開設(shè)傳統(tǒng)青瓷燒制作坊；§ 確立代表性傳承人和傳承基地；§ 設(shè)立青瓷藝人終身成就獎(jiǎng)并給予政府津貼；§ 設(shè)置青瓷收藏、研究與保護(hù)部門；§ 成立青瓷行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)；§ 在職業(yè)學(xué)校開設(shè)青瓷專業(yè)；§ 建設(shè)青瓷文化創(chuàng)意基地§ 開設(shè)傳統(tǒng)青瓷燒制作坊§ Building traditional celadon sintering workshops§ 確立代表性傳承人和傳承基地§ Determining representative inheritors and

28、 inheritance bases§ 設(shè)立青瓷藝人終身成就獎(jiǎng)并給予政府津貼§ Setting up the celadon craftsmen's life achievement awards and offering government subsidies§ 設(shè)置青瓷收藏、研究與保護(hù)部門§ Establishing celadon collection, research and protection departments§ 成立青瓷行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)ú Establishing celadon industry associ

29、ations§ 在職業(yè)學(xué)校開設(shè)青瓷專業(yè)ú Opening Celadon sintering major in vocational school§ 建設(shè)青瓷文化創(chuàng)意基地ú Creating celadon culture creative bases§ Measures taken include龍泉青瓷燒制技藝有良好的傳承環(huán)境，不斷創(chuàng)新發(fā)展，燒制質(zhì)量不斷提高。§ “良好的傳承環(huán)境”作為條件§ With the great inheritance pedigrees, Longquan celadon sintering

30、workmanship has kept developing and the sintering quality has continued to be refined.在龍泉青瓷傳統(tǒng)燒制技藝傳承人中，有國(guó)家級(jí)傳承人1人，省級(jí)傳承人8人，中高級(jí)職稱青瓷藝人218人。§ Among the inheritors of the Longquan celadon sintering workmanship, there is one national master, eight provincial masters, and two hundred and eighteen senior

31、 craftwork artists. 徐朝興大師的青瓷造型靈動(dòng)，跳刀工藝出神入化。ß 造型靈動(dòng) vivid and smart modelingß 跳刀乃是刻畫的一種工藝ß Celadon from Master Xu Chaoxing is noted for vivid and smart modeling and perfect carving workmanship.毛正聰大師的青瓷端莊、簡(jiǎn)潔，其燒制的粉青、梅子青厚釉可與南宋官窯媲美；ß 端莊 elegantß 媲美 as great as/comparable toß W

32、orks from Master Mao Zhengcong is simple and elegant. In particular, his “fenqing”and “meiziqing” is as great as the official kilns in the South Song Dynasty;夏候文大師對(duì)青瓷的綜合性裝飾，豐富了裝飾技法；ß 綜合性裝飾 comprehensive decorationß 豐富 enrichß The comprehensive decoration of celadon by Master Xia Houwe

33、n enriches the decorating skills; 張紹斌大師的青瓷造型典雅含蓄，制作極其精細(xì)。ß 典雅含蓄 implicit and elegantß 精細(xì) fineß The works from Master Zhang Shaobing is reputed for elegant and implicit modeling and extremely fine production在中國(guó)，玉文化深入人心。龍泉青瓷被譽(yù)為人工制造的美玉。ß 深入人心 sink deep into humans mind/take rootß

34、; 被譽(yù)為 be honored asß In China, jade culture sinks deep into humans mind. Long Quan celadon is honored as man-made beautiful jade.ß In China, jade culture has taken root. Longquan celadon is noted for man-made beautiful jade.追溯到殷商時(shí)期，人們認(rèn)為玉可以被用來觸摸靈魂，佩戴玉佩可以避邪消災(zāi)。ß 追溯 date backß 避邪消災(zāi) w

35、ard evil/block off disastersß Dating back to the Yin and Shang periods, people considered jade could be used to touch with spiritual, and disaster and accident could be prevented by wearing a jade中國(guó)古代詩(shī)經(jīng)中有“言念君子，溫其如玉”之說，將有德之人喻為玉。ß 詩(shī)經(jīng) The Book of Odesß 言念君子，溫其如玉Þ a man of virtue is

36、as gentle as a jadeß 有德之人 people of virtueß The Book of Odes compared people of virtue to jades by the words "a man of virtue is as gentle as a jade".龍泉青瓷取青銅器古樸凝重的造型，崇尚與大自然融合的青碧釉色，創(chuàng)造了一種敦厚、淡雅、含蓄、寧?kù)o的意境，觀之使人心靜、神寧，有一種超凡脫俗的感覺，符合中國(guó)文人傳統(tǒng)的審美情趣。 取青銅器古樸凝重的造型 the appearance is just like simp

37、le, unsophisticated and dignified bronze ware. 崇尚與大自然融合的青碧釉色 the glazing color is like the blue-green color created by blending with nature. 敦厚、淡雅、含蓄、寧?kù)o honest and sincere, simple and elegant, implicit and peaceful 意境 artistic conception 觀之 The enjoyment of Longquan celadon 使人心靜、神寧 calm people's spirit 有一種超凡脫俗的感覺 （這句話的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該和上一句的主語(yǔ)一樣，即為“觀之”會(huì)產(chǎn)生一種超凡脫俗的感覺。） create a feeling free from vulgarity 符合中國(guó)文人傳統(tǒng)的審美情趣 satisfy the traditional sense of art of Chinese scholars. The Longquan celadon, of which the app