大學英語專業(yè)語言學重點概念復習

1、學習必備歡迎下載術語解釋：Language:Languageisa systemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Linguistics: Linguistics isthe scientific and systematic study of language.Design features （甑別性特征） : Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system

2、of communicationArbitrariness(任意性):Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeanings and soundsProductivity /creativity (創(chuàng)造性） : Language is productive or creative makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its hatitRecursiveness( 遞歸性） : according to some lingui

3、stic theories , the capacity that enables the grammar of a language to produce an infinite number of sentences.Cultural transmission （文化傳遞性） ： It refers linguistic system must be learned anew byto the fact that the details each speaker. Languageoftheisnottransmitted biologically from generation to g

4、eneration.Interchangeability( 可交替性）： means that any human being can be both a producer and receiver of messages.Displacement（移位性） : Displacementmeansthathumanlanguageenabletheirusers to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present(in time and space) at the moment of communication.Dual

5、ity （二元性） : The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.Informative( 信息功能） : The use of language to record facts to state what things are like, and to exchange information.Interpersona

6、lFunction(人際功能）: Itis themostimportantsociologicaluseoflanguage, by which people establish and maintain their status in a society.Performative( 行為功能） :Language can be used to do things, to change the social status or the immediate state of affairs of people.Emotive Function( 情感功能）： Language can be u

7、sed to express the emotional state of the speaker.學習必備歡迎下載Phatic Communion( 交流功能） :This function refers to expressions that help define and maintain interpersonal relations.Ritual exchange: exchange that have little meaning but help to maintain our relationships with other people.Recreational Functi

8、on(娛樂功能） : the use of language to have fun.MetalingualFunction(元語言功能） ： languagecan be usedtoexplainor describeitself or other languages.研究語言學堅持的原則：Exhaustiveness窮盡性Consistency一致性Economy 經(jīng)濟性 Objectivity 客觀性Phonetics（語言學） : Thestudy ofsoundswhich are usedin linguisticcommunicationis calledphonetics./

9、 the characteristicsofspeechsoundsand providemethodsfortheir description,classification,transcriptionPhonology(音韻學 ): Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunication.Morphology（形態(tài)學） : Thestudyofthewayin whichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsis calledmorphology.Syntax （句法） : The study sentences

10、 is called syntax.of howmorphemes/ therulegoverningand words are combined to form the combination of words intosentencesSemantics （語義學） : It studies how meaning is encoded in a language.of meaning in language is called semantics./ The studyPragmatics(語用學 ): The study of meaning in context of use is

11、called pragmatics.Macrolinguistics(宏觀語言學）: the interdisciplinary study of language.Psycholinguistics（心理語言學）: Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkings of mind is called psycholinguistics.Sociolinguistics（社會語言學）: The study of language with reference to society iscalled sociolinguistics.學習必備歡迎下載Ant

12、hropological Linguistics(人類語言學） : It mainly concerned with the change oflanguage, the differentbetweenlanguageinthepast andin the present,anditsevolution.Computational Linguistics(計算機語言學） :an interdisciplinary branch of study inwhich mathematicaltechniquesandconceptsare appliedoften withtheaid ofaco

13、mputer.Applied linguistics（應用語言學） : Finding in linguistic studies can often be appliedto the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.Neurolinguistics(神 經(jīng) 語 言 學 ）： Itstudiestheneurologicalbasisoflanguagedevelopment and use in human beings.Descriptive( 描述的） :If a linguist

14、ic study aims to describe and analyse the language people actually use.Prescriptive( 規(guī)定的）： It aims to lay down rules for "correct and standard" behavior in using language.Competence （ 能 力 ） : Chomsky defines competence as the ideal speaker's knowledge of the underlying system of rules

15、in a language,Performance( 表現(xiàn)） : refers to the actual use of the language by a speaker in a real communicational context.Synchronic(共 時性 ）： studyoflanguagetakesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation.It refersto thedescriptionofa languageat somepointoftimeinhistory.Diachronic( 歷時性）：study examines langu

16、age through the course of time. It studies the development or history of language.In other words, it refers to the descriptionof a language as it changes through time.langue （語言） : refers to the speaker's understanding and knowledge of thelanguage that he speaks.It's a social phenomenon,an a

17、bstraction shared by all themembers within a speech community.Parole （言語） : Parolereferstotheactualspeakingoflanguagebyanindividualspeaker.It'san individuallinguisticphenomenon .學習必備歡迎下載Differences:Langueis thesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollow;Paroleistheconcreteuseofthec

18、onventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.Langueis relativelystable, whileParolevariesfrompersontoperson,fromsituationto situation.Langueisabstract;Paroleisconcrete.第二章Articulatory phonetics（發(fā)音語音學） : is the study of the production of speechsounds.Acousticphonetics（聽覺發(fā)音學） : is thestudyofthephysicalproper

19、tiesofspeech sounds.Auditory/Perceptualphonetics（感知語音學） : isconcernedwiththe perceptionofSpeechOrgans （發(fā)音器官） : Organsin humanbodywhosesecondaryuseisintheproductionofspeechsounds.Internationalphoneticalphabet （國際音標） : It isastandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemof phonetictranscription.Consonan

20、ts(輔音 ):Thesoundsin theproductionofwhichthereisanobstructionoftheairstreamat somepointofthevocaltract.Vowels( 元音） :soundsintheproductionofwhichnotwoarticulatorscomeveryclosetogetherandno airstreamisobstructedatanypointofvocaltractVowelglides/Diphthongs(雙元音） : It'sproducedbymovingfromonevowelposi

21、tiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.It'shasan audiblechangeofquality.Coarticulation(協(xié)同發(fā)音）： whensuchsimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationsareinvolved,wecalltheprocesscoarticulation.學習必備歡迎下載Complementarydistribution(互補分布）： whentwosoundsneveroccurin thesameenvironment,theyare saidto beincomple

22、mentarydistribution.Freevariation(自由變體） ;whenthesubstitutionofonesoundfortheotherdoesnotproducea newword.Phoneme(音素） : Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;itis a unitofdistinctivevalue.Butitisan abstractunit.Tobe exact,a phonemeisnota sound;it is a collectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures./ minimallinguisticunitofsoundthatcandistinguish.Allophone（音位變體） : Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresenta phonemein differentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.Phoneticsimilarity(語音相似性）：meansthattheallophonesofa phonememu