泛讀Basic Instinct

1、Unit 10 Home Reading Basic Instinct 伍金 1204010940 熊維美 12004010938uPart 1 (13):Leibnitzs opinion(rational thinking could be described with a formula )and the view is being challenged.uPart 2 (45):Simons idea about desicion( good decision is less about finding the best alternative than about finding o

2、ne that works).uPart 3 (618):Heuristics and peoples choices. uPart 4 （1922:Emotions can help us to make desicions,rationality is impulsive. 本能（instinct）1 指同一物種所有個(gè)體所共同表現(xiàn)出來的不學(xué)而能的行為反應(yīng)。2 指某一物種生而具有的行為潛能或傾向，行為潛能或傾向所形成的內(nèi)在作用促發(fā)同一種物種的個(gè)體表現(xiàn)出不學(xué)而能的的同樣的行為模式。3 指某一物種的個(gè)體在其生命中的某階段所表現(xiàn)的某種特殊的行為模式4 指促使人類某種行為但不為當(dāng)事人所知的內(nèi)在力量這

3、是精神分析創(chuàng)始人弗洛伊德的獨(dú)特看法。 有限理性就是人的行為“即是有意識(shí)地理性的，但這種理性又是有限的”。一是環(huán)境是復(fù)雜的，在非個(gè)人交換形式中，人們面臨的是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的、不確定的世界，而且交易越多，不確定性就越大，信息也就越不完全；二是人對(duì)環(huán)境的計(jì)算能力和認(rèn)識(shí)能力是有限的，人不可能無所不知。啟發(fā)法（heuristics，又譯作：策略法、助發(fā)現(xiàn)法、啟發(fā)力）心理學(xué)上“啟發(fā)法”指用于解釋人們?nèi)绾芜M(jìn)行決策、調(diào)整和解決問題的簡(jiǎn)單有效的概測(cè)規(guī)則，通常用以處理復(fù)合的問題和不完全的信息。這個(gè)規(guī)則在大部分情形下有效，但是在特定的情形下可能導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)性的認(rèn)知偏差。啟發(fā)法不能保證問題解決的成功，但這種方法比較省力。all

4、 rational thinking could be described with a formula. He imagined that by inventing an alphabet of human thought a system of characters for irreducible concepts and then combining these in a calculus of reasoning, mathematicians would be able to solve all scientific and moral matters.Simon coined th

5、e term bounded rationality. He pointed out that the way any animal thinks depends on its cognitive limitations and the environment in which it lives. Berlin researchers point out that our minds, like our bodies, have been shaped by evolution.Although they apply to different sorts of problems, heuris

6、tics have a common structure, which arises from the way humans make decisions.Take The Best, on the other hand, works well in situations where experience leads us to believe that we know which cues are most important. researchers compared Minimalist and Take The Best with two conventional analytical

7、 tools that use all available information - multiple regression and a simplified regression known as Dawess rule.How do you know when to stop looking and make a choice?The answer is something that Simon calls satisficing perhaps best thought of as a cross between satisfying and sufficing.Our emotion

8、s can help us to make decisions toorationality is impulsive, emotional, flexible and inconsistent.Key words:uproclaim prklem vt. 宣告，公布；聲明；表明；贊揚(yáng) Eg:He had loudly proclaimed the quality of his wife. 他大聲贊揚(yáng)他妻子的品質(zhì)。 uludicrous ludkrs; lju- adj. 滑稽的；荒唐的;可笑的uboundless bandls adj. 無限的；無邊無際的uendow nda; en- vt

9、. 賦予；捐贈(zèng)；天生具有 Eg:She is endowed with great musical ability. 她的音樂天賦很高。ulong-winded adj. 冗長(zhǎng)的；羅嗦的；氣長(zhǎng)的usloppy slp adj. 草率的；粗心的；泥濘的；肥大的；稀薄的uforaging frd n. 覓食（forage的ing形式）；覓食力 ufrugal frug()l adj. 節(jié)儉的；樸素的；花錢少的uheuristic ,hj()rstkadj. 啟發(fā)式的；探索的n. 啟發(fā)式教育法uedible edb()l adj. 可食用的 n.食品；食物usuccumb skm vi. 屈服；死；

10、被壓垮；遵循uplentiful plntfl adj. 豐富的；許多的；豐饒的ucourt ktn. 法院；球場(chǎng)；朝廷；奉承vt. 招致（失敗、危險(xiǎn)等）；向獻(xiàn)殷勤；設(shè)法獲得vi. 求愛n. (Court)人名；(英)考特；(法)庫(kù)爾uwhittle away 減少ucome into their own 起作用uthink on their feet 立即做出反應(yīng)uaspire spa vi. 渴望；立志；追求uexceed ksid; ek- vt. 超過；勝過 vi.超過其他Difficult sentences: He pointed out that the way any anim

11、al thinks depends on its cognitive limitations and the environment in which it lives.So a creature such as a field mouse ,whose food is randomly distributed ,neednt evolve complex foraging strategies， whereas one such as a lion ,whose food sources are indicated by clues in the environment ,will have

12、 an advantage if it can use sophisticated mental abilities such as planning.他指出，任何動(dòng)物的思考方式都依賴其認(rèn)知限度和生存環(huán)境。所以，田鼠這樣的生物就不需要發(fā)展復(fù)雜的捕食戰(zhàn)略，因?yàn)樗鼈兊氖澄锓植际请S意的，而獅子類的動(dòng)物，其食物來源是由環(huán)境中的線索表明的，因而，如果它們能運(yùn)用復(fù)雜的思維能力如計(jì)劃等，就會(huì)占有優(yōu)勢(shì)。Minimalist is perhaps the natural progression from the Recognition heuristic.Forced to make a choice betw

13、een two cities that you recognize but know very little about ,you might consider a cue such as Do the cities have an airport？”If only one does,then you assume that it is the larger city.If both or neither do then you consider another cue at random.“最低限度”法或許是識(shí)別啟發(fā)法的自然延伸。如果你被迫在兩座你雖然知道但了解不多的城市中做出選擇，你可能會(huì)

14、考慮諸如“這些城市有機(jī)場(chǎng)嗎？這樣的線索。如果只有一座城市有，你就會(huì)猜想它是大一點(diǎn)的城市。如果兩座城市都有或都沒有機(jī)場(chǎng)，那么你就會(huì)考慮另外一種隨機(jī)的線索。If you are looking for a new frock,a new home or a new girlfriend you must search for the options-the available frocks,houses and women-as well as the cues with which to distinguish between them.How do you know when to stop

15、looking and make a choice?如果你在尋找一件新衣服，一座新房子或一個(gè)新的女友，你必須尋找選項(xiàng)可供選擇的衣服，房子和女人以及用來區(qū)分各選項(xiàng)的線索，你如何知道什么時(shí)候停止觀望，做出選擇呢？By learning the rules,priorities and expectations of our culture,we may be able to take advantage of generations of acquired wisdom without really understanding why .We also learn that in some soc

16、ial situations unpredictability can be an advantagegiving you the edge over a competitor,for example,In such cases it is rational to be inconsistent,and heuristics can be adapted to allow for that.通過學(xué)習(xí)我們的文化中的規(guī)則,喜好和期望，我們就可以利用一代代積累起來的智慧，而不需要真的理解其中的原因，我們還懂得，在一些社會(huì)情形中，不可預(yù)測(cè)性也能成為優(yōu)勢(shì)比如讓你 超過某個(gè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手。在這樣的情況下，一反常態(tài)也是合乎理性的，而啟發(fā)法也可以通過調(diào)整以支持這種做法。我的感悟:1.在很多情況下，選擇你所認(rèn)識(shí)的對(duì)象比隨機(jī)選擇更好 2.在經(jīng)驗(yàn)使我們相信自己知道哪些線索最重要的情況下，“最佳選擇”法就更為有效。例如，在