第八講高中英語閱讀理解解題方法與能力訓(xùn)練上講義

1、ok學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng) 高考英語閱讀理解解題策略與能力訓(xùn)練一、閱讀理解題的選材與命題特點(diǎn): 近幾年的高考英語試卷保持了“穩(wěn)中有變，變中求新，立足語篇”的基本命題思路。在閱讀理解方面主要考查考生理解主旨要義、理解文中具體信息、根據(jù)上下文推斷詞義、根據(jù)短文判斷和推理、理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)以及理解作者的意圖與態(tài)度等方面的能力。高中英語教學(xué)大綱明確規(guī)定："側(cè)重提高閱讀能力"?？v觀近幾年的高考英語試題，我們不難看出，閱讀理解能力是高考考查的重點(diǎn)，自始至終占著主導(dǎo)地位，并且有逐年增加的趨勢?？梢院敛豢鋸埖卣f，做好閱讀理解題，是獲得高考英語高分的關(guān)鍵！ 1. 對語篇領(lǐng)悟能力的檢測仍是高考的重點(diǎn)和基本點(diǎn)

2、： 高考英語閱讀理解著重檢測考生對語篇的整體把握能力、根據(jù)所提供的語境進(jìn)行語篇分析的能力以及綜合利用有效信息解決實(shí)際問題的能力。在近幾年的高考中，涉及較低能力要求的事實(shí)性和細(xì)節(jié)性考題的比例雖呈上升趨勢，但詞義猜測、推理判斷和主旨概括等深層次試題仍占很大比重。 2. 選材更趨多樣化、現(xiàn)代化和生活化，突顯語言與文化相結(jié)合的特點(diǎn)： 就體裁而言，閱讀材料所選擇的文段涉及敘述體、論說體和應(yīng)用體等多種文體；選材風(fēng)格保靜予連續(xù)性，既注重題材的多樣化、現(xiàn)代化和生活化，又較為綜合地反映了政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化和生活的各個方面，貼近生活，貼近時代，體現(xiàn)了“語言是文化的載體”這一重要理念。3. 閱讀材料更趨于“原汁原味”

3、，設(shè)問方式更加深入：閱讀材料基本保留了其原有的語言風(fēng)格，文章的展開不再是平鋪直敘，而是兼有倒敘、插敘等多種方式；一詞多義、熟詞生義、多種時態(tài)的混用、結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的長句、省略句以及插入語等語言現(xiàn)象比較常見。閱讀材料的文化含量加大，文章的行文風(fēng)格更具英語語言的特點(diǎn)，文章的遣詞造句也更加地道，許多考生通常要反復(fù)閱讀幾遍才能讀懂。 怎么樣做好閱讀題呢?二、閱讀理解題的解題策略策略一、緊扣主旨大意高考英語閱讀理解的主旨大意題主要是考查考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維的方法對文章進(jìn)行高度的概括或總結(jié)的能力。常見的設(shè)問方式有：標(biāo)題類：what's the best title/

4、headline for the passage？大意類：the text is mainly about _. the topic/subject discussed in the passage is _. from the passage，we can conclude that _. 作者意圖類：what's the writer's purpose in writing the passage？（一） 把握文章邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)，快速找出主題:高考閱讀理解文章的主要邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)：1、時間順序。按時間先后順序說明某一事件、某一理論的發(fā)展過程，屬于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的文章主題通常在首段或末段。2

5、、“總說-分述”結(jié)構(gòu)。首段做總的說明，其他段落分別說明或具體論述首段的觀點(diǎn)，屬于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的文章主題在首段。最典型的是新聞報道類文章，此類體裁的文章在近年高考閱讀中逐漸增多。一般這類文章都有固定格式：城市名稱(新聞社)新聞內(nèi)容。掌握一些國際知名新聞社的英文名稱是必要的，路透社reuters，美聯(lián)社associated press，法新社agency france press。3、“分述-總說”結(jié)構(gòu)。前面幾段分別說明，末段總結(jié)。屬于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的文章主題在末段。（二）、尋找主題句，確定文章中心思想:不是所有的文章都有主題句，對于大部分有主題句的文章來說，主題句表達(dá)了文章的中心思想，找到了主題句，也就抓

6、住了文章的主旨大意。主題句呈現(xiàn)的形式有：1、在文首。文章開門見山，提出主題，隨后擺事實(shí)、講道理來解釋、支撐和發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想。2、在文中。通常前面只提出問題，隨之陳述細(xì)節(jié)引出主題，而后做進(jìn)一步的解釋、支撐或發(fā)展。3、在文尾。在表述細(xì)節(jié)后，歸納要點(diǎn)，得出結(jié)論，以概括主題。試試看：你能找出下面一段文章的主題句嗎？ the panda is a popular animal. stories about the panda in the washington zoo are always front page news and important features on televisio

7、n newscasts. stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops. 解析：不難看出，文章的第一句是主題句，后面的句子都圍繞這個句子展開。 （三）、將首段中心句和各段第一句話連接成一個整體，得出文章主題:通常有些文章會在首段提出一個重要論點(diǎn)，隨后在各段分別進(jìn)一步從不同角度繼續(xù)闡述，這樣我們可以找出首段的中心句，再將其和各段第一句串聯(lián)在一起，就可以得出文章的中心思想。如：第一段：perhaps to

8、prevent the sadness that infant death caused，a number of societal practices developed which worked against early attachment of mother and child.第二段：one of these pre-modern attachment-discouraging practices was to leave infants unnamed until they had survived into the second year.第三段：a third practice

9、 which had the same distancing effect was wet-nursing.question: which is the best title for the passage？a. societal conditions in pre-modern timesb. practices of reducing maternal attachmentc. poor health service and high infant death rated. differences between modern and pre-modern parents 解析：從第一段的

10、中心句和各段的第一句不難看出，這篇文章的標(biāo)題應(yīng)該是practices of reducing maternal attachment.（四）、逆向思維法解標(biāo)題類問題:針對這類題型，考生不妨思考一下，“如果我是作者，遇到這樣的標(biāo)題，文章應(yīng)該怎樣寫？” 如：question:： what would be the best title for the text？a. a cross-country tripb. a special border passc. an unguarded borderd. an expensive church visit解析：如果標(biāo)題是a cross-country

11、 trip，那么文章應(yīng)該講述一次出境旅行；如果標(biāo)題是a special border pass，那么文章應(yīng)該著重講一個特殊的邊境通行證；如果標(biāo)題是an unguarded border，那么文章應(yīng)該側(cè)重講邊境如何不設(shè)防；如果標(biāo)題是an expensive church visit，那么文章應(yīng)該講一次禮拜如何花費(fèi)昂貴了。經(jīng)過這樣的逆向思維，我們就不難發(fā)現(xiàn)文章的標(biāo)題了。策略二、把握作者意圖每一篇文章都有其寫作目的。那么作者是如何在文章中體現(xiàn)自己的思想呢？他通過哪些語言向讀者傳達(dá)了自己的感受呢？我們在閱讀的同時怎樣收集、綜合各種信息，體會作者的情感呢？了解這些有助于我們在做閱讀理解題時把握作者思路，

12、領(lǐng)會文章內(nèi)涵，做出正確的選擇。要做到這一點(diǎn)，我們需要從兩個方面入手：一是把握作者的寫作意圖，二是把握出題的角度。下面我們就分別分析一下。（一）、對于寫作意圖的把握:有的文章只是客觀地介紹一件事或物，或各方觀點(diǎn)，作者不發(fā)表自己個人的意見，如一些科技文，新聞事件報道等。這樣的文章屬于“廣而告知型”。要根據(jù)客觀事實(shí)答題，一是一，二是二，凡與事實(shí)不符的選項(xiàng)，或文中沒有提到的事實(shí)，當(dāng)然都是不能選的。這樣的題目難度一般都不會很大。最難于駕馭的是一些故事性、情感經(jīng)歷性的文章。因?yàn)樽髡咴谛形臅r會用到一些寫作手法，如倒敘、插敘等。往往還會有一些思想、情感的波動。這就需要我們在閱讀時認(rèn)真把握，細(xì)心體會。1. 注意

13、連接詞的使用：near the end of the last year in middle school，my dad took me to the wildlife refuge. he needed to get some alligator blood to do the experiment. at first，i thought fishing for alligators was a bad idea. what if one tried to eat me？but we had a lot of help，and my dad knew a lot about alligato

14、rs，so it was ok.question:why did the writer think that fishing for alligators was a bad idea at first？a. because the writer was afraid of the fierce alligators.b. because we should protect alligators.c. because the writer was not as brave as his father.d. because the writer knew little about alligat

15、ors.解析：通過第一句可知這是倒敘。我們知道了結(jié)果：作者去了野生動物保護(hù)區(qū)。接下來是作者當(dāng)初由反感、害怕到最后打消顧慮同意去。都是通過連接詞at first，but，so等展開的。弄清了作者的思想波動就不難選出正確答案a了。2.注意一些形容詞及某些特定句式的使用:透過一些形容詞可以看出作者的傾向，如：isn't that wonderful if we get there by air？(作者希望坐飛機(jī)去那里。) 某些句型表面看上去是比較級，而實(shí)際上是最高級含義。my mother decided to take me on the trip. it couldn't be

16、better. (it couldn't be better = it's great. 意為“太好了”)某些否定形式的句子實(shí)際上是肯定含義：we cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our environment too much. (再怎么強(qiáng)調(diào)保護(hù)環(huán)境的重要性也不過分。) 作者以這樣的句子體現(xiàn)自己的觀點(diǎn)：必須加大力度保護(hù)環(huán)境。注意虛擬語氣的使用。how i wish i had passed the driving test. (我多么希望已通過了駕照考試呀！)此句暗含的事實(shí)是：并沒通過考試。3.將自己想象為故事中的主

17、人公，體會其心理感受:有一篇文章，寫一個老太太剛剛在海邊買了一座別墅，打算在那里度過余生。因?yàn)槟抢锏臍夂驖駶櫆嘏?，更適合她的健康。此時她站在曾經(jīng)生活了25年的房子里，最后環(huán)顧這曾經(jīng)裝載了她的大半生的房子。所給的問題是：how does the old lady feel at the last moment in her old house？正確答案是：her feeling is complex. 其他的選項(xiàng), 如she is happy/she is sad等都片面。只要我們設(shè)身處地站在老太太的位置上想一想，就不難找到正確答案。 4.把握全篇文脈，仔細(xì)揣摩事情發(fā)生的背景:我們不僅要掌握一定

18、的語言知識，還需要平時儲備一定的邏輯推理能力以及必要的西方的文化背景知識，才能完全領(lǐng)會文章的主旨或者其所滲透出的幽默感。請看下面這篇介紹父子關(guān)系的文章。第一句話就開門見山：my father and i were very close. he was always proud of my success. 然后用一個事例說明：if i won a spelling contest at school，he was on top of the world. 如果知道be on top of the world是“高興至極”的意思，也只是理解了語言的表層含義。接下來：when i was name

19、d president of the ford motor company，i didn't know which of us was more excited.正確理解了上文的鋪墊，才會真正領(lǐng)會此句暗含的意味及幽默：實(shí)際上父親比我還高興。如果對西方人的生活方式及習(xí)慣比較了解的話，也不難接受下面的句子：i hugged and kissed my dad at every opportunitynothing could have felt more natural. 我們再來繼續(xù)欣賞一下父親鮮明的個性：my father was a curious man who was alway

20、s trying new things. he was the first person in my town to buy a motorcycle. unfortunately，my father and his motorcycle didn't get along too well. he fell off it so often that he got rid of it just a month after buying it. as a result，he never again trusted any vehicle with less than four wheels

21、. 讀懂了這些，就不難理解下文中為什么父親不讓“我”擁有一輛自行車，反而當(dāng)“我”剛滿16歲就讓我開車了。正確理解了文章的來龍去脈及內(nèi)涵，對于文后題目的處理也就會輕而易舉了。 （二）、對于出題意圖的把握:1.正確理解一個事物的兩個方面有些題目不是直接照搬原文的話，而是用一些另外的語言表達(dá)出同樣的意思，因此我們必須掌握用英文解釋英文的技能。如一篇介紹輟學(xué)學(xué)生的文章，文章先后兩次談到學(xué)生輟學(xué)后的感想。第一次：most students who dropped out of school in the united states admit they made a mistake by giving

22、up and some say they might have stayed if classes were more challenging. 第二次：three out of four said if they could turn back the clock they would choose to stay. 文后的題目是which of the following is right according to the passage？正確答案是：most dropout students hope to go back to school if possible. 雖然原文沒有像題目

23、這樣明確說明，但其實(shí)這是一個事物的兩個方面；對于輟學(xué)的后悔其實(shí)就是希望繼續(xù)上學(xué)。通過正確推斷這些文句的含義，即可找出正確答案。2.以文章內(nèi)容為基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行判斷:有些題目要根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容來判斷正誤，這就需要按作者的思路去考慮，站在作者或文章內(nèi)容中出現(xiàn)的人物的立場上予以辨析，不能依據(jù)自己的喜好或認(rèn)知判斷。策略三、合理推理判斷:推理判斷題在高考中占很大的比重，學(xué)生在此類題型中也失分最多。推理判斷題要求考生考慮文中信息并在通篇理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上領(lǐng)會作者的言外之意，弦外之音做出合理的推理和判斷。（一）、理解定義。判斷是對已知的事實(shí)仔細(xì)評價之后做出的合理決定。推理是對事實(shí)的內(nèi)涵所做的陳述或以事實(shí)為依據(jù)對未知所做

24、的陳述。注意無論是判斷還是推理都是以已知事實(shí)為依據(jù)。（二）、推理題常見的提問形式。常以infer，imply，indicate，suggest，conclude，learn，intend，mean，describe，purpose等詞提問?；蚝斜硗茰y的情態(tài)動詞，如can，could，might，would等和其他表示可能性的動詞，如probably，most likely等。（三）、具體策略1.通過辨認(rèn)細(xì)節(jié)的技巧，找到相關(guān)的事實(shí)或證據(jù)，對這些事實(shí)或證據(jù)進(jìn)行分析和評價，在此基礎(chǔ)上再作決定。切記：推斷是以文章提供的事實(shí)為依據(jù)，而不是憑空想象，更不是讀者自己的意愿。2.借助常識。在推理判斷題中，我

25、們平時積累的一些常識通常會派上用場。一篇關(guān)于通信發(fā)展史的閱讀最為典型。a. the postal service has over the years become faster. b. the postal service has over the years become slower. 大家都應(yīng)知道交通越來越發(fā)達(dá)，郵電業(yè)當(dāng)然是faster. 此篇還涉及到有關(guān)發(fā)郵件的常識，如果同學(xué)們有這個common sense，就如魚得水了。3. 務(wù)必要用排除法。排除法在此類題型中發(fā)揮著不可磨滅的作用。根據(jù)在文章中找到的事實(shí)依據(jù)和常識排除錯誤信息，再排除和文章中一詞不差的信息(文章里的原句不會是推理判斷

26、出來的結(jié)果，但通過同義詞或句型轉(zhuǎn)換過的選項(xiàng)有可能是正確答案)，最后再排除無關(guān)或偏離信息，正確答案就不言而喻了。4.詞句段篇，相互交融。詞的理解要放在句子里，句子的理解要靠段，段的理解也離不開篇。單獨(dú)說floor誰都知道是什么意思，但she was floored to see her own name and address inside the cover，in her own handwriting這個語境里是surprised的意思。因此不能獨(dú)立地看某個詞或某句話。此外，學(xué)生對一詞多義或一些習(xí)語的積累也是很有必要的，這就要靠同學(xué)們課下多下工夫了。5.平時擴(kuò)大詞匯量的同時也要注意學(xué)習(xí)詞的深

27、刻內(nèi)涵。從措辭去尋找文章的感情色彩，猜測作者的態(tài)度或?qū)懽饕鈭D?，F(xiàn)舉一簡單的例子。when the phone finally rang，he leaped from the edge of his chair and grabbed for it.從這幾個詞我們能形象地看出他等電話之久，緊張迫不及待的心情，同時也說明電話之重要，這正是作者的真正意圖。例：he is an old cobbler(修鞋匠) with a shop in the marais，a historic area in paris. when i took him my shoes，he at first told me

28、：“i have no time. take them to the other fellow on the main street; he'll fix them right away.”but i'd had my eye on his shop for a long time. just looking at his bench loaded with tolls and pieces of leather，i knew he was a skilled craftsman. “no，” i replied，“the other fellow can't do i

29、t well.”“the other fellow” was one of those shopkeepers who fix shoes and make keys “while-u-wait”-without knowing much about mending shoes or making keys. they work carelessly，and when they have finished sewing back a sandal strap(鞋帶)you might as well just throw away the pair.my man saw i wouldn

30、9;t give in，and he smiled. he wiped his hands on his blue apron(圍裙)，looked at my shoes，had me write my name on one shoe with a piece of chalk and said，“come back in a week.” i was about to leave when he took a pair of soft leather boots off a shelf.“see what i can do？”he said with a pride. “only thr

31、ee of us in paris can do this kind of work.”when i got back out into the street，the world seemed brand-new to me. he was something out of an ancient legend，this old craftsman with his way of speaking familiarly，his very strange，dusty felt hat，his funny accent from who-knows-where and，above all，his p

32、ride in his craft.these are times when nothing is important but the bottom line，when you can do things any old way as long as it “pays”，when，in short，people look on work as a path to ever-increasing consumption rather than a way to realize their own abilities. in such a period it is a rare comfort t

33、o find a cobbler who gets his greatest satisfaction from pride in a job well done.question: 1.which of the following is true about the old cobbler？a. he was equipped with the best repairing tools.b. he was the only cobbler in the marais.c. he was proud of his skills.d. he was a native parisian.2. th

34、e sentence “he was something out of an ancient legend.” implied that _.a. nowadays you can hardly find anyone like himb. it was difficult to communicate with this manc. the man was very stranged. the man was too old解析：1.c。 文中多處提到關(guān)于自豪的字眼a cobbler who gets his greatest satisfaction from pride in a job

35、 well done. and he said with a pride. 這正是c項(xiàng)的涵義。a，d是無關(guān)信息，文中沒有提及。b是錯誤選項(xiàng)。依據(jù)：the other fellow還有only three of us in paris can do2.a。說他像古代傳奇中的人物。言行，打扮，尤其對自己手藝的自豪，現(xiàn)代社會罕見。in such a period it is a rare comfort to find a cobbler who gets his greatest satisfaction from pride in a job well done. b，d在文章中沒有任何依據(jù)，排

36、除。c項(xiàng)的strange很有迷惑性，但文中說到的是strange hat，not the man。策略四、利用信號詞進(jìn)行預(yù)測和推測： 在閱讀過程中，為了既迅速又準(zhǔn)確地理解文章的含義，利用信號詞預(yù)測非常重要。信號詞可以揭示句子內(nèi)在關(guān)系或文章各部分之間的關(guān)系。特別是在快速閱讀時，它能幫助考生預(yù)測文章信息，提高閱讀速度。 however, on the contrary, although等信號詞，引出的內(nèi)容是與上文相反的論述，或作者不同的觀點(diǎn)。 similarly, equally, also, besides, furthermore, in other words等， 說明下文與前面所講內(nèi)容相

37、同或相似。 for example, for instance等，表示具體例證，說明上文中的論點(diǎn)。 for one thing, on the other hand等，表示下文還有另外一方面。 in a word, in short等，表示后面的句子是對上文的總結(jié)。 actually, in fact, the point is , a study survey found/ showed/proved that 等，表示后面的句子往往是作者想要表達(dá)和強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容或觀點(diǎn)。 此外，在利用信號詞進(jìn)行預(yù)測時，考生還需注意以下三點(diǎn)： 1. 遇到預(yù)示前后內(nèi)容相同或相近，或者補(bǔ)充說明的信號詞時，可以適當(dāng)加快

38、閱讀速度，或借此推測生詞的詞義。 2. 文中出現(xiàn)的頻率較高的實(shí)詞可以幫助考生確定文章的主旨大意。 3. 出現(xiàn)代詞i, we, my, our, 轉(zhuǎn)折詞but, however, yet，情態(tài)動詞must, should, ought to, 連詞although, though。其后所述內(nèi)容與剛提到的內(nèi)容相反，或暗示作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度等信號詞時，要放慢閱讀速度，因?yàn)槠涓浇男畔⑼敲}和答題的主要線索或依據(jù)。 策略五、利用各種已知信息推測判斷生詞的詞義：考生在閱讀時一定會碰上生詞或記不清楚的詞匯。遇到這種情況時，考生可以通過上下文猜測詞義。具體方法如下： 1. 根據(jù)生詞前后詞匯的意思或整個句子

39、的意思來猜測生詞。例如： the old man put on his spectacles and began to read. 解析：根據(jù)句子后部分began to read可以猜出spectacle的意思為“眼鏡”。 2. 根據(jù)語法知識和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號來猜測生詞。例如： they will be on the night shift-from midnight to 6 a. m. -next week. 解析：此句兩個破折號之間的部分表明night shift是“夜班”的意思。 3. 根據(jù)說明詞義的定語從句來猜測生詞。例如： the type of meter is called multi

40、-meter, which is used to measure electricity. 解析：從上句中的定語從句可以推斷出multi-meter是“萬能表”的意思。 4. 根據(jù)已知事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)來猜測生詞。例如： the family had just moved and the young woman was feeling a little melancholy on that sunday in may. after all, it was mothers day and 800 miles separated her from her parents in another state f

41、ar away. 解析：根據(jù)上下文的陳述，“剛剛搬家，遠(yuǎn)離父母，正好是星期天，又是母親節(jié)，而兩代人卻天各一方”等事實(shí)，可以推斷出年輕妻子當(dāng)時憂郁、傷感的心情，并由此猜測出生詞melancholy的意思。 5. 學(xué)會只猜測生詞的大概意思，而不必追求其準(zhǔn)確含義。例如： the asian gibbon, like other apes, is especially adapted for life in trees. 解析：在這句話中，考生只要猜出自gibbon是apes (類人猿) 的一種就行了，毋須知道其準(zhǔn)確意思。6. 運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞法判斷生詞的詞義，也是提高閱讀速度的一種技巧?？忌梢酝ㄟ^已知的

42、詞綴(包括前綴和后綴)和詞根就能猜測生詞的含義。例如，單詞telescope由前綴tele (意思是far)和scope (意思是instrument for seeing or observing)構(gòu)成，整個單詞的意思是“望遠(yuǎn)鏡”。為了熟練使用構(gòu)詞法知識猜測生詞，考生在平時應(yīng)多積累詞綴以及詞根方面的知識。三、備考建議1. 理解與速度 考生要處理好理解與速度的關(guān)系。答題時要力求情緒平穩(wěn)，不要一味追求速度而影響理解的準(zhǔn)確性；不要拘泥于一詞一句的理解；不要遇到不懂的地方就反復(fù)讀，影響閱讀速度。比較好的閱讀方法是邊看邊想邊理解。遇到生詞或看不懂的地方先做個記號，繼續(xù)看下去，因?yàn)橐恍┮呻y點(diǎn)往往會在下文

43、中得到解決。 關(guān)于閱讀速度，難度中等的文章應(yīng)為每分鐘60個單詞左右；難度較低、生詞不超過總詞匯量20的材料，閱讀速度應(yīng)為每分鐘70個單詞左右。一般來說，“超綱”而又影響閱讀理解的詞匯都會用中文標(biāo)出詞義。只有保證了閱讀的速度才有可能在規(guī)定時間內(nèi)完成閱讀、復(fù)讀及答題的任務(wù)。 2. 閱讀訓(xùn)練方式 (1) 跳讀。就是快速地、一步閱讀法。實(shí)際上是有選擇的閱讀，即在文章中找到一個或關(guān)鍵幾個詞。用這種閱讀方法回答who、what、when、where之類的問題最為有效。 (2) 略讀。所謂略讀是指比跳讀慢些的二步閱讀法。也就是泛泛地、粗略地快速閱讀，目的是了解大意，對文章有個總的概念。此種閱讀方法能回答wh

44、y、how之類的問題。 (3) 精讀。所謂精讀就是用最細(xì)致、最慢、最深層的方法閱讀，目的是求得對所讀文章的全部意義的理解與掌握。在應(yīng)用這種閱讀方法前，首先應(yīng)用跳讀法找到與問題有關(guān)聯(lián)的地方，然后細(xì)讀。有時候文中有直接回答，有時候回答分布在整篇短文中，需要考生找出，進(jìn)行釋義、歸納、概括等。此種閱讀方法能回答需推斷、歸納和演繹的題目。 3. 使用閱讀技巧,盡量做到： (1) 帶著問題閱讀短文，根據(jù)不同題型，選用不同閱讀方法。即先看問題，再決定選用跳讀、略讀和精讀方法，這樣做，目的性強(qiáng)，能收到事半功倍的功效。 (2) 找出主題句，確定中心思想。每篇文章均講述一個主題，不管它有幾個段落，它們都圍繞著一個

45、中心思想。確定了中心思想，即抓住了關(guān)鍵。隨后通讀全文，找出重要詞語，通常在下面劃線，再進(jìn)行推敲。 (3) 推斷單詞、句子和通篇的含義。在做閱讀理解時，常常會遇到不認(rèn)識的單詞、看不懂的句子等。這時考生不要緊張，而應(yīng)運(yùn)用學(xué)過的語言知識，通過邏輯思維，去推斷出此單詞和整個句子的含義。只要靜下心來，絕大部分是能推斷成功的。 (4) 盡快選擇答案。在閱讀理解時，如碰到難題，如推斷、結(jié)論題，不要過多地花費(fèi)時間，可留下標(biāo)記，待那些有把握的題目做完后再回過頭來做。有時候其它題目做完后，再做難題，能多少受到點(diǎn)啟發(fā)，對短文的理解也會有所幫助與加深，難題部分也可能就解決了。 4. 高考英語閱讀e篇怎么做？高考上海卷

46、中e篇由五段文字組成，每段文字說明一個主題。在試卷中給出af六個由一個或幾個單詞組成的小標(biāo)題或由句子表述的主題句，其中有一個選擇是干涉項(xiàng)，要求考生找出與各段相匹配的主題。這一部分實(shí)際上考核考生通過快速閱讀，把握段落大意的能力。它不拘泥于一詞一句的理解，而要求對語篇和段落的整體意思的把握。做這類題目的關(guān)鍵是要抓住每段文字的主題思想，而主題思想一般是通過主題句體現(xiàn)出來的。找到了主題句，也就等于找到了主題的關(guān)鍵。主題句往往是一個概括性的語句，包括段落所談?wù)摰闹黝}和圍繞該主題展開的某一個方面。該句往往重點(diǎn)呈現(xiàn)一個話題，避免過于籠統(tǒng)或狹窄，是整段的中心。在閱讀中應(yīng)盡量利用上述信號詞來確定主題句的位置。有

47、些段落可能找不到主題句，其中心思想包含在各句的字里行間，只有把這些句子歸納一下，才能找出中心思想。如果段落中沒有明顯的主題句，考生可以找出主題詞或詞組。然后用這些專題詞或詞組，概括和歸納段落的中心思想。四、閱讀能力訓(xùn)練：example 1 one day a man walked into a pet shop and said to the shop assistant，“i need two small mice and about five dozen roaches (蟑螂) and two spiders.” “what do you need these things for?”

48、the shop assistant was very surprised. “well，”replied the man，“im moving out of my apartment and the landlord insists that i should leave the house in exactly the same condition as i found it.”q： the passage suggests that when the writer moved into the house, it was _.a. very cleanb. just cleaned by

49、 the landlordc. tidy and comfortabled. dirty and full of insects解析：他要搬出所租的房子，而房東要求房屋必須是他租進(jìn)來時的原樣，所以他須買些老鼠和蟑螂等昆蟲對房屋進(jìn)行“恢復(fù)”，因此推出答案為d。 example 2 some people are never right. they never have good luck. they usually do the wrong thing and say the wrong thing. and even if what they say or do is ok，they as a

50、 rule say it or do it at the wrong time. so these people always have problems. they often break dishes. they sometimes miss buses and airplanes. mr. neff is different. he is always right. he is never wrong. he usually has good luck. he seldom has problems. he never breaks dishes. he never misses bus

51、es or airplanes. even if he does miss them，it is always the fault of the buses or air planes. mr. neff knows almost everything. he doesnt ask questions；he answers questions. he never says，“i dont know.”q： which of the following best describes the writers attitude to mr. neff?a. he finds mr. neff har

52、d to understand.b. he thinks mr. neff wonderful.c. he feels pity for mr. neff.d. he does not like mr. neff.解析：從作者的語氣中我們可以體會他的態(tài)度，特別是even if he does miss them，it is always the fault of the buses or the airplanes. 誤了車或飛機(jī)本該是人的失誤怎能歸咎于車或飛機(jī)呢？明顯是譏諷，也是暗示他對mr. neff的討厭之情。答案為d。 example 3 daylight saving time (d

53、st) has been introduced this summer this year dst began on may 4. but next year, “summer time” will begin on the first sunday in april. clocks and other timepieces were set ahead one hour at 2:00 am on sunday, may 4 so that 2:00 am became 3:00 am. they should turn back one hour at 2:00 am on sunday,

54、 september 14. the new time is expected to save one and a half billion kilowatt hours of electricity per year across the country. the new system could also help people form the good habit of getting up and going to bed early, thus raising their work and study efficiency. during the dst period, the a

55、ctual departure (發(fā)車) time of trains remains unchanged, but their schedules have been set one hour late.q: according to the passage, we know that _ people should turn their clocks back one hour that year. a. in 132 days b. in 133 days c. in 134 days d. in 4 months解析：應(yīng)根據(jù)基本的日歷常識來進(jìn)行推算。5月剩27天，6月30天，7月31天

56、，8月31天，9月14天。即：27 + 30 + 31 + 31 + 14 = 133（天）example 4a giant dam was built many years ago to control the colorado river in the u.s. this dam was built to protect the land and houses around the river.this huge dam is in the black canyon. it is possible to drive a car from one side of the river to t

57、he other on a road， which is on the top of the dam. this dam is so big that there is an elevator inside. the elevator goes down forty-four stories from the road to the bottom. there is enough concrete in this dam to build a highway from new york to san francisco. thousands of people worked on this dam for five years.this huge dam was called boulder dam when it was finished in 1936. later it was renamed hoover dam in honor of a president of the united states. hoover dam，one of the highest dams in the world，is situated between the states of arizo