科技英語論文寫作一

1、 由于文化的差異和英語語言本身的特點，英語科技論文寫作雖然在目的性上與用其它語言形式的科技論文寫作是相同的，但是還有其自己的語言特征、文體要求和格式變化?？萍颊撐捏w例科技論文體例因學科不同、研究項目、過程和結果不同，科技論文可以有多種寫作方法和體例結構。從20世紀20年代開始，科技工作者從大量的論文中，總結出了其表達方式的共同規(guī)律，逐步形成了一種較為嚴密而又符合邏輯的慣用格式；從此，雖然各種論文所涉及的內(nèi)容各不相同，論證的方法各有差異，實驗的方法與手段相差很大，但是論文由哪些部分組成已有規(guī)范可循；其常見的構成格式有：標題、署名、作者單位(通常在第一頁底端的黑線下還要簡要介紹作者的姓名、年齡、職

2、稱、學位等內(nèi)容）、摘要、關鍵詞、引言、正文，結論、致謝、腳注、參考文獻和附錄等。標題標題標題的作用標題的作用：讓讀者了解論文的研究領域，本文區(qū)別于其他研究的特征；協(xié)助檢索一個令人滿意的標題，既不要過于概括，以至流于空泛，一般化；也不宜過于繁瑣，使人得不出鮮明印象，難于記憶和引證。1.1.標題要避免使用籠統(tǒng)、空泛、冗長、模棱兩可、夸張、標題要避免使用籠統(tǒng)、空泛、冗長、模棱兩可、夸張、華而不實以及與同類論文題目雷同的字眼。華而不實以及與同類論文題目雷同的字眼。 標題標題_書寫格式書寫格式(1)1. 開頭第一個字母大寫，專有名詞大寫，其余全部小寫。uoverview of fischer-trops

3、ch synthesis in slurry reactorsuan experimental study on gravity blending silo with an inner downcomerusteam reforming of hydrocarbon fuels標題標題_書寫格式書寫格式(2)開頭及每個實詞開頭字母大寫，5個字母的介詞、連詞第一個字母大寫nmarco-kinetics of vinyl acetate synthesis over a new type hollow cylindrical catalystnpetrochemical coke combusti

4、on and catalytic reaction mechanismnresearch on a new kind of diesel flow improver標題標題_書寫格式書寫格式(3)全部字母大寫prunaway phenomenon for parallel reactions in fixed bed catalytic reactorspstydy on the attrition of iron catalyst in slurry f-t synthesispphase equilibria between fluorothene and organic solvents

5、標題標題_ _書寫格式書寫格式(4)(4)第1、2種形式最常用，普遍用于各種刊物和文摘雜志一般主張采用第一般主張采用第1 1種形式，可讀性較強種形式，可讀性較強第3種形式一般用于計算機檢索系統(tǒng)，比較難讀標題標題_ _書寫格式書寫格式(5)(5)一般標題多帶有“ 研究”、“ 試驗”“、初探”、“ 初報”、“效果”、“ 影響”等等。 e.g.study of study on experiments of experimental study of effect of on an preliminary report of標題標題_注意事項注意事項(1)1. 標題不宜太長，也不宜太短標題太長易顯繁

6、瑣，不易引起讀者興趣，太短則易流于籠統(tǒng)、空泛甚至模糊。一般不超過20個詞，控制在12個詞左右為宜。英美科技期刊要求題目不超過12個詞或100個字符（包括間隔在內(nèi)）。標題標題_注意事項注意事項(2)usolubility studies (太籠統(tǒng)）usolubility of fluorothene （模糊）ua study of the phase equilibria between fluorothene and some solvents such as dibuty/phthalate and chlorotrifluoroethylene at elevated temperatur

7、e (冗長、繁瑣）uphase equilibria between fluorothene and organic solvents （簡明、具體）標題標題_注意事項注意事項(3)u如果一個短標題不足以概括文章的內(nèi)容，可考慮增加副標題，兩者之間用冒號分開。u如果是系列文章，可采用多報形式。e.g.l study on engineering parameters of a301 ammonia synthesis catalyst. i. determination of shape factorl study on engineering parameters of a301 ammoni

8、a synthesis catalyst. ii. experimental measurement of fix-bed heat-transfer parameters 標題標題_注意事項注意事項(4)2 .一般采用名詞短語作標題一般采用名詞短語作標題。不使用一個句子或不定式短語，不使用一個句子或不定式短語，一般也不使用介詞短語，不出現(xiàn)從句。一般也不使用介詞短語，不出現(xiàn)從句。 an exploration and study of the production methods of industrial cupric sulfate （繁瑣） introduce the explorati

9、on and study of the production methods of industrial cupric sulfate （祈使句） methods of producing of industrial cupric sulfatemethods of producing of industrial cupric sulfate有些情況下，也有用on引出的介詞短語，表示“ 論（關于）”的意思標題標題_注意事項注意事項(5)3. 標題必須包括主要的關鍵詞。標題的主要目的有二：一是吸引可能的讀者，二是協(xié)助檢索。因此一定要包含一些關鍵詞，標題應該盡可能多的提供計算機題目檢索所需要的信息

10、。4. 選用文章內(nèi)容所允許的、盡可能準確的術語。例如:使用“a vanadium-iron alloy”,而不是“a magnetic alloy”。 標題標題_注意事項注意事項(6)5. 標題中開頭的冠詞可以省去標題中開頭的冠詞可以省去(the) application of microprocessors on processing of chemical heat-treatment6. 標題中所有的術語都應該拼寫，而不要用俗語、符號、公式、略語以及縮寫詞，在可能的情況下，能夠用詞匯，就不要用帶有上標、下標或其他符號的表達式。不要引用公司的名稱、特定的商標，或者化學品、藥物、材料及儀器的

11、品牌。標題標題_注意事項注意事項(7)7. 避免使用下列寫法（19世紀或更早的標題中常出現(xiàn)）：some thoughts on a few observations on some studies on 標題標題_注意事項注意事項(8)正式發(fā)表的論文中，編輯會在標題右上方打一個*，然后在本頁的腳注（footnote）中注明論文收到時間及修改后寄達時間。我國雜志中還包括聯(lián)系人、第一作者簡介，某某基金資助等等信息。 manuscript received mar. 11, 2002; revised nov. 22, 2002 to whom correspondence should be ad

12、dress. corresponding author. supported by the national natural science foundation of china署名署名作者姓名作者的姓名要用全稱（full name）u外國人的姓名分三部分： 教名christian name, first name, given name, forename 中間名middle name 姓surname, family name, last nameu中國人的姓名應根據(jù)中國人的習慣，按漢語的順序以漢語拼音寫出transfer characteristics in mechanically

13、stirred airlift loop reactors with or without static mixersl xiaoping, wang yanru署名署名u在多名作者時，名字以逗號分開，最后兩位作者的名字以and相連。li gang, liu ming, zhang yiqi and wang xinyiu若名字是三個字，后兩個可以用縮寫形式給出。作者單位作者單位論文作者的工作單位（institution） 作者的工作單位一般直接標在作者的姓名下。如果作者分屬不同的單位，應注明:cao yiwei1, chai xiaodan1, desce m.b.2 and lehn j.

14、 m.21 department of chemistry, jilin university, changchun, p. r. china, 1100002 chimie des interactions molecularies, college de france, paris, france摘要摘要 摘要的英文術語及概念摘要的英文術語原來有兩個詞匯，一個是abstract，一個是summary?！?“過去時過去時” ”：summary一次文獻的文摘（作者自寫的提要），專門介紹論文的實質(zhì)性內(nèi)容。abstract二次文摘（他人為文獻編寫的濃縮格式），介紹論文的大致內(nèi)容。摘要摘要現(xiàn)在的趨勢

15、是一篇論文或專著的摘要，無論是自寫還是他寫，統(tǒng)稱為abstract，尤其是放在索引資料中一律要用abstract這個術語，在論文的題目下也一律用這個詞。summary現(xiàn)在更多的是用于對文章主要內(nèi)容作再一次扼要的陳述，放在文章的結尾，目的是為已經(jīng)讀過正文的讀者歸納出方向性結論，因此也可稱為小結。摘要摘要abstract 中文有二種說法: 文摘獨立存在，單獨出版，如sci、ei、ca等 摘要與原文在一起共同點：從原文中抽出主題內(nèi)容，以簡練的文字寫寫成，只是準確、扼要地表述原文內(nèi)容，不加以解釋或評論。以下統(tǒng)稱為摘要摘要摘要_ _類型類型按對原文的壓縮程度，摘要一般分為三類： 指示性或說明性摘要（in

16、dicative or descriptive abstract） 資料性或報道性摘要（informative abstract） 報道指示性摘要（informative- indicative abstract）按摘要內(nèi)容，大致分為三類： 論著摘要 綜述摘要 專利摘要摘要摘要_ _摘要的長短摘要的長短摘要一般不宜過長，多在100150詞左右，更確切地說，約為原文長度的15。美國有些高校規(guī)定，碩士論文提要以250詞為宜，博士論文以350詞為宜。華東理工大學規(guī)定：華東理工大學規(guī)定：碩士學位論文摘要250 詞，博士學位論文摘要500詞。摘要摘要_ _應具備的要素應具備的要素 簡明扼要（concis

17、eness）:去除文獻中的次要材料或輔助細節(jié)。 客觀公正（objectivity）:摘要中不應有原文中沒有的信息資料。 全面完整（completeness）:要包括主題思想，主要資料，結論或建議。摘要摘要_ _指示性摘要指示性摘要指示性摘要（indicative or descriptive abstract），也稱說明性摘要，只向讀者指出文獻的主要內(nèi)容是什么，主要概括論文的涉及范圍、研究方向和研究目的，以便讀者決定是否有必要閱讀全文。因此，說明性摘要的篇幅較短，一般詞數(shù)在50詞以內(nèi)。這類摘要主是泛泛敘述，不涉及實質(zhì)問題，所以一一般在科研論文中不予使用般在科研論文中不予使用，只刊登在文獻索引這

18、類期刊中，也可用于討論性文章、綜述性文章、圖書或某些會議論文集。摘要摘要_ _指示性摘要指示性摘要this paper presents an analysis of principles of magnetic refrigeration with application to air conditioning. a comparison with conventional evaporation-condensation gas cycle device is presented. conclusion concerning the applicability of magnetic re

19、frigeration to air conditioning are made.cooling water requirements in the petroleum refining, oil shale retorting, coal liquefaction, and coal gasification industries are described.摘要摘要_ _資料性摘要資料性摘要資料性摘要（informative abstract）是原文內(nèi)容要點的總結，盡量多而完整地報道原文獻中的具體內(nèi)容，涉及論文的主題范圍、研究對象（裝置、流程、工藝、材料等）及原理、所使用的研究手段和方法、

20、主要研究結果和結論、以及建議等方面的內(nèi)容，并列出主要數(shù)據(jù)、公式、圖表。反映論文的基本面貌，一般情況下能夠代替反映論文的基本面貌，一般情況下能夠代替閱讀論文全文。閱讀論文全文。這類摘要適用于研究或試驗報告、研究論文及專題論文。此類文摘篇幅稍長，一般為100250詞，多者可達500詞1000詞。摘要摘要_ _資料性摘要資料性摘要selective oxidation kinetics of n-butane to maleic anhydride in air were studied over a commercial, fixed-bed vanadium-phosphor oxide cat

21、alyst. the temperature range was 573-653 k with butane concentrations up to 3 mol % in the feed, which is within flammability limits but below ignition temperatures.the rate data were modeled using power low kinetics with product inhibition and included total oxidation and decomposition reactions. k

22、inetic parameters were estimated using a multiresponse, nonlinear regression algorithm showing intercorrelation effects. the kinetics were combined with independent measurements of catalyst diffusivity and reactor heat transfer using a one-dimensional heterogeneous reactor model. model predictions a

23、nd observed temperatures and concentrations from non-isothermal pilot plants compared up to 115 days on stream. agreement was acceptable with inlet butane concentrations up to 2.7 mol %. for example, runaway was predicted at a temperature 3 k higher than observed. effectiveness factors around the ho

24、t spot were estimated at o.6 with catalyst surface temperature 2-3 k higher than average gas temperature.摘要摘要_ _報道指示性摘要報道指示性摘要對文獻中的基本內(nèi)容作較為詳盡的報道性介紹，對其它部分則作指示性的表述。以最短的篇幅傳遞最大信息量。以最短的篇幅傳遞最大信息量。摘要摘要_ _報道指示性摘要報道指示性摘要baffle effects on the performance of a catalytic fluidized bed reactor were examined exper

25、imentally. the circulating fluidized bed reactor or riser was 102 mm in diameter and 6.32 m in height. reaction was the catalytic decomposition of ozone using fcc particles with a mean diameter of 89 um, impregnated with ferric oxide as catalyst. four ring-type baffles, mounted horizontally around t

26、he riser wall, were used in this study. ozone concentrations were measured in both axial and radial directions under various operating conditions in a riser with baffles, the ozone concentration in the radial direction was more uniform and the ozone conversion was higher than that in a riser without

27、 baffles except at the lowest gas velocity used. a mathematical model developed accounted for the gas-phase ozone conversion under various operating conditions. the gas-solid contact efficiency in the riser was discussed in light of the model. 摘要摘要_ _論著摘要論著摘要論著摘要包括期刊論文、會議論文、技術報告、學位論文、專著等的摘要，內(nèi)容通常有四個方

28、面： 研究的目的和范圍 研究的方法 研究的結果 作者對研究的主要結論摘要摘要_ _論著摘要論著摘要a major difficulty affecting the control of product quality in industrial polymerization reactors is the lack of suitable on-line polymer property measurements. in this article a scheme is developed to predict melt index and density in a fluidized-bed

29、 ethylene copolymerization reactor. theoretically-based models are derived to predict quality variables from the available on-line temperature and gas composition measurements. adjustable parameters in these models are updated on-line using infrequent laboratory measurements and a recursive paramete

30、r estimation technique. the application of this methodology is illustrated using operating data from an industrial reactor. it is shown that both melt index and density can be successfully predicted. knowledge of product property derivations from desired targets is required so that manufacturers can

31、 take corrective actions to reduce the quantity of off-grade material made and produce a consistent product. 摘要摘要_ _綜述摘要綜述摘要綜述通常有專題評述、政策評述和書評等。例如，專題評述是綜合有代表性的材料，對某一專題的方向、特點、效果、研究手段和有關方法的優(yōu)缺點等予以綜合比較，提出作者的看法。摘要摘要_ _專利摘要專利摘要專利摘要是專利說明書的提要，是專利文獻的重要檢索工具。介紹技術發(fā)明的要點與專利持有人的專利權范圍。專利摘要屬于專利文獻之一。專利摘要不僅具有科技摘要的一般語言特

32、點，而且具有法律文件的語言特點。例如多用長句，許多專利摘要僅有一、二句，常用wherein, whereby, therein, thereof等詞語連接。摘要摘要_ _專利摘要專利摘要a continuous process of producing sodium carbonate peroxide for use in laundry compositions by introducing separate streams of 50-70% hydrogen peroxide and saturated sodium carbonate solution into a crystall

33、ization zone at a ph of 11.5 at about 30 for about 8 hours. the reactants are added in essentially 3.2 molar proportions. before use, sodium carbonate is freed of iron and heavy metal contaminants by -treatment with magnesium oxide. the reaction is car-ried out at in the presence of magnesium silica

34、te stabilizer. after separating the product by centrifugation, the mother liquor is concentrated by removal of water by evaporation under vacuum. fresh charge materials are added to maintain a steady state system.摘要摘要_ _結構形式（緊扣題旨）結構形式（緊扣題旨）u緊扣題旨u圍繞標題，深化要旨，每一句話都重復標題中的一、二個關鍵詞。ucorrosion of copper by s

35、oft water with different content of humic substances and various temperaturesuan investigation on corrosion of copper in soft water has shown that the corrosion rate increases with increasing amount of humic substances and with increased additions of co2. in hot water, the corrosion rate increases w

36、ith increasing temperature to a maximum. in water without humic substances, the corrosion maximum is at about 50 and seem to shift towards higher temperatures in water with humic substances. the decreases in corrosion rate at higher temperature may be due to the formation of copper oxide on the meta

37、l surface.摘要摘要_ _結構形式（橫向展開）結構形式（橫向展開） 橫向展開從橫向不同角度來闡明主題，多層次、多線索的敘述 heat recovery from gas and liquid in different temperature ranges(1) there are many ways of saving energy in industrial process. (2) mentioning several of industry as examples, the author shows how utilization of energy in industrial

38、processes can be improved by heat recovery and the use of waste heat. (3) cost aspects and profitability are outlined. (4) measures designed to utilize the heat content of vapours as produced in the processing of foodstuffs are described. (5) the author further outlines and evaluated possibilities f

39、or process improvements and production increase in a light alloy melting furnace.摘要摘要_ _結構形式（總起分述）結構形式（總起分述） 總起分述文摘的前一、二句說明論題的背景、條件、作用、意義等，接下來分門別類，呈平行的層次敘述。study of extraction techniques for heavy metals in the evaluation of aquatic sedimentsthe principle of assessing the usefulness of chemical extr

40、action techniques are discussed. a suitable general procedure is as follows, on the assumption that the geology of aquatic sediments in polluted and less polluted areas is similar. (1) extract total heavy metals from sediment samples in polluted area by a method recommended by the environment agency

41、, japan. (2) extract soluble heavy metals from sediment samples of step 1 with a proposed technique. (3) calculate the 50% non-excess probability from the difference of analytical results of step 1 and 2. (4) extract total heavy metals from sediment samples in a less polluted area by the method of s

42、tep 1. calculate the range of distribution of heavy metal concentrations.摘要摘要_ _結構形式（上下勾連）結構形式（上下勾連） 上下勾連 與論文段落相似，句子之間邏輯關系緊密。use of blast furnace gas at temperature below 0(1) in terms of quality, blast furnace top gas is classified as lean gas. (2) lean gases have a low heating value and are of low grade owing to the high nitrogen content. (3)their unstable ignition characteristics deteriorate if during winter the gas drops to temperatures below zero du