聚合物特征和試驗(yàn)2005

1、polymer characterization and testing聚合物特征和試驗(yàn)testing and characterization (generally 3 categories)試驗(yàn)和特征（通?？煞譃槿?lèi)）production lab testing for polymer qa release為發(fā)放聚合物質(zhì)量保證書(shū)而進(jìn)行的生產(chǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室試驗(yàn) mfr, solubles, additives, etc， 熔體流動(dòng)速率（mfr）、可溶性和添加劑等non-routine polymer structure testing非常規(guī)的聚合物結(jié)構(gòu)試驗(yàn) mwd, tacticity, melti

2、ng behavior， 分子量分布（mwd）、立構(gòu)規(guī)正度、熔融特性application testing (how does it perform post processing)應(yīng)用試驗(yàn)（在后加工過(guò)程中表現(xiàn)的特性） tensiles, hdt, flex mod, impact, etc， 拉伸強(qiáng)度、熱變形溫度（hdt）、彎曲模量、抗沖擊強(qiáng)度等 testing of molded parts (microscopy, gloss, etc)， 對(duì)模塑零件進(jìn)行的試驗(yàn)（顯微鏡試驗(yàn)、表面光澤等）production testing生產(chǎn)試驗(yàn)mfr，熔體流動(dòng)速率（mfr)additive conte

3、nt，添加劑含量ethylene content，乙烯含量hexane extractables，己烷可抽提物decalin solubles，十氫化萘可溶物xylene extractables，二甲苯可抽提物volatiles，揮發(fā)份yellowness index，黃度指數(shù)pellet size，塑料粒子尺寸powder particle size distribution，粉體顆粒度分布powder metals analysis，粉體金屬含量分析dirt / contamination / pellet appearance test，雜質(zhì)污染物以及粒子的外觀試驗(yàn)filter pre

4、ssure rise / gel test，過(guò)濾器壓力升高凝膠試驗(yàn)mfr熔體流動(dòng)速率astm d1238美國(guó)材料實(shí)驗(yàn)協(xié)會(huì)astm d1238（試驗(yàn)方法的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）measures viscosity of pp melt (a function of mw)測(cè)量聚丙烯熔體的粘度（是分子量的函數(shù)）samples size from 2.5 to 6.0 grams (higher mfr requires more sample because more flows through machine during test)樣品重量2.5-6克（mfr較高的樣品，由于在試驗(yàn)中流經(jīng)測(cè)試儀器的流量較大，所

5、以需要更多試樣量）cylindrical chamber filled with resin and piston set in place將被測(cè)樹(shù)脂填滿(mǎn)圓筒形的測(cè)試管，將活塞安放就位after 4 minute preheat, 2.16kg weight placed on piston and piston pushed to calibration mark (6 minutes)預(yù)熱4分鐘后，將2.16公斤的重錘安放在活塞的頂端，并將活塞推到校準(zhǔn)的標(biāo)記位置（6分鐘）cut extrudate start timer. at end of time period, cut extrud

6、ate切斷熔體的擠出條，按動(dòng)秒表計(jì)時(shí)，在定時(shí)周期結(jié)束時(shí)，再次切斷熔體的擠出條mfr continued熔體流動(dòng)速率（mfr)（續(xù)）mfr (gms/10 minutes) = weight of extrudate / time intervalmfr（克10分鐘） 擠出條的重量時(shí)間間隔generally an automated process通常是一個(gè)自動(dòng)進(jìn)行的測(cè)試過(guò)程customers often have only 1 plastometer; may not agree with our lab客戶(hù)通常只有一臺(tái)塑性計(jì)，有可能和我們實(shí)驗(yàn)室儀器的型號(hào)不同tinius olsen mp60

7、0 =右圖為tinius olsen mp600 型multiple extrusions / mfr testing measures additive package effectiveness多次擠出熔體流動(dòng)速率測(cè)試，測(cè)量添加劑配比的有效性additive content添加劑含量only one “key additive” is measured in the pellet 只測(cè)定塑料顆粒中 “關(guān)鍵添加劑”的含量the key additive level is used as an indicator of total additive level and other additi

8、ve levels. 根據(jù)各項(xiàng)添加劑的添加比例，用這項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵添加劑的含量來(lái)表示總的添加劑含量以及其它添加劑含量method depends on the additive masterbatch being correct!本方法取決于添加劑母料混合物的配方比例必須是正確的some additives are easier to measure with precision than others (typical key additives are phenolics, phosphites, and cast or dht).某些添加劑要比其它添加劑更容易精確測(cè)定（常用的關(guān)鍵添加劑有酚醛樹(shù)脂

9、、磷酸酯，和硬脂酸鈣或二丁基羥甲苯（dht）specific tests used to determine additive level include ftir and xrf用于測(cè)定添加劑含量的特殊試驗(yàn)方法包括富利埃變換紅外光譜法（ftir)和x射線(xiàn)熒光分析法（xrf）ftir富利埃變換紅外光譜“fourier transform infrared” spectroscopy“富利埃變換紅外”光譜good for phenolics, hindered phenols (primary stabilizers and uv stabilizers), and similar molecu

10、les適合于酚醛樹(shù)脂、受阻酚(主要的穩(wěn)定劑和紫外光穩(wěn)定劑)以及類(lèi)似分子的檢測(cè)common key additives include irganox 1010/3114, dgms, and tinuvin 622, and sodium benzoate常用的關(guān)鍵添加劑包括 irganox 1010/3114、 dgms 以及 tinuvin 622 和苯甲酸鈉pellets are compression molded into sheet, which is inserted into machine先將樣品塑料粒子壓制成薄片，然后將樣片插入到檢測(cè)儀器中calibration curve

11、 needed to calculate additive level需要用校正曲線(xiàn)來(lái)計(jì)算添加劑的含量xrf: x-ray fluorescence spectrometerxrf: x-射線(xiàn)熒光光譜儀good for additives containing calcium, phosphorus, sodium, sulfur, zinc適合于檢測(cè)含有鈣、磷、鈉、硫、鋅的添加劑pellets pressed into plaque and inserted into machine先將試樣塑料粒子壓制成型為樣板，然后將樣板插入檢測(cè)儀器need to have a calibration c

12、urve for additive必須先建立一條添加劑含量的校正曲線(xiàn) 添加劑硬脂酸鈣dht檸檬酸二氫鉀苯甲酸鈉dstdp，硫代二丙酸二硬脂醇酯 dmtdp，硫代二丙酸二甲酯bz，二丁基二硫代氨基甲酸鋅 元素鈣，ca鎂，mg磷，p磷，p磷，p磷，p磷，p磷，p鉀，k鈉，na鈉，na硫，s硫，s鋅，znethylene content乙烯含量uses ftir (pressed plaques, etc)采用富利埃變換紅外光譜（試樣壓片等）calculates計(jì)算 total weight percent ethylene 乙烯的總重量百分比含量 weight percent ethylene i

13、n the random copolymer segment 無(wú)規(guī)共聚物片斷中的乙烯重量百分比含量 calculates the percentage of the impact copolymer composed of ethylene-propylene random copolymer 計(jì)算由乙烯-丙烯無(wú)規(guī)共聚物組成的高抗沖共聚物的百分比含量used for qc control and product release用于qc控制以及發(fā)放產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量證書(shū)hexane extractables己烷可抽提物pellets are ground into a powder 先將塑料粒子磨成粉末r

14、efluxed in boiling hexane for 3 hours in a thimble放在套管內(nèi)用沸騰的己烷回流三小時(shí)weight lost in extraction is reported as % hexane extractables稱(chēng)重計(jì)算抽提失重，計(jì)作己烷可抽提物百分比 in plant environment, % he is also measured by nmr在工廠環(huán)境中，己烷可抽提物百分比也可以用核磁共振法（nmr）進(jìn)行測(cè)定 same sample prep 準(zhǔn)備相同的樣品 nmr must be calibrated based on numerous

15、known samples nmr必須用各種已知的樣品進(jìn)行校正decalin and xylene solubles十氫萘和二甲苯可溶物xylene extracts more from the resin than hexane二甲苯可以比己烷從樹(shù)脂中抽提出更多的提取物decalin extracts more from the resin that xylene十氫化萘可以比二甲苯從樹(shù)脂中抽提出更多的提取物decalin test procedure:十氫化萘試驗(yàn)步驟： powder sample is dissolved in heated decalin 將粉狀樣品溶解在加熱的十氫化萘

16、中 the solution is chilled at 0c, and then filtered 將溶液在0c下冷凍，然后進(jìn)行過(guò)濾 the resulting solution is placed in a weighed pan, and heated at 120c for 2 hours. material in pan is decalin solubles. 將過(guò)濾所得的溶液放置在一個(gè)稱(chēng)量盤(pán)中，在120c下加熱兩小時(shí)，稱(chēng)重盤(pán)中的剩余物料計(jì)作十氫化萘可溶物xylene typically not used by bp na, though other suppliers use i

17、tbp 北美通常不采用二甲苯可溶物指標(biāo)，雖然其它供應(yīng)商采用這個(gè)指標(biāo)nmr is also used to test ds and xs也可以用核磁共振法(nmr)進(jìn)行十氫化萘可溶物(ds)和二甲苯可溶物(xs)試驗(yàn)oven volatiles烘箱揮發(fā)份試驗(yàn)sample is sealed in metal container when taken from unit 將從生產(chǎn)裝置上取來(lái)的樣品放置在密封的金屬容器中for powder, 20 g is placed into a pre-weighed disposable aluminum dish and heated at 105c fo

18、r one hour. the weight lost is the % volatiles.對(duì)于粉狀樣品，取20克樣品放置在預(yù)先稱(chēng)重的一次性鋁盤(pán)中，然后在105c下加熱一小時(shí)，稱(chēng)重計(jì)算失重，計(jì)作揮發(fā)份百分比f(wàn)or pellets, 5 g is place in a dish, heated for one hour at 165c. weight lost is % volatiles.對(duì)于顆粒狀樣品，取5克樣品放置在預(yù)先稱(chēng)重的一次性鋁盤(pán)中，然后在165c下加熱一小時(shí)，稱(chēng)重計(jì)算失重，計(jì)作揮發(fā)份百分比reminder: weight lost could be oligomers, addi

19、tives, water, or anything else that happened to be on or in the sample! 注意：失重的物質(zhì)中可包括低聚物、添加劑、水以及任何偶然沾染到樣品表面或進(jìn)入樣品中的其它物質(zhì)yellowness index黃度指數(shù)hunter lab colorimeter used for test試驗(yàn)用hunter試驗(yàn)室色度儀進(jìn)行pellet yi measured by placing pellets into sample cup and measuring with device將顆粒料放置在樣杯中，然后用色度儀進(jìn)行顆粒料的黃度指數(shù)測(cè)定b

20、color sometimes used by film customers有些時(shí)候薄膜制造商采用b色度old method included pressing a film from the powder or pellets, and then measuring the film老的測(cè)試方法還包括將粉料或顆粒料壓制成薄膜，然后用薄膜樣進(jìn)行色度測(cè)試additional thermal history makes this a less repeatable, more variable test由于制樣過(guò)程中承受的熱經(jīng)歷，老方法的重現(xiàn)性較差，測(cè)試結(jié)果的變化也較大pellet size顆粒料

21、的粒度reported in # of pellets/ g以顆粒數(shù)克計(jì)seed counter used采用種子計(jì)數(shù)器進(jìn)行測(cè)試roughly 0.96 to 1.04 grams of pellets are weighed into a dish, these are placed in seed counter, and the number of pellets are counted.在稱(chēng)量盤(pán)中稱(chēng)重大約0.96-1.04克的樣品顆粒，然后放入種子計(jì)數(shù)器進(jìn)行顆粒數(shù)計(jì)數(shù)many ways to test / report:有許多測(cè)試報(bào)告的方式： some customers count

22、by hand (this can lead to debates over what is considered a pellet vs a chip or chafe） 有些客戶(hù)采用手工計(jì)數(shù)法（這種方法在決定哪些顆粒算作碎片或磨屑時(shí)會(huì)導(dǎo)致?tīng)?zhēng)議） some suppliers report g per 100 pellets or a similar measure 有些供應(yīng)商報(bào)告為每100顆塑料粒子的重量（克），或類(lèi)似的計(jì)量方法powder particle size distribution粉料的顆粒度分布 malvern matersizer measures the size of

23、particles falling from a powder feeder using a laser light source and multiple detectors 采用malvern matersizer 激光粒度儀作顆粒度測(cè)定，被測(cè)粉料的樣品從加料器中加入，使用激光光源和多通道檢測(cè)器進(jìn)行顆粒度計(jì)數(shù) software reports result 使用專(zhuān)用的軟件來(lái)報(bào)告測(cè)定的結(jié)果 sieve test often used (more labor intensive) 經(jīng)常采用篩分試驗(yàn)（但需耗費(fèi)較多的人力）powder residual metals analysis粉料殘余金屬含

24、量分析 uses xrf instrument and procedure 采用x-射線(xiàn)熒光光度計(jì)和測(cè)試步驟進(jìn)行測(cè)試 typically track aluminum, titanium, and chlorine 通常追蹤鋁、鈦和氯的殘余量 can be used to help determine catalyst activity (how much catalyst is needed to produce x kg of pp) 測(cè)試結(jié)果可以用于決定催化劑的活性（生產(chǎn)x公斤聚丙烯需要多少催化劑）dirt / contamination / appearance雜物污染物外觀for d

25、irt and contamination, a 4” x 4” x 1/8” plaque is compression molded.壓制一個(gè)4” x 4” x 1/8” 的樣板，用于雜物和污染物測(cè)定plaque visually inspected for dirt & contamination對(duì)樣板進(jìn)行雜物和污染物的目視檢測(cè)pellet appearance 45 g of pellets poured into square tray 1 pellet deep塑料粒子的外觀將45克塑料粒子倒入一個(gè)顆粒深度的方型盤(pán)中，檢查fines are small particles 10 m

26、esh (usually tails from poor cut)粒度小于10目的為細(xì)料（通常為粒料切割不當(dāng)而產(chǎn)生的尾料）snake skins: thin streamers/films formed from abrasion/buildup of resin in transfer pipes蛇皮料：由于樹(shù)脂顆粒在輸料管道中摩擦和積聚而形成的薄的條帶薄膜angel hair: thin, small strands of fiber/film similar to snake skin (frequently ball together in clumps)毛邊料：類(lèi)似于蛇皮料的薄的、小

27、纖維條薄膜束（常常團(tuán)聚成為塊狀）chips: fragment of pellets片狀料：塑料粒子的碎片smears: flattened pellets not cut cleanly扁平料；沒(méi)有完全切割好的扁平的塑料粒子tails: pellets with small strands attached knives not cutting well尾料：連有細(xì)小的料束的塑料粒子切割刀片沒(méi)有切割好doubles: two pellets joined by film knives not cutting cleanly雙聯(lián)料：由薄膜連接的兩顆塑料顆粒切割刀片沒(méi)有切割干凈filter pr

28、essure rise / gel test過(guò)濾器壓力升高凝膠試驗(yàn)neither used at chocolate bayou, both run at deer parkchocolate bayou兩種試驗(yàn)均不進(jìn)行，deer park兩種試驗(yàn)都采用in filter pressure rise test, resin is extruded long enough to flush extruder, a new filter disk is inserted, and a specific amount of resin (or time) is run and the pressur

29、e rise measured. this is an indication of resin cleanliness normally not a problem with 4th generation catalysts在過(guò)濾器壓力升高試驗(yàn)中，先用樹(shù)脂樣進(jìn)行足夠長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的擠出以便將擠出機(jī)沖洗干凈，然后插入一張新的過(guò)濾盤(pán)，擠出規(guī)定量的樹(shù)脂（或運(yùn)行規(guī)定的時(shí)間），測(cè)定壓力的升高。壓力升高值可以代表樹(shù)脂的清潔程度對(duì)于第四代催化劑通常不會(huì)存在樹(shù)脂清潔度問(wèn)題in gel test, the resin is extruded into a film and the film is examined fo

30、r gels (often an automated process). generally not an issue with 4th generation catalyst, can be an issue with icps.在凝膠試驗(yàn)中將樹(shù)脂擠出成一張薄膜，然后測(cè)定薄膜上的凝膠點(diǎn)（通常采用一種自動(dòng)的測(cè)試過(guò)程）。對(duì)于用第四代催化劑生產(chǎn)的樹(shù)脂通常不會(huì)出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題，對(duì)于抗沖共聚物（icps）會(huì)有問(wèn)題non-routine polymer testing非常規(guī)聚合物試驗(yàn) gpc mwd 氣體滲透色譜法測(cè)定分子量分布 nmr tacticity 核磁共振法測(cè)定立構(gòu)規(guī)正度 dsc melting be

31、havior 差示掃描量熱法測(cè)定熔融特性gpc mwd氣體滲透色譜法測(cè)定分子量分布gas permeation chromatography氣體滲透色譜法measures molecule length (bigger molecules take longer to go through the column)測(cè)定分子的長(zhǎng)度（大分子需要花費(fèi)更多的時(shí)間透過(guò)色譜柱）reported as:報(bào)告為： number average molecular weight (mn)，數(shù)均分子量（mn) weight average molecular weight (mw)，重均分子量（mw) z aver

32、age mw (mz)，z平均分子量（mz) mz+1 (the really long chains)，mz+1（真正的長(zhǎng)分子鏈）typically used to reverse engineer competitive resins, benchmark a resin, or for experimental purposes (evaluate new catalysts, reactor conditions, etc).通常用于對(duì)工程競(jìng)爭(zhēng)樹(shù)脂進(jìn)行逆向研究，建立樹(shù)脂的基準(zhǔn)樣，或用于實(shí)驗(yàn)研究的目的（評(píng)價(jià)新型催化劑、反應(yīng)器條件等）nmr tacticity核磁共振法測(cè)定立構(gòu)規(guī)正度nuc

33、lear magnetic resonance spectroscopy核磁共振光譜法 expensive，昂貴 determines how carbons are bonded，檢測(cè)碳原子是如何連接的tells you how “perfect” or isotactic a resin samples is.可以告訴您，一種樹(shù)脂樣品是如何“結(jié)構(gòu)完美”或全同立規(guī)的the higher the isotacticity, the more perfect the molecules, the higher the strength and stiffness全同立規(guī)的程度越高，分子的結(jié)構(gòu)就越

34、完美，強(qiáng)度和剛性就越大lower tacticity desirable for film grades (to help in the film stretching process) and for applications that need lower stiffness對(duì)于薄膜級(jí)產(chǎn)品以及需要較低剛度的應(yīng)用，就需要立構(gòu)規(guī)正度低一些的樹(shù)脂（有助于薄膜的拉伸過(guò)程）for homopolymers only icp and rcp give strange results because of high ethylene content本測(cè)定方法只適用于均聚物由于乙烯基含量高，抗沖共聚物（i

35、cp）和無(wú)規(guī)共聚物（rcp）會(huì)給出奇怪的測(cè)定結(jié)果dsc differential scanning calorimetrydsc-差示掃描量熱法thermal properties 熱性能熱性能melting point熔點(diǎn)溫度melting enthalpy熔融焓crystallization point結(jié)晶溫度crystallization enthalpy結(jié)晶焓 from gho, secco training june 2004 取自于gho，賽科培訓(xùn)，2004年6月application testing應(yīng)用性試驗(yàn)used to compare resins 用于進(jìn)行樹(shù)脂的比較test

36、s suitability for an end-use application對(duì)某一項(xiàng)終端應(yīng)用進(jìn)行適用性試驗(yàn)typically test a part made under controlled conditions, such as a tensile bar or cast film常用于對(duì)在某一規(guī)定條件下制造的部件進(jìn)行測(cè)試，例如，拉伸試條或流延薄膜most common tests used on pp datasheets:用于聚丙烯特性數(shù)據(jù)表的最常用的試驗(yàn) tensiles, elongation, modulus，抗拉強(qiáng)度、伸長(zhǎng)率、模量 flexural modulus，彎曲模量

37、 heat deflection temperature，熱變形溫度 impact testing，沖擊試驗(yàn) visual characteristics gloss, blush, haze, etc.，目視特性光澤度、泛紅光、渾濁度等tensile testing sample prep拉伸強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)準(zhǔn)備樣品typically pp, rcp, or icp pellets典型的聚丙烯、無(wú)規(guī)共聚物、抗沖共聚物塑料粒子can use chopped parts, reclaim, etc if pellets not available.如果無(wú)法獲得塑料粒子，可以使用破碎的塑料件、回收料等te

38、nsile bars are molded under standard conditions into a standard mold (iso, astm, etc). complete lab injection molding machines are sold for this application.拉伸試條是在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的模具中（iso，astm等）標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的條件下模塑成型的，市場(chǎng)有售用于這項(xiàng)應(yīng)用的成套實(shí)驗(yàn)室注塑成型機(jī)important to flush/purge older polymer from extruder.將陳舊的聚合物從擠出機(jī)中沖洗清除干凈是十分重要的important

39、to have enough resin (naperville typically uses 25 lbs per test, most for purging)擁有足夠數(shù)量的樹(shù)脂進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)是十分重要的（在naperville通常每次試驗(yàn)使用25磅樹(shù)脂，其中大部分用于擠出機(jī)內(nèi)的物料清除）important to let molded bars cool (do not stack)使拉伸樣條得到充分的冷卻是十分重要的（不要將樣條堆積存放）astm molding procedure美國(guó)材料協(xié)會(huì)（astm）模塑成型步驟mold temp 60 +/- 3c，模具溫度603ccycle time:

40、 45 sec total，周期：總計(jì)45秒 20 sec injection，20秒注塑 20 sec cooling，20秒冷卻 5 sec ejection，5秒樣條取出melt temp varies with mfr (higher mfr = lower temp because of viscosity difference)熔融溫度根據(jù)mfr而不同（由于粘度的不同，較高mfr的試驗(yàn)采用較低的熔融溫度）back pressure 0.7 mpa背壓0.7mpaconstant part weight is targeted指標(biāo)是恒定的樣條重量molded bar tensiles

41、模塑樣條的拉伸試驗(yàn)sample is inserted into a tensile load tester, which clamps both ends of the bar and pulls until break. load is measured by a load cell; elongation by the rate of extension (speed of the test).將樣條插入一臺(tái)拉伸載荷試驗(yàn)機(jī)，試樣兩端被夾住并拉伸至斷裂。通過(guò)一個(gè)測(cè)力傳感器測(cè)量載荷，通過(guò)延伸的速率（測(cè)試的速度）測(cè)量伸長(zhǎng)率typically report load and elongation

42、 at yield, and load and elongation at break通常報(bào)告試樣在屈服和斷裂時(shí)的載荷以及伸長(zhǎng)率modulus (the ratio of stress to strain) is also sometimes reported (load/elongation, typically at low elongations)有時(shí)也報(bào)告模量（應(yīng)力應(yīng)變之比）（載荷伸長(zhǎng)率，特別是在低伸長(zhǎng)率）measurement of the tensile behaviour of a specimen (small injected piece) : tensile modulus

43、, tensile strength at yield and at break樣條（小型的注塑件）拉伸特性的測(cè)量：在屈服和斷裂時(shí)的拉伸模量、拉伸強(qiáng)度in europe, we use : iso 527， 在歐洲，我們采用：iso 527標(biāo)準(zhǔn)in na, we use: astm d638， 在北美，我們采用：astm d638標(biāo)準(zhǔn)units : modulus mpa (psi in na)，單位：模量 mpa（北美用psi) strength at yield and at break mpa (psi in na) 屈服和斷裂強(qiáng)度 mpa (北美用psi) elongation at

44、break and at yield (%)，屈服和斷裂伸長(zhǎng)率（）elongation at break斷裂伸長(zhǎng)率strength at break斷裂強(qiáng)度elongation at yield屈服伸長(zhǎng)率strength at yield屈服強(qiáng)度tensile test continued拉伸試驗(yàn) 續(xù) yield point beyond which the material deforms irreversibly屈服點(diǎn)：超過(guò)該點(diǎn)后材料的變形是不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的 break point where the material can not stretch anymore: it breaks.斷裂點(diǎn)

45、：材料發(fā)生斷裂，再也無(wú)法伸長(zhǎng)from g. hallot presentation摘自g. hallot 的演示general rules for tensiles拉伸試驗(yàn)的通用規(guī)律lower mfr = lower tensile strength較低的mfr = 較低的抗拉強(qiáng)度higher tacticity = higher tensile strength較高的規(guī)正度 = 較高的抗拉強(qiáng)度lower solubles = higher tensile strength較低的可溶物 = 較高的抗拉強(qiáng)度narrower mwd = higher tensile strength較窄分子量分布

46、 = 較高的抗拉強(qiáng)度nucleation = higher tensile strength晶核形成 = 較高的抗拉強(qiáng)度ethylene content = lower tensile strength較高的乙烯含量 = 較低的抗拉強(qiáng)度f(wàn)lexural modulus彎曲模量measures stiffness測(cè)量剛度astm d790a - tests bar molded bar stiffness in a three point test: bar is supported at ends, and a standard tip presses against the middle a

47、nd measures load/resistance.astm d790a 在一個(gè)三點(diǎn)試驗(yàn)中測(cè)試模塑樣條的剛度：樣條的兩端受到支撐，用一個(gè)測(cè)試尖端壓在樣條的中部，測(cè)試載荷沖擊強(qiáng)度，typically reported as kpsi or mpa通常報(bào)告的單位為kpsi 或 mpageneral rules for flex mod彎曲模量的通用規(guī)律lower mfr = higher flexural modulus較低的mfr = 較高的彎曲模量higher tacticity = higher flex mod較高的立構(gòu)規(guī)整度 = 較高的彎曲模量lower solubles = hig

48、her flex mod較低的可溶物 = 較高的彎曲模量narrower mwd = higher flex mod較窄的分子量分布 = 較高的彎曲模量nucleation = higher flex mod晶核形成 = 較高的彎曲模量higher ethylene content = lower flex mod較高的乙烯含量 = 較低的彎曲模量heat deflection temperature熱變形溫度measures stiffness/heat resistance測(cè)量剛度耐熱性能bar is supported at the ends in an oven with a tip

49、under a standard load pressing down on it. the temperature is increased at a steady rate until the bar deflects by 0.25mm (astm d648)將樣條兩端支撐起來(lái)，置于烘箱內(nèi)，在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的載荷下用一個(gè)測(cè)量尖端向下施壓。以一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的升溫速率升高溫度直至樣條變形達(dá)到0.25mm（astm d648）typically has same trends as flex mod.通常和彎曲模量有相同的趨勢(shì)fillers and nucleation will increase stiff

50、ness 填充料和晶核形成會(huì)增加剛度notched izod impact test缺口（艾氏）沖擊試驗(yàn)measures the ability of the polymer to absorb an impact.測(cè)定聚合物吸收沖擊的能力astm d256 uses 1/8” thick bar. na typically runs notched bar test.astm d256采用1/8” 厚的樣條。北美常采用缺口樣條沖擊試驗(yàn)un-notched side is impacted with a pendulum the height to which the pendulum rebounds indicates the energy absorbed by the sample (or it breaks)用擺錘沖擊樣條不開(kāi)缺口的一側(cè)，擺錘回彈的高度表明了樣條吸收的能量（或完全斷裂）hpp typically has very poor impact (brittle), es