the-organs-of-speech--發(fā)音器官

1、 Eight organs of speech Speech organs produce the many sounds needed for language. Organs used include the lips, teeth, tongue, alveolar ridge, hard palate, velum (soft palate), uvula and glottis. Speech organsor articulatorsare of two types: passive articulators and active articulators. Passive art

2、iculators remain static during the articulation of sound. Upper lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate, uvula, and pharynx wall are passive articulators. Active articulators move relative to these passive articulators to produce various speech sounds, in different manners. The most im

3、portant active articulator is the tongue. The lower lip and glottis are other active articulators. 1. LipsLips are a visible body part at the mouth of humans and many animals. Lips are soft, movable, and serve as the opening for food intake and in the articulation of sound and speech. Human lips are

4、 a tactile sensory organ, and can be erogenous when used in 推薦精選kissing and other acts of intimacy.The lips serve for creating different sounds - mainly the labial, bilabial, and labiodental consonant sounds - and thus create an important part of the speech apparatus. The lips enable whistling and t

5、he performing of wind and brass instruments such as the trumpet, clarinet, flute and saxophone.2. TeethSounds can be formed by using the teeth to shape the lips, in combination with the tongue, or to block air from escaping the mouth.推薦精選3. TongueThe tongue is a muscular hydrostat on the floors of t

6、he mouths of most vertebrates which manipulates food for mastication. It is the primary organ of taste, as much of the upper surface of the tongue is covered in papillae and taste buds. It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva, and is richly supplied with nerves and blood vessels. In humans a second

7、ary function of the tongue is phonetic articulation.4. Alveolar ridge推薦精選An alveolar ridge (also known as the alveolar margin) is one of the two jaw ridges either on the roof of the mouth between the upper teeth and the hard palate or on the bottom of the mouth behind the lower teeth. The alveolar r

8、idges contain the sockets (alveoli) of the teeth. They can be felt with the tongue in the area right above the top teeth or below the bottom teeth. Its surface is covered with little ridges. Sounds made with the tongue touching the alveolar ridge while speaking are called alveolar. Examples of alveo

9、lar consonants in English are, for instance, t, d, s, z, n, l like in the words time, dragon, silly, zeal, nasty and lollipop. There are exceptions to this however, such as speakers of the New York Accent who pronounce t and d at the back of their teeth. When pronouncing these sounds the tongue touc

10、hes (t, d, n), or nearly touches (s, z) the upper alveolar ridge which can also be referred to as gum ridge. In many other languages these same consonants are articulated slightly differently, and are often described as dental consonants. In many languages consonants are articulated with the tongue

11、touching or close to the upper alveolar ridge. The former are called alveolar plosives, and the latter alveolar fricatives.推薦精選5.hard palateThe hard palate is a thin horizontal bony plate of the skull, located in the roof of the mouth. It spans the arch formed by the upper teeth.It is formed by the

12、palatine process of the maxilla and horizontal plate of palatine bone.It forms a partition between the nasal passages and the mouth. This partition is continued deeper into the mouth by a fleshy extension called the soft palate.The interaction between the tongue and the hard palate is essential in t

13、he formation of certain speech sounds, notably /t/, /d/, /j/, and /推薦精選/.6.velum(soft palate)The soft palate (also known as velum or muscular palate) is the soft tissue constituting the back of the roof of the mouth. The soft palate is distinguished from the hard palate at the front of the mouth in

14、that it does not contain bone.The soft palate is movable, consisting of muscle fibers sheathed in mucous membrane. It is responsible for closing off the nasal passages during the act of swallowing, and also for closing off the airway. During sneezing, it protects the nasal passage by diverting a por

15、tion of the excreted substance to the mouth.The uvula hangs from the end of the soft palate. Research shows that the uvula is not actually involved in snoring processes. This has been shown through inconsistent results from uvula removal surgery. Snoring is more closely associated with fat depositio

16、n in the 推薦精選pharynx, enlarged tonsils of Waldeyers Ring, or deviated septum problems. Touching the uvula or the end of the soft palate evokes a strong gag reflex in most people.7. Palatine uvulaThe uvula (pronounced /juvjl/) is the conic projection from the posterior edge of the middle of the soft

17、palate, composed of connective tissue containing a number of racemose glands, and some muscular fibers (musculus uvulae).1The uvula plays a key role in the articulation of the sound of the human voice to form the sounds of speech.推薦精選2 The uvula functions in tandem with the back of the throat, the p

18、alate, and air coming up from the lungs to create a number of guttural and other sounds. Uvular consonants are not found in most dialects of English, though they are found in many Semitic, Caucasian, and Turkic languages, as well as several languages of Western Europe such as German, French, Portugu

19、ese, and a few Celtic languages. Certain African languages such as the Khoisan languages use the uvula to produce click consonants as well, though other than that, uvular consonants are fairly uncommon in Sub-Saharan Africa.8. Glottis推薦精選The glottis is defined as the combination of the vocal folds a

20、nd the space in between the folds (the rima glottidis).As the vocal folds vibrate, the resulting vibration produces a buzzing quality to the speech, called voice or voicing or pronunciation.Sound production involving only the glottis is called glottal. English has a voiceless glottal fricative spelled h. In many accents of English the glottal stop (made by pressing the folds together) is used as a variant allophone of the phoneme /t/ (and in some dialect