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1、初中英語(yǔ) 與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)相關(guān)的問(wèn)題 專(zhuān)題輔導(dǎo)通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)上期的如何使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一文,我們對(duì)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法已經(jīng)有了大致的了解。為了使大家更好地理解和運(yùn)用這種時(shí)態(tài),我們首先解決上期遺留下來(lái)的問(wèn)題:一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別 (一)側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作都發(fā)生在過(guò)去,但它們所強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點(diǎn)不同:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)側(cè)重于對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,而一般過(guò)去時(shí)側(cè)重于某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間或某段時(shí)間。即:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)側(cè)重于現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果,而一般過(guò)去時(shí)側(cè)重于過(guò)去的時(shí)間。實(shí)例: 1)Ive seen the film already 我已經(jīng)看過(guò)這部電影了。(現(xiàn)在我仍記得電影的內(nèi)容) 2)I saw the

2、film two days ago兩天前我看了這部電影了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)是兩天前,而不是別的什么時(shí)候看的電影) 3)Ive been here for two days我來(lái)這里兩天了。(現(xiàn)在對(duì)這里的情況有一定的了解) 4)Ive found the book 我找到那本書(shū)了。(現(xiàn)在不再擔(dān)心了) When did you find it ?你什么時(shí)候找到的?(過(guò)去什么時(shí)候發(fā)生了這件事) 注意:在以when開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句中不能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)側(cè)重點(diǎn)不是動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間,而是動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響。 (二)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)不同 從側(cè)重點(diǎn)看比較難理解,看時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)就容易多了。每種時(shí)態(tài)都有自己特定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),根據(jù)時(shí)間狀

3、語(yǔ)我們往往很容易判斷用什么時(shí)態(tài)。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與already,yet,just,ever,never,before等副詞以及“for 一段時(shí)間”,“since過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn)從句(從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí))”等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用;而一般過(guò)去時(shí)則常與“一般時(shí)間ago”,just now,yesterday,last night(week,month),in 1990等表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。 1)I have just washed my clothes我剛洗了衣服。 2)I washed my clothes just now剛才我洗了衣服。 3)She lived here two years ago兩年前她

4、住在這里。 4)Shes lived here since two years ago自從兩年前她一直住在這里。 1 / 75)I have studied English for five years我學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)五年了。 6)They went to America in 19991999年他們?nèi)チ嗣绹?guó)。 (三)對(duì)動(dòng)詞的要求不同 當(dāng)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示從過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)時(shí),往往和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用,這時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞而不用短暫性動(dòng)詞;一般過(guò)去時(shí)沒(méi)有這種限制。實(shí)例: 1他離開(kāi)家鄉(xiāng)二十年了。 誤:He has left his hometown for twenty ye

5、ars 正:He has been away from his hometown for twenty years 2他們來(lái)這里三天了。 誤:Theyve come here for three days 正:Theyve been here for three days 3她爺爺去世三個(gè)月了。 誤:Her grandfather has died for three months 正:Her grandfather has been dead for three months 二、短暫性動(dòng)詞和延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞 (一)什么是短暫性動(dòng)詞和延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞? 短暫性動(dòng)詞(又叫終止性動(dòng)詞)是表示動(dòng)作的開(kāi)始與結(jié)束

6、都是在很短的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成的動(dòng)詞,即它所表示的動(dòng)作剛一發(fā)生便停止了。這樣的動(dòng)詞有:come,go,get(to), arrive,leave,start,begin,give,join,open, close,stop,borrow,lend,buy,catch等。 延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞是表示動(dòng)作可以持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)詞。這樣的動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有:have, keep,work,study,live,play,wait,learn, last,know等。 (二)短暫性動(dòng)詞表示狀態(tài)的方法 1用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞來(lái)替換短暫性動(dòng)詞。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)為“for 一段時(shí)間”或“since 過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn)或從句(從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí))”。實(shí)例

7、: Ive had this computer for a month我買(mǎi)這臺(tái)電腦一個(gè)月了。 (這里buy這一短暫性動(dòng)詞改成了have這一延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞) 常見(jiàn)的短暫性動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的轉(zhuǎn)換方法:comebe,come tobe in at,go outbe out,leavebe away,begin startbe on,buyhave,borrowkeep, joinbe a member of,diebe dead,catch a coldhave a cold,get to knowknow, becomebe,fall asleepbe asleep,go to sleepsleep,

8、openbe open。 2用“It is 時(shí)間段since從句(從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用短暫性動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式)”這一句型。實(shí)例: 1)It is four years since we came here自從我們來(lái)到這里已經(jīng)有四年了。 2)It is two years since the old man die 那位老人已經(jīng)死了兩年了。 三、have has gone to,have has been to和have has been in at的區(qū)別 have has gone to意為“到某地去了”,可能在去的路上,可能已在某地,也可能在回來(lái)的路上,總之,人不在這里。常用第三人稱(chēng)作主語(yǔ)。實(shí)例:

9、1)Theyve gone to the Great Wall他們到長(zhǎng)城去了。 2)Where is your father ?你父親在哪里? Hes gone to Shanghai on business他到上海出差去了。 have has been to意為“去過(guò)某地”,表示人已經(jīng)回來(lái)了。實(shí)例: 1)Ive been to Beijing three times我去過(guò)北京三次。 2)Theyve never been to Hong Kong他們從來(lái)沒(méi)有去過(guò)香港。 have has been in at意為“在某地(呆了多久)”常與“for 一段時(shí)間”這樣的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。實(shí)例: 1)Iv

10、e been in the city for two weeks我來(lái)這個(gè)城市兩周了。 2)How long have you been at this school?你在這所學(xué)校多久了? For ten years十年了。 鞏固練習(xí): I同義句轉(zhuǎn)換,每空一詞。 1My father came back the day before yesterday My father has _ _ for two days 2My uncle bought the new car two months ago My uncle has_ the new car_two months ago 3They l

11、eft Changsha an hour ago They have_ _ _ Changsha for an hour 4The film began ten minutes ago The film_ _ _for ten minutes II選擇正確答案。 1Im sorry,Cathy,I_ your radio for such a long time Never mind(2001北京市東城區(qū)) ahave borrowed bhave lent chave kept dhave returned 2Where have you _ these days ? I have to D

12、azhu with my friends(2001重慶市) abeen,gone bbeen,been cgone,been dgone,gone 3I have watched the game When_ you_ it?(2001長(zhǎng)沙市) ahave,watched bdo,watch cdid,watch dwill,watch 4When_ you_ this book? I_ it for two weeks(2001青島市) ahave,bought;have had bdid,buy;have had chave,bought;bought ddid,buy;have boug

13、ht 5Where is your father?We havent seen each other for weeks _ (2001濟(jì)南市) aHe has been to America bHe has gone to England cHe is going to Australia dHe would visit my grandparents 6They have_ since the factory opened(2001濟(jì)南市) aleft the school bjoined the team cbecome workers dworked here 7Jim_the Gre

14、at Wall many times(2001廈門(mén)市) awent to bgoes to chas gone to dhas been to 8Where is Jim ? He_ England(2000河北?。?ahas been in bhas been to cgoes to dhas gone to 9It _ ten years since they _ to France(2001河北?。?awas,moved bwas,have moved cis,have moved dis,moved 10 _ to the United States ? No,never,but Iwent to Canada a few years ago(2001山西省

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