電大跨文化交際期末復(fù)習(xí)資料（小抄參考）

1、專業(yè)好文檔final exampart 1 comprehensive check （15*2）每課的練習(xí)apart 2 multiple choice （25*1）每課的練習(xí)e復(fù)習(xí)題的變體；另外請(qǐng)中看第五章part 3 e-c translation（10*1）每課的練習(xí)cpart 4 term-matching（10*1）part 5 multiple function（5*5）其中三道是簡(jiǎn)答題，兩道是案例分析。terms/questions:1. economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the

2、international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. 2. barber system farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money. human society has always traded goods across gr

3、eat distances. 3. global village：real time events 、the time and space compression all the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the internet. 4. melting-pot大熔爐: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nat

4、ionalities.5. diversity: refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong. 6. intercultural communication: refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their c

5、ommunication event. perception 7. culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people8.

6、 enculturation(文化習(xí)得): all the activities of learning ones culture are called enculturation9. acculturation(文化適應(yīng)): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.10. ethnocentric(文化中心主義): the belief that your own cul

7、tural background is superior.11. communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.12. components of communication：source交際邀請(qǐng)the source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.encoding編碼unfortunatel

8、y (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.message編碼信息the term message identifies the encoded thought. encoding is

9、the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.channel交際渠道the term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. the channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.noise干擾t

10、he term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.receiver交際接受the receiver is the person who attends to the message.decoding解碼decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. the receiver is actively involved in the communicatio

11、n process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.receiver response接受反應(yīng)the receiver is the person who attends to the message. receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.feedback反饋feedback refers to that portion of the receiver respons

12、e of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.context場(chǎng)景the final component of communication is context. generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.13. pragmatics語(yǔ)用學(xué): th

13、e study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.14. semantics語(yǔ)義學(xué)：a system that associates words to meaning. it is the study of the meaning of words.15. denotation：the literal meaning or definition of a word - the explicit, particular, defined meaning. 16. connotation：the su

14、ggestive meaning of a word - all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a word the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.17. taboo禁忌語(yǔ)：refers to some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain

15、culture for religious or social reasons. 18. euphemism委婉語(yǔ)：means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.19. chronemics（時(shí)間學(xué)）：the study of how people perceive and use time. 20. proxemics（空間學(xué)）： refers to the perception and use of space.21. k

16、inesics（肢體語(yǔ)言）：the study of body language . 22. paralanguage(副語(yǔ)言)：involving sounds but not word and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication . 23. monochronic time一元時(shí)間觀念: means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.24. polychronic time多元時(shí)間觀念: means being involved with many th

17、ings at once25. planetary culture行星文化: is explored, which integrates eastern mysticism with western science and rationalism.26.intercultural personhood(跨文化人格)：represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological par

18、ameters of his or her own culture.1. what are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village？ p89four trends that lead to the development of the global village: convenient transportation systems/ innovative communication systems/ economic globalization/widespread migrations2. wha

19、t are the three aspects where cultural differences exist?verbal difference: language, thought patternsnon-verbal communication: body-language, time concept, spacious language, paralanguage, environmentperception: values, worldviews, beliefs, attitudes3. what are three ingredients of culture? 文化的三個(gè)成分

20、（three ingredients）p56an shared artifact（the material and spiritual products people produce）shared behavior（what they do）shared concepts（beliefs, values, world viewswhat they think）4. how to understand cultural iceberg?p67like an iceberg what we can see about culture is just the tip of the iceberg;

21、the majority of it is intangible, beyond sight. and the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. it is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface. (just as an iceberg which has a visible section above the waterline and a larger invisible section below the wat

22、erline, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be suspected and imagined. also like an iceberg, the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. it is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface. (p7)5. what are the tour characterist

23、ics of culture? dynamic/ shared/ learned/ ethnocentricculture is shared. all communications take place by means of symbols.culture is learned. culture is learned, not inherited. it derives from ones social environment, not from ones genes. enculturation(文化習(xí)得): all the activities of learning ones cul

24、ture are called enculturation .culture is dynamic. (p6)culture is subject to change. its dynamic rather than static, constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. acculturation(文化適應(yīng)): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another

25、 culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.culture is ethnographic(文化中心主義). ethnographic is the belief that your own cultural background is superior. ethnocentrism: the belief that your own culture background is superior.6. what are the six characteristics of communicatio

26、n? dynamic/ irreversible/ symbolic/ systematic/ transactional/ contextualcommunication is dynamic. communication is ongoing, ever-changing activity. a word or action does not stay frozen when you communicate; it is immediately replaced with yet another word or action.communication is irreversible. o

27、nce we have said something and someone else has received and decoded the message, the original sender cannot take it back.communication is symbolic. symbols are central to the communication process because they represent the shared meanings that are communicated. symbols are vehicle by which the tho

28、ughts and ideas of one person can be communicated to another person.communication is systematic communication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a large system. it takes place in a physical and a social context; both establish the rules that govern the interaction.comm

29、unication is transactional. (p8) a transactional view holds that communicators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversation.communication is contextual. (p8) all communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context. by

30、context, we mean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, and the nature of the relationship. thus the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings.7. how is chinese addressing different from american addressing?(三方面)p2224in chinese the surname comes f

31、irst and is followed by the given name/ but in english this order is reversed. addressing by names: in china seniority is paid respect to. juniors are supposed to address seniors in a proper way. the use of given names is limited to husband and wife, very close friends, juniors by elders or superior

32、s/ nowadays, more and more english-speaking people address others by using the first name, even when people meet for the first time. (intimacy and equality) addressing by relationship: chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage. these terms are used after the surna

33、me to show politeness and respect/ the english equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used. even with relatives, americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship. addressing by title, office, profession: another common chinese form of address is the use of

34、a persons title, office, profession to indicate the persons influential status. in english, only a few occupations or titles could be used. (p24) americans tend to regard titles as trivial unless they have a clear idea of what kind of work a person does and what his responsibilities are.8. how is th

35、e chinese writing style different the american writing style?the chinese employ a circular approach in writing. in this kind of indirect writing, the development of the paragraph may be said to be turning and turning in a widening gyre. the circles or gyres turn around the subject and show it from a

36、 variety of tangential views, but the subject is never looked at directly. a paragraph is set off by an indentation of its first sentences or by some other conventional devise, such as extra space between paragraphs.in contrast, the americans are direct and linear in writing. an english expository p

37、aragraph usually begins with a topic statement, and then, by a series of subdivisions of that topic statement, each supported by example and illustrations, proceeds, to develop that central idea and relate that idea to all other ideas in the whole essay, and to employ that idea in proper relationshi

38、p with the other ideas, to prove something, or perhaps to argue something.9. what are the different feature of m-time and p-time? p97m: do one thing at a time take time commitments seriously are committed to the job adhere religiously to plans emphasize promptness are accustomed to short-term relati

39、onships p: do many things at once consider time commitments an objective to be achieved, if possible are committed to people and human relationships change plans often and easily base promptness on the relationship have strong tendency to build lifetime relationships m-time is noted for its emphasis

40、 on schedules, segmentation, punctuality and promptness. it features one event at a time and time is perceived as a linear structure. p-time is less rigid and clock-bound. it features several activities at the same time and time is perceived as more flexible and more human-centered.10. what differen

41、t worldview can be drive from buddhism and christianity?buddhists do not believe in a god or gods who created the world. however, they do believe that there is a supreme and wonderful truth that words cannot teach, and ritual cannot attain.buddhists are not favorably disposed to the notion of free e

42、nterprise and the pursuit of material well-being. seen from a western worldview, having no desires adversely affects motives for personal enrichment and growth generally. thus, little support is accorded to free enterprise.christianity recognizes the importance of work and free ownership of property

43、. protestant, in particular, sees the salvation of the individual through hard work and piety.11. what is the american cultural value like in terms of value orientation?as far as the human nature is concerned, the american culture holds that it is evil but perfectible through hard work.as to the rel

44、ation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer the nature.they also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented.they focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem.they are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the grou

45、p.12. what is the chinese cultural value like in terms of value orientation?pwhat is the character of innate human nature?what is the relation of man to nature?what is the temporal focus of human life?what is the mode of human activity?what is the mode of human relationships?11. it is evil but perfe

46、ctible/ man can conquer the nature / present / being-oriented a non-developmental model of society/ competitive12. good but corruptible/ harmony with nature / past/ being-and-becoming is a kind of spiritual good of inner harmony and peace/ cooperation13. how is gender different from sex? p119120sex:

47、 biological, permanent, with a individual propertygender: socially constructed, varied over time and across cultures, with a social and relational quality14. what are the two primary influences processes of gender socialization? p121family communicationrecreational interaction15. identify the featur

48、es of each of four hofsteds cultural dimensions and the contrast between high-context and low-context culture. （語(yǔ)境案例分析）p192193individualism vs collectivism /masculinity vs femininity /power distance/uncertainty avoidance high-context vs. low-contexthigh-context cultures assign meaning to many of the

49、 stimuli surrounding an explicit message. in high-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in communication.low-context cultures exclude many of those stimuli and focus more intensely

50、 on the objective communication event, whether it be a word, a sentence, or a physical gesture. in low-context cultures, the message itself means everything.諺語(yǔ)：strike while the iron is hot 趁熱打鐵more haste, less speed. 欲速不達(dá)to pass fish eyes for pearls 魚目混珠as stubborn as a mule 犟得像頭牛dumb bell 笨蛋to fish

51、 in the air 水底撈月to drink like a fish 牛飲 as dry as sawdust 味同嚼蠟to be at the end of ones rope 山窮水盡landscape engineer 園林工人tonsorial artist 理發(fā)師sanitation engineer 清潔工shoe rebuilder 補(bǔ)鞋匠soft in the head 發(fā)瘋的reckless disregard for truth 撒謊to take things without permission 偷竊industrial climate 勞資關(guān)系緊張justice

52、has long arms 天網(wǎng)恢恢，疏而不漏diamond cut diamond 棋逢對(duì)手golden saying 金玉良言fat office 肥缺you will cross the bridge when you get to it船到橋頭自然直better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion 寧為雞頭，勿為牛后tread upon eggs 如履薄冰if we dont do that it will go on and go on. we have to stop it; we need the courage to do

53、it.his comments came hours after fifa vice-president jeffrey webb - also in london for the fas celebrations - said he wanted to meet ivory coast international toure to discuss his complaint.cska general director roman babaev says the matter has been exaggerated by the ivorian and the british media.b

54、latter, 77, said: it has been decided by the fifa congress that it is a nonsense for racism to be dealt with with fines. you can always find money from somebody to pay them.it is a nonsense to have matches played without spectators because it is against the spirit of football and against the visitin

55、g team. it is all nonsense.we can do something better to fight racism and discrimination.this is one of the villains we have today in our game. but it is only with harsh sanctions that racism and discrimination can be washed out of football.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb

56、, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he f

57、elt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation in

58、to the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska.baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weather plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm -