動詞時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)

1、動詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)【知識點(diǎn)歸納】I. 動詞時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式主動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過去時(shí) do/does,( is/am/are )did,(was/were)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)is/am/are doing was/were doing現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)has/have done had done現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)has/have been doing had been doing一般將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)will/shall dois/am/are going to dois/am/are(about)to do would/should dowas/were going t

2、o dowas/were(about)to do被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過去時(shí)is/am/are done/was/were done現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)is/am/are being done/was/were being done現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)has/have been donehad been done一般將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)will/shall be doneis/am/are going to be doneis/am/are(about)to be donewould/should be donewas/were going to be donewas/were(about)

3、to be doneII. 動詞時(shí)態(tài)的用法1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生、習(xí)慣性動作、客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)、格言，目前的特征、狀態(tài)、能力等 ;主句是一般將來時(shí),時(shí)間、條件狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來;I ll go there after I finish my work.If it rains tomorrow,I wont go there.在以 here,there開頭的句子里， go,come等少數(shù)動詞的一般在時(shí)表示正在發(fā)生的動作;There goes the bell.鈴響了。 There comes the bus.汽車來了。 Here she comes.她來了。注意：近

4、幾年，對一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的考查常用過去時(shí)態(tài)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)對考生進(jìn)行干擾Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across the open sea, which_ thePacific,and we met no storm.A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called雖然航海發(fā)生在過去，但是，海洋的名稱不會因此而變化，所以要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。2. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示正在進(jìn)行的動作;表示按計(jì)劃安排即將發(fā)生的動作。She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。He

5、is working as a teacher tomorrow.從明天起他要做老師。My father is coming to see me this Saturday.這個(gè)星期六我爸爸要來看我。代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，描繪更加生動。The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.江水滾滾向東流。The sun is rising in the east.太陽從東方冉冉升起。與 always, forever, constantly, continually連用，表示贊賞或厭惡等感情色彩，但并非強(qiáng)調(diào)動作正在進(jìn)行;He is always helping

6、others.他總是肯幫助他人。She is always forgetting something.她老是忘記某些事情。大多數(shù)動詞可用于進(jìn)行時(shí)，但也有些動詞不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。常見的有：感覺類： look, smell, feel, sound, taste, see, hear情感類： like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear心態(tài)類： wish, hope, expect, want, need, believe, think, understand, agree,knowt所有類： have, contain, won, hold, belong to等。3

7、. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果，或說話時(shí)已完成的動作;I have finished the report./ She has cleaned the room.表示從過去開始，待續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，往往和 “for.”,“since表述.的”一段時(shí)間狀語連用 ;He has learned English for six years./ They have worked here since they leftcollege.表示 “曾經(jīng)到過某地(人已回來 ) ”用 “have/has been to”;表示 “到某地去了 (還未回來 ) ”用 “have/has

8、gone to”。 Where is Li Hua? -He has gone to the reading-room. She knows a lot about Shanghai. -She has been there.在時(shí)間狀語從句,條件狀語從句或讓步狀語從句中表達(dá)將來某時(shí)已經(jīng)完成的動作。When you have learned English, you will find it a bridge to so much knowledge.Well start atsix if it has stopped raining by then.注意：這里的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)從句動作在主句動作

9、之前完成, 如果兩個(gè)動作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生 , 則不必用完成時(shí);試比較：I ll let you know as soon as I hear from her.She will call you when she gets home.短暫動詞(即瞬間動詞)， join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry,finish,complete,begin,start,breakout等，在完成時(shí)態(tài)中，其肯定式不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。要譯 “他參軍已經(jīng)三年了”不能說： He has joined the army three years.

10、可采用：“ ago法”： He joined the army three years ago.“延續(xù)法 ”：He has been in the army for three years.“ since法”： It is/has been three years since he joined the army.注意：沒有包括“現(xiàn)在 ”在內(nèi)或不是截至“現(xiàn)在 ”為止的時(shí)間狀語不能與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用,但“in(over) the past/last+時(shí)間段 ”要與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。4. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)用來表示從過去某一時(shí)刻開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(或今后還要繼續(xù)一去)的動作 ;He has been do

11、ing the maths problems since 8:00.凡是不能用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的動詞均不能用于現(xiàn)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。5. 一般過去時(shí)表達(dá)特定的過去時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀況，或過去某一時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或?yàn)? He often sang when he was a boy.He went to the cinema last night with her boy friend.用于 I didn t know 或 I forgot ，表示事先不知道或不記得，但現(xiàn)在已知道或記得的事情。用于 I didn t know 或 I forgot ，表示事先不知道或不記得，但現(xiàn)在已知

12、道或記得的事情。I didn tknow you were here.(現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)知道)Sorry, I forgot to bring my book.(“忘記帶書 ”已成為過去的事了)這一用法考生要特別注意。注意：參看過去將來時(shí)的用法。6. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動作(這一過去時(shí)間須用時(shí)間狀語表示);He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.表示動作在另一過去動作發(fā)生時(shí)進(jìn)行;They were still working when I left.用在兩個(gè)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)動作同時(shí)發(fā)生;I was writing whil

13、e he was watching TV.過去計(jì)劃、安排好的將來動作(只限于 come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail,fly, travel, stay等 );He said she was arriving the next day.與always, forever, constantly, continually連用，表示贊賞或厭惡等感情色彩。(參看現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法)Comrade Lei Feng was always thinking of others never thinking of himself.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)可用來描繪故事發(fā)行的背景

14、。The wind was blowing and it was raining hard.7. 過去完成時(shí)表示在過去某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動作。He had shut the door before the dog came up.Everything had been all right up till this morning.表示動作或狀態(tài)從過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻開始一直延續(xù)到另一個(gè)過去時(shí)刻才完成，甚至還要繼續(xù)下去。 At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.He had been ill for aweek when we learn

15、ed about it.過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的意圖、打算或希望 (只限于 think, want, plan, mean, intend, hope,expect, suppose， wish, want等動詞 )。I had wanted to pay a visit to you yesterday, but the rain prevented me.我本來想昨天拜訪你的，但是下雨(讓我不能來 )。注意：過去完成時(shí)必須以過去某一時(shí)刻為基點(diǎn)，即“過去的過去 ”。因此只有在和過去某時(shí)或某動作相比較時(shí)才用到它;before, after本身表示時(shí)間的“前”“后”明顯，因此可用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)。

16、He (had) left before I arrived.8. 一般將來時(shí)一般將來時(shí)有下列一些構(gòu)成形式需要記?。簑ill/shall do (側(cè)重將來行為，不突出計(jì)劃安排去做某事)be going to do (主觀上打算或客觀上可能發(fā)生)be doing (按計(jì)劃將要發(fā)生，常和表示最近的將來時(shí)間連用)be about to do (按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生)一般將來時(shí)的用法：現(xiàn)在看來以后要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)Tom will come next week.He will be here tomorrow.事物的固有屬性或必然趨勢Oil will float in water.Fish will

17、die without water.對將來某個(gè)動作的安排、計(jì)劃He is going to speak on TV this evening.9. 將來完成時(shí)用來表示在將來某個(gè)時(shí)刻( 前)將完成的動作。常和by 短語， when,before引起的時(shí)間狀語連用。We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.10. 過去將來時(shí)過去某一時(shí)刻后將要發(fā)生的過去動作或過去的意圖打算(主要用于賓語從句中);She was sure she would succeed.I thought you would come.把一般將來時(shí)中的

18、助動詞變成過去式，便成了過去將來時(shí)的表達(dá)形式。表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作。When he was young, he would go swimming.注意： would與 used to的區(qū)別： would只表示過去，不涉及現(xiàn)在，而used to表示“過去常常 ”要與現(xiàn)在比較，即現(xiàn)在不是這樣了。11. 要求一定時(shí)態(tài)的固定的句型 was/were doing sth. whendid sth.(正在做某事，這時(shí)突然 )I was reading a book when the bell rang. was/were about to do sth. whendid sth. (正要做某事，這時(shí)突

19、然 )We were about to leave when the telephone rang. It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/thirdtime+ thatIt s the first time Ive seen her.We have been there three times.如果句中有比較確定的時(shí)間狀語，則服從時(shí)間狀語的要求。Last year I saw him many times. It is/has beensinceIt is (has been) two weeks since I came here.She said

20、it was five hours since she had finished her work. HardlywhenNo soonerthanHardly had we got in the crops when it began to rain.I had no sooner come into the room than the door was closed. It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/thirdtime+ thatThis is the first time I have been here.Itll be the first

21、time Ive spoken in public.III. 被動語態(tài)的用法被動語態(tài)表示句子的主語是動作的承受者，也就是動作的對象，一般說來只有及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)。 其構(gòu)成為 be+ 及物動詞的過去分詞。助動詞 be 有人稱、 數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化，其變化規(guī)則與be 作為連系動詞時(shí)完全一樣。含有情態(tài)動詞的謂語變化為被動語態(tài)時(shí)，由情態(tài)動詞 (can, may must, have to等 )+be +動詞的 -ed形式。含有 be going to , be to,used to, be about to等結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)合謂語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時(shí)，其構(gòu)成為be going to (be to,used to,

22、be about to)+ be +動詞的 -ed形式 構(gòu)成。1. 被動語態(tài)的適用范圍當(dāng)我們不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者，或者沒有必要指出誰是動作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)。這時(shí)不用by 短語。This jacket is made of cotton.這件上衣是棉料的。為了強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者時(shí)Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.要求參觀者不可觸摸展品。出于策略、委婉、禮貌等不提出動作的執(zhí)行者You are said to be active recently.據(jù)說你最近很活躍。常用于如下句型：Its not known that不得而知Its said

23、that 據(jù)說Its reported that據(jù)報(bào)道Its not decided that 尚未決定Its believed that 據(jù)認(rèn)為Its announced that據(jù)宣布2. 被動語態(tài)的句型常見句式是：主語(受動者 )+be+過去分詞 +(by+施動者 )He was scolded by the English teacher.主語 +get+過去分詞 + 其它成分The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults.使用這種結(jié)構(gòu)不能帶有“by+施動者 ”在現(xiàn)代英語中大量地出現(xiàn)了由get+

24、 及物動詞的過去分詞 構(gòu)成的被動語態(tài)，這就叫做get- 型被動語態(tài)。get- 型被動語態(tài)中的過去分詞數(shù)量有限，通常為單個(gè)的動詞或比較簡單的動詞短語。get+ 及物動詞的過去分詞get常同marry,beat,break,damage,tear,strike,hurt,paint,invite,repair,dress, pay, wound等動詞的-ed形式連用，構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)一般指動作的結(jié)果而非動作本身，常指 最后終于，突然發(fā)生等意義。He got wounded in the battle.他在戰(zhàn)斗中受傷了。The boy got hurt on his way home from

25、 work.男孩在回家的路上受傷了。get -型被動語態(tài)一般不宜用在含有雙賓語的結(jié)構(gòu)中，也不宜與see,hear,watch,listen to等感官動詞構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)。The old man was offered a large sum of money. (正 )有人給了這位老人一大筆錢。The old man got offered a large sum of money. (誤)get -型被動語態(tài)有時(shí)有言外之意或具有感情色彩He got taught a lesson.他被教訓(xùn)了一頓。(有 “活該 ”之意 )How did the window get closed.窗戶怎么關(guān)上了

26、?(有 “不該關(guān)上 之意 )get -型被動語態(tài)有時(shí)表示開始進(jìn)入某種狀態(tài)，而be+動詞的 -ed形式只表示存在的狀態(tài)。She got tired.她感到累了。(有開始感到疲勞的含義)She was tired. (只表示 ”她累了 ”)帶有雙賓語(直接賓語和間接賓語) 的主動句變?yōu)閯泳洌渲髡Z可以是直接賓語，也可以是間接賓語。She lent me a bike.?被動： I was lent a bike(by her).A bike was lent to me(by her).情態(tài)動詞 +be+過去分詞This problem must be worked out in half an

27、hour.雙重被動式：主語+ 被動式謂語 + 不定式的被動式+ 其它成分These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room.The murderer was ordered to be shot.3. 主動表示被動的幾種情況不及物動詞與狀語連用，用以表示主語的品質(zhì)和狀態(tài)常見動詞是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash,drive,keep等This knife cuts well.這把刀好切。These books sell well.這些書好賣。The pen wri

28、tes smoothly.這支筆寫起來流暢。Meat wont keep long in such hot weather.肉在這樣熱的天氣里放不長久。The cloth washes well.這種布好洗。一些連系動詞的主動式+ 形容詞。常見動look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turnout 等The apples taste good.The flower smells wonderful.The news proved/turned out trueCotton feels soft.4. 不可變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的幾種情況當(dāng)句子的賓語是反身代詞時(shí) (因?yàn)榉瓷泶?/p>

29、詞不可作主語 )He can dress himself.他能自己穿衣服。 不可變?yōu)?Himself can be dressed by him.當(dāng)句子的賓語是相互代詞時(shí)(因?yàn)橄嗷ゴ~不可作主語)We help each other/one another.不可變?yōu)镋ach other/One another is helped byus.動賓結(jié)構(gòu)的固定短語只能用于主動式，不能用被動式He lost heart.不可變?yōu)镠eart was lost by him.類似 lose heart詞組的還有make a face,keep silence,keep words,lose in thou

30、ght等等 take part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表狀態(tài)動詞沒有被動語態(tài)She took part in the sports meet.不能變?yōu)?The sports meet was taken part in byher.當(dāng)have, cost, fit, last, hold等表示狀態(tài)的及物動詞作謂語時(shí)Our village has twenty tractors.我們村有20 臺拖拉機(jī)。Thehallcanhold2000people.這個(gè)大廳能盛2000人 Thewarlastedfouryears.這場戰(zhàn)爭持續(xù)了4

31、年 當(dāng)某些及物動詞(如 leave,enter,join, 等 )的賓語是表示處所、地點(diǎn)或組織時(shí)The students entered the classroom one by one.學(xué)生門陸續(xù)地進(jìn)了教室。My brother joined the Party two years ago.我哥哥2 年前入了黨。My father left his hometown five years ago.我父親5 年前離開了家鄉(xiāng)。當(dāng)句子的賓語是同源賓語時(shí)The Browns live a happy life.布朗一家過著幸福的生活。當(dāng)句子的賓語為行為者( 主語 )身體上某一部分時(shí)I couldnt

32、 believe my eyes when I saw him still alive.看到他還活著，我簡直不相信自己的眼睛。He hurt his foot by jumping over a fence.他跨越柵欄時(shí)傷了腳。當(dāng)用非謂語動詞作賓語時(shí)He likes studying English.他喜歡學(xué)習(xí)英語I wish to go there myself.我想親自去那里一趟注意：少數(shù)以不定式(短語 )做賓語的動詞 (如agree, feel, decide, think等 )可以變?yōu)楸粍泳?，但不能以不定?短語)直接做被動句的主語， 而要借助it為先行主語， 將不定式(短語 )置于謂

33、語動詞之后He has decided togo and study abroad.It has been decided(by him)to go and study abroad.他已決定出國留學(xué)。5. 含有短語動詞在被動語態(tài)中介詞不能丟Much attention must be paid to your handwriting.【高考預(yù)測】1. Why didnt you buy the calculator? I _, but Mother _ allow me.A. would want to; didnt B. had wanted to; didntC. wanted to;

34、wouldn t D. had wanted to; wouldnt2. This returned scholar has become one of the top experts in this field. Yes, I know him very well. He _ for ten years at an institute in the USA. A. has worked B. had worked C. worked D. has been working3. We _ dinner at six oclock when JSTV _ to show the film“If

35、youare not the one”.A. are having; will start B. will be having; startsC. have; will start D. will have had; starts4. Is Robert abroad ? I think so. He _ for a better job, but he didnt get it.A.hopes B.has hoped C.was hoped D.had hoped5. Mr. Wang _ table tennis well, though he suffers from a waist p

36、ain and_ it for a long time.A. played; has not played B. plays; had not playedC. plays; did not play D. plays; has not played6. Isn tita greatsurprise thatI happenedto meetmy universityEnglishteacher at the South Bank Parkland last week? How long _ you _ each other, then?A. hadn t; seen B. havent; s

37、een C. didnt; see D. donseet;7. It is said that the meeting _ for three hours. Why should I regret missing it?!A. has lasted B. has been lasting C. lasted D. had lasted8. What I wanted to know was when and where the meeting_.A.was holdingB.had heldC.was to holdD.was to be held9.一 Is there any possib

38、le way to help them get rid of such a bad habit?一 To tell the truth, it s very hard.But we on this problem. A.worked B.had worked C.are working D.had been working10. Is there anything wrong with you, Jake? You look so pale. I feel very tired.I _on this boring paper every day so far this month.A.work

39、 B.have been working C.had been working D.am working11. Look out, there is a bus ahead. Oh, dear, _A. I am not noticing it B.I haven t noticed it C. I wasnt noticing it D. I had notnoticed it12. The truck ran down the hill, and the driver _, according to the localnewspaper, to have been killed.A. wa

40、s reported B. was reportingC. reported D. had been reported13. He will come to see you the moment he his work. A. will finish B. finishes C. would finish D. had finished14. The news came as no surprise to me. I for some time that the factory wasgoing to shut down.A. knew B. had known C. have known D

41、. know15. Im going to the USA. How long you there?A. are; staying B. are; stayed C. have; stayed D. did; stay16. Tom, it s time that you _your own clothes. I would rather you _that for me just like before.A. washed; had done B. wash; have done C. washed; have done D. wash; hadwashed17. It s reported

42、 that by the end of this year the output of cars of the factory by about 20%A.will have risen B.will be raised C.will rise D.will have been risen18. Had we been more careful, the accident might not have happened. But we _ at that time.A. hadn t B. didnt C. werent D. might not19. I m sure Andrew will

43、 come out first in this gymnastic competition. I think so. He _ for it for months.A. is preparing B. was preparing C. had been preparing D. has been preparing20. Miss wang once art at Bardon School for ten years and now is a singer. No wonder I often hear her sing in the garden.A. had taught B. taug

44、ht C. is teaching D. has been teaching21. I wonder how long you _ in Hawaii. Just for the weekend, then I had to attend a conference in Los Angeles. A.will stay B.were staying C.have stayed D.stayed22. I m sorry, I shouldnt have been so rude to you.You_ your temper but thats OK.A. have lost B. had l

45、ost C. did lose D. were losing23. Hi, Nancy, I you had come back. So have you graduated from college? Yes. I_ French for four years in Nanjing.A. don t know,have studied B.didnt know, had studiedC. didn t know,studied D.dont know, am studying24. _ in the regulations that you should not tell other pe

46、ople the password of your e-mail account.A. What is required B. What requires C. It is required D. It requires that25. Do you think we should accept that offer? Yes ，we should，for we_such bad luck up till now， and time_ out. A. have had;is running B. had;isrunning C. have;has been run D. have had;has been run 26.dropped in at your house. You were out when I Oh, I_ for a friend from England at the airport. A. was waiting B. had waited C. am waiting D. have