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1、經(jīng)濟(jì)數(shù)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)第一部分 微分學(xué)一、單項選擇題1函數(shù)的定義域是( 且)2若函數(shù)的定義域是0,1,則函數(shù)的定義域是( )3下列各函數(shù)對中,( ,)中的兩個函數(shù)相等 4設(shè),則=() 5下列函數(shù)中為奇函數(shù)的是() 6下列函數(shù)中,(不是基本初等函數(shù) 7下列結(jié)論中,(奇函數(shù)的圖形關(guān)于坐標(biāo)原點對稱)是正確的 8. 當(dāng)時,下列變量中( )是無窮大量 9. 已知,當(dāng)( )時,為無窮小量.10函數(shù) 在x = 0處連續(xù),則k = (1) 11. 函數(shù) 在x = 0處(右連續(xù) )12曲線在點(0, 1)處的切線斜率為( ) 13. 曲線在點(0, 0)處的切線方程為(y = x )14若函數(shù),則=( )15若,則( )

2、16下列函數(shù)在指定區(qū)間上單調(diào)增加的是(e x)17下列結(jié)論正確的有(x0是f (x)的極值點) 18. 設(shè)需求量q對價格p的函數(shù)為,則需求彈性為ep=( ) 二、填空題1函數(shù)的定義域是-5,22函數(shù)的定義域是(-5, 2 )3若函數(shù),則4設(shè)函數(shù),則5設(shè),則函數(shù)的圖形關(guān)于y軸對稱6已知生產(chǎn)某種產(chǎn)品的成本函數(shù)為c(q) = 80 + 2q,則當(dāng)產(chǎn)量q = 50時,該產(chǎn)品的平均成本為3.67已知某商品的需求函數(shù)為q = 180 4p,其中p為該商品的價格,則該商品的收入函數(shù)r(q) = 45q 0.25q 28. 1.9已知,當(dāng) 時,為無窮小量 10. 已知,若在內(nèi)連續(xù),則2 .11. 函數(shù)的間斷點

3、是12函數(shù)的連續(xù)區(qū)間是,13曲線在點處的切線斜率是14函數(shù)y = x 2 + 1的單調(diào)增加區(qū)間為(0, +)15已知,則= 016函數(shù)的駐點是17需求量q對價格的函數(shù)為,則需求彈性為18已知需求函數(shù)為,其中p為價格,則需求彈性ep = 三、極限與微分計算題1解 = = = 2解:= = 3解 = =22 = 4 4解 = = = 2 5解 6解 = =7解:(x)= =8解 9解 因為 所以 10解 因為 所以 11解 因為 所以 12解 因為 所以 13解 14解: 15解 在方程等號兩邊對x求導(dǎo),得 故 16解 對方程兩邊同時求導(dǎo),得 =.17解:方程兩邊對x求導(dǎo),得 當(dāng)時, 所以,18解

4、 在方程等號兩邊對x求導(dǎo),得 故 四、應(yīng)用題1設(shè)生產(chǎn)某種產(chǎn)品個單位時的成本函數(shù)為:(萬元),求:(1)當(dāng)時的總成本、平均成本和邊際成本; (2)當(dāng)產(chǎn)量為多少時,平均成本最小?1解(1)因為總成本、平均成本和邊際成本分別為:, 所以, , (2)令 ,得(舍去)因為是其在定義域內(nèi)唯一駐點,且該問題確實存在最小值,所以當(dāng)20時,平均成本最小. 2某廠生產(chǎn)一批產(chǎn)品,其固定成本為2000元,每生產(chǎn)一噸產(chǎn)品的成本為60元,對這種產(chǎn)品的市場需求規(guī)律為(為需求量,為價格)2解 (1)成本函數(shù)= 60+2000 因為 ,即, 所以 收入函數(shù)=()= (2)因為利潤函數(shù)=- =-(60+2000) = 40-2

5、000 且 =(40-2000=40- 0.2令= 0,即40- 0.2= 0,得= 200,它是在其定義域內(nèi)的唯一駐點所以,= 200是利潤函數(shù)的最大值點,即當(dāng)產(chǎn)量為200噸時利潤最大3設(shè)某工廠生產(chǎn)某產(chǎn)品的固定成本為50000元,每生產(chǎn)一個單位產(chǎn)品,成本增加100元又已知需求函數(shù),其中為價格,為產(chǎn)量,這種產(chǎn)品在市場上是暢銷的,試求:(1)價格為多少時利潤最大?(2)最大利潤是多少?3解 (1)c(p) = 50000+100q = 50000+100(2000-4p) =250000-400p r(p) =pq = p(2000-4p)= 2000p-4p 2 利潤函數(shù)l(p) = r(p)

6、 - c(p) =2400p-4p 2 -250000,且令 =2400 8p = 0得p =300,該問題確實存在最大值. 所以,當(dāng)價格為p =300元時,利潤最大. (2)最大利潤 (元)4某廠生產(chǎn)某種產(chǎn)品q件時的總成本函數(shù)為c(q) = 20+4q+0.01q2(元),單位銷售價格為p = 14-0.01q(元/件),試求:(1)產(chǎn)量為多少時可使利潤達(dá)到最大?(2)最大利潤是多少?4解 (1)由已知利潤函數(shù) 則,令,解出唯一駐點.因為利潤函數(shù)存在著最大值,所以當(dāng)產(chǎn)量為250件時可使利潤達(dá)到最大, (2)最大利潤為 (元)5某廠每天生產(chǎn)某種產(chǎn)品件的成本函數(shù)為(元).為使平均成本最低,每天產(chǎn)

7、量應(yīng)為多少?此時,每件產(chǎn)品平均成本為多少?5. 解 因為 = () = 令=0,即=0,得=140,= -140(舍去).=140是在其定義域內(nèi)的唯一駐點,且該問題確實存在最小值. 所以=140是平均成本函數(shù)的最小值點,即為使平均成本最低,每天產(chǎn)量應(yīng)為140件. 此時的平均成本為 =176 (元/件)6已知某廠生產(chǎn)件產(chǎn)品的成本為(萬元)問:要使平均成本最少,應(yīng)生產(chǎn)多少件產(chǎn)品?6解 (1) 因為 = = 令=0,即,得=50,=-50(舍去), =50是在其定義域內(nèi)的唯一駐點 所以,=50是的最小值點,即要使平均成本最少,應(yīng)生產(chǎn)50件產(chǎn)品 第二部分 積分學(xué)一、單項選擇題1在切線斜率為2x的積分曲

8、線族中,通過點(1, 4)的曲線為(y = x2 + 3 )2. 若= 2,則k =(1) 3下列等式不成立的是( ) 4若,則=().5. ( ) 6. 若,則f (x) =( )7. 若是的一個原函數(shù),則下列等式成立的是() 8下列定積分中積分值為0的是() 9下列無窮積分中收斂的是()10設(shè)(q)=100-4q ,若銷售量由10單位減少到5單位,則收入r的改變量是(350 )11下列微分方程中,( )是線性微分方程12微分方程的階是(1).二、填空題12函數(shù)的原函數(shù)是-cos2x + c (c 是任意常數(shù))3若,則4若,則=50 607無窮積分是收斂的(判別其斂散性)8設(shè)邊際收入函數(shù)為(

9、q) = 2 + 3q,且r (0) = 0,則平均收入函數(shù)為2 + 9. 是2 階微分方程.10微分方程的通解是三、計算題 解 2解 3解 4解 = = 5解 = = 6解 7解 = 8解 =-=9解法一 = =1 解法二 令,則 = 10解 因為 , 用公式 由 , 得 所以,特解為 11解 將方程分離變量: 等式兩端積分得 將初始條件代入,得 ,c = 所以,特解為: 12解:方程兩端乘以,得 即 兩邊求積分,得 通解為: 由,得 所以,滿足初始條件的特解為: 13解 將原方程分離變量 兩端積分得 lnlny = lnc sinx 通解為 y = ec sinx 14. 解 將原方程化為

10、:,它是一階線性微分方程, ,用公式 15解 在微分方程中,由通解公式 16解:因為,由通解公式得 = = = 四、應(yīng)用題1投產(chǎn)某產(chǎn)品的固定成本為36(萬元),且邊際成本為=2x + 40(萬元/百臺). 試求產(chǎn)量由4百臺增至6百臺時總成本的增量,及產(chǎn)量為多少時,可使平均成本達(dá)到最低.1解 當(dāng)產(chǎn)量由4百臺增至6百臺時,總成本的增量為 = 100(萬元) 又 = = 令 , 解得. x = 6是惟一的駐點,而該問題確實存在使平均成本達(dá)到最小的值. 所以產(chǎn)量為6百臺時可使平均成本達(dá)到最小. 2已知某產(chǎn)品的邊際成本(x)=2(元/件),固定成本為0,邊際收益(x)=12-0.02x,問產(chǎn)量為多少時利

11、潤最大?在最大利潤產(chǎn)量的基礎(chǔ)上再生產(chǎn)50件,利潤將會發(fā)生什么變化?2解 因為邊際利潤 =12-0.02x 2 = 10-0.02x 令= 0,得x = 500 x = 500是惟一駐點,而該問題確實存在最大值. 所以,當(dāng)產(chǎn)量為500件時,利潤最大. 當(dāng)產(chǎn)量由500件增加至550件時,利潤改變量為 =500 - 525 = - 25 (元)即利潤將減少25元. 3生產(chǎn)某產(chǎn)品的邊際成本為(x)=8x(萬元/百臺),邊際收入為(x)=100-2x(萬元/百臺),其中x為產(chǎn)量,問產(chǎn)量為多少時,利潤最大?從利潤最大時的產(chǎn)量再生產(chǎn)2百臺,利潤有什么變化? 3. 解 (x) =(x) -(x) = (100

12、 2x) 8x =100 10x 令(x)=0, 得 x = 10(百臺)又x = 10是l(x)的唯一駐點,該問題確實存在最大值,故x = 10是l(x)的最大值點,即當(dāng)產(chǎn)量為10(百臺)時,利潤最大. 又 即從利潤最大時的產(chǎn)量再生產(chǎn)2百臺,利潤將減少20萬元. 4已知某產(chǎn)品的邊際成本為(萬元/百臺),x為產(chǎn)量(百臺),固定成本為18(萬元),求最低平均成本.4解:因為總成本函數(shù)為 = 當(dāng)x = 0時,c(0) = 18,得 c =18即 c(x)= 又平均成本函數(shù)為 令 , 解得x = 3 (百臺)該題確實存在使平均成本最低的產(chǎn)量. 所以當(dāng)x = 3時,平均成本最低. 最底平均成本為 (萬

13、元/百臺) 5設(shè)生產(chǎn)某產(chǎn)品的總成本函數(shù)為 (萬元),其中x為產(chǎn)量,單位:百噸銷售x百噸時的邊際收入為(萬元/百噸),求: (1) 利潤最大時的產(chǎn)量;(2) 在利潤最大時的產(chǎn)量的基礎(chǔ)上再生產(chǎn)1百噸,利潤會發(fā)生什么變化?5解:(1) 因為邊際成本為 ,邊際利潤 = 14 2x 令,得x = 7 由該題實際意義可知,x = 7為利潤函數(shù)l(x)的極大值點,也是最大值點. 因此,當(dāng)產(chǎn)量為7百噸時利潤最大. (2) 當(dāng)產(chǎn)量由7百噸增加至8百噸時,利潤改變量為 =112 64 98 + 49 = - 1 (萬元)即利潤將減少1萬元. 第三部分 線性代數(shù)一、單項選擇題1設(shè)a為矩陣,b為矩陣,則下列運算中(a

14、b )可以進(jìn)行.2設(shè)為同階可逆矩陣,則下列等式成立的是(3設(shè)為同階可逆方陣,則下列說法正確的是(秩秩秩 )4設(shè)均為n階方陣,在下列情況下能推出a是單位矩陣的是()5設(shè)是可逆矩陣,且,則( ).6設(shè),是單位矩陣,則()7設(shè)下面矩陣a, b, c能進(jìn)行乘法運算,那么(ab = ac,a可逆,則b = c )成立.8設(shè)是階可逆矩陣,是不為0的常數(shù),則() 9設(shè),則r(a) =( 2 )10設(shè)線性方程組的增廣矩陣通過初等行變換化為,則此線性方程組的一般解中自由未知量的個數(shù)為( 1 )11線性方程組 解的情況是(無解)12若線性方程組的增廣矩陣為,則當(dāng)()時線性方程組無解13 線性方程組只有零解,則(可

15、能無解).14設(shè)線性方程組ax=b中,若r(a, b) = 4,r(a) = 3,則該線性方程組(無解)15設(shè)線性方程組有唯一解,則相應(yīng)的齊次方程組(只有零解)二、填空題1兩個矩陣既可相加又可相乘的充分必要條件是與是同階矩陣2計算矩陣乘積= 43若矩陣a = ,b = ,則atb=4設(shè)為矩陣,為矩陣,若ab與ba都可進(jìn)行運算,則有關(guān)系式5設(shè),當(dāng)0時,是對稱矩陣.6當(dāng)時,矩陣可逆7設(shè)為兩個已知矩陣,且可逆,則方程的解8設(shè)為階可逆矩陣,則(a)= 9若矩陣a =,則r(a) =210若r(a, b) = 4,r(a) = 3,則線性方程組ax = b無解11若線性方程組有非零解,則-112設(shè)齊次線

16、性方程組,且秩(a) = r n,則其一般解中的自由未知量的個數(shù)等于n r13齊次線性方程組的系數(shù)矩陣為則此方程組的一般解為 (其中是自由未知量) 14線性方程組的增廣矩陣化成階梯形矩陣后為則當(dāng)時,方程組有無窮多解.15若線性方程組有唯一解,則只有0解 三、計算題 1設(shè)矩陣,求2設(shè)矩陣 ,計算 3設(shè)矩陣a =,求 4設(shè)矩陣a =,求逆矩陣 5設(shè)矩陣 a =,b =,計算(ab)-1 6設(shè)矩陣 a =,b =,計算(ba)-1 7解矩陣方程8解矩陣方程. 9設(shè)線性方程組 討論當(dāng)a,b為何值時,方程組無解,有唯一解,有無窮多解. 10設(shè)線性方程組 ,求其系數(shù)矩陣和增廣矩陣的秩,并判斷其解的情況.

17、11求下列線性方程組的一般解: 12求下列線性方程組的一般解: 13設(shè)齊次線性方程組問l取何值時方程組有非零解,并求一般解. 14當(dāng)取何值時,線性方程組 有解?并求一般解.15已知線性方程組的增廣矩陣經(jīng)初等行變換化為問取何值時,方程組有解?當(dāng)方程組有解時,求方程組的一般解. 三、計算題1解 因為 = =所以 = 2解:= = = 3解 因為 (a i )= 所以 a-1 = 4解 因為(a i ) = 所以 a-1= 5解 因為ab = (ab i ) = 所以 (ab)-1= 6解 因為ba= (ba i )= 所以 (ba)-1= 7解 因為 即 所以,x = 8解:因為 即 所以,x =

18、 9解 因為 所以當(dāng)且時,方程組無解; 當(dāng)時,方程組有唯一解; 當(dāng)且時,方程組有無窮多解. 10解 因為 所以 r(a) = 2,r() = 3. 又因為r(a) r(),所以方程組無解. 11解 因為系數(shù)矩陣 所以一般解為 (其中,是自由未知量) 12解 因為增廣矩陣 所以一般解為 (其中是自由未知量) 13解 因為系數(shù)矩陣 a = 所以當(dāng)l = 5時,方程組有非零解. 且一般解為 (其中是自由未知量) 14解 因為增廣矩陣 所以當(dāng)=0時,線性方程組有無窮多解,且一般解為: 是自由未知量 15解:當(dāng)=3時,方程組有解. 當(dāng)=3時, 一般解為, 其中, 為自由未知量. 四、證明題 四、證明題1

19、試證:設(shè)a,b,ab均為n階對稱矩陣,則ab =ba1證 因為at = a,bt = b,(ab)t = ab 所以 ab = (ab)t = bt at = ba 2試證:設(shè)是n階矩陣,若= 0,則2證 因為 = = 所以 3已知矩陣 ,且,試證是可逆矩陣,并求 3. 證 因為,且,即,得,所以是可逆矩陣,且.4. 設(shè)階矩陣滿足,證明是對稱矩陣.4. 證 因為 =所以是對稱矩陣.5設(shè)a,b均為n階對稱矩陣,則abba也是對稱矩陣5證 因為 ,且 所以 abba是對稱矩陣 g an employment tribunal claimemployment tribunals sort out d

20、isagreements between employers and employees.you may need to make a claim to an employment tribunal if: you dont agree with the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you your employer dismisses you and you think that you have been dismissed unfairly.for more information about dismissal

21、 and unfair dismissal, seedismissal.you can make a claim to an employment tribunal, even if you haventappealedagainst the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you. however, if you win your case, the tribunal may reduce any compensation awarded to you as a result of your failure to app

22、eal.remember that in most cases you must make an application to an employment tribunal within three months of the date when the event you are complaining about happened. if your application is received after this time limit, the tribunal will not usually accept it.if you are worried about how the ti

23、me limits apply to you, take advice from one of the organisations listed underfurther help.employment tribunals are less formal than some other courts, but it is still a legal process and you will need to give evidence under an oath or affirmation.most people find making a claim to an employment tri

24、bunal challenging. if you are thinking about making a claim to an employment tribunal, you should get help straight away from one of the organisations listed underfurther help.if you are being represented by a solicitor at the tribunal, they may ask you to sign an agreement where you pay their fee o

25、ut of your compensation if you win the case. this is known as adamages-based agreement. in england and wales, your solicitor cant charge you more than 35% of your compensation if you win the case.if you are thinking about signing up for a damages-based agreement, you should make sure youre clear abo

26、ut the terms of the agreement. it might be best to get advice from an experienced adviser, for example, at a citizens advice bureau. to find your nearest cab, including those that give advice by e-mail, click onnearest cab.for more information about making a claim to an employment tribunal, seeemplo

27、yment tribunals.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i

28、 have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of europe

29、an footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska.age has reached the end of the beginning of a wor

30、d. may be guilty in his seems to passing a lot of different life became the appearance of the same day; may be back in the past, to oneself the paranoid weird belief disillusionment, these days, my mind has been very messy, in my mind constantly. always feel oneself should go to do something, or wri

31、te something. twenty years of life trajectory deeply shallow, suddenly feel something, do it.一字開頭的年齡已經(jīng)到了尾聲?;蛟S是愧疚于自己似乎把轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝的很多個不同的日子過成了同一天的樣子;或許是追溯過去,對自己那些近乎偏執(zhí)的怪異信念的醒悟,這些天以來,思緒一直很凌亂,在腦海中不斷糾纏??傆X得自己自己似乎應(yīng)該去做點什么,或者寫點什么。二十年的人生軌跡深深淺淺,突然就感覺到有些事情,非做不可了。the end of our life, and can meet many things really do?

32、而窮盡我們的一生,又能遇到多少事情是真正地非做不可?during my childhood, think lucky money and new clothes are necessary for new year, but as the advance of the age, will be more and more found that those things are optional; junior high school, thought to have a crush on just means that the real growth, but over the past th

33、ree years later, his writing of alumni in peace, suddenly found that isnt really grow up, it seems is not so important; then in high school, think dont want to give vent to out your inner voice can be in the high school children of the feelings in a period, but was eventually infarction when graduat

34、ion party in the throat, later again stood on the pitch he has sweat profusely, looked at his thrown a basketball hoops, suddenly found himself has already cant remember his appearance.童年時,覺得壓歲錢和新衣服是過年必備,但是隨著年齡的推進(jìn),會越來越發(fā)現(xiàn),那些東西根本就可有可無;初中時,以為要有一場暗戀才意味著真正的成長,但三年過去后,自己心平氣和的寫同學(xué)錄的時候,突然就發(fā)現(xiàn)是不是真正的成長了,好像并沒有那么重

35、要了;然后到了高中,覺得非要吐露出自己的心聲才能為高中生涯里的懵懂情愫劃上一個句點,但畢業(yè)晚會的時候最終還是被梗塞在了咽喉,后來再次站在他曾經(jīng)揮汗如雨的球場,看著他投過籃球的球框時,突然間發(fā)現(xiàn)自己已經(jīng)想不起他的容顏。originally, this world, can produce a chemical reaction to an event, in addition to resolutely, have to do, and time.原來,這個世界上,對某個事件能產(chǎn)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)的,除了非做不可的堅決,還有,時間。a persons time, your ideas are alway

36、s special to clear. want, want, line is clear, as if nothing could shake his. also once seemed to be determined to do something, but more often is he backed out at last. dislike his cowardice, finally found that there are a lot of love, there are a lot of miss, like shadow really have been doomed. t

37、hose who do, just green years oneself give oneself an arm injection, or is a self-righteous spiritual.一個人的時候,自己的想法總是特別地清晰。想要的,不想要的,界限明確,好像沒有什么可以撼動自己。也曾經(jīng)好像已經(jīng)下定了決心去做某件事,但更多的時候是最后又打起了退堂鼓。嫌惡過自己的怯懦,最終卻發(fā)現(xiàn)有很多緣分,有很多錯過,好像冥冥之中真的已經(jīng)注定。那些曾經(jīng)所謂的非做不可,只是青蔥年華里自己給自己注射的一支強心劑,或者說,是自以為是的精神寄托罷了。at the moment, the sky is d

38、ark, the air is fresh factor after just rained. suddenly thought of blue plaid shirt; those were broken into various shapes of stationery; from the corner at the beginning of deep friendship; have declared the end of the encounter that havent start planning. those years, those days of do, finally, l

39、ike youth, will end in our life.此刻,天空是陰暗的,空氣里有著剛下過雨之后的清新因子。突然想到那件藍(lán)格子襯衫;那些被折成各種各樣形狀的信紙;那段從街角深巷伊始的友誼;還有那場還沒有開始就宣告了終結(jié)的邂逅計劃那些年那些天的非做不可,終于和青春一樣,都將在我們的人生中謝幕。baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted. r plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very ca

40、lm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilo

41、meters), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weathethe balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space a

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