西安工業(yè)信號(hào)檢測(cè)與估計(jì)SDE_01c Sonar

1、2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction1 聲納原理和系統(tǒng)聲納原理和系統(tǒng) Sonar Principles and Systems 雷斌雷斌 83208095 Signal Detection and Estimation 信號(hào)檢測(cè)與估值信號(hào)檢測(cè)與估值 應(yīng)用介紹應(yīng)用介紹 Spring 2008 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction2 聲納 Sonar sound navigation and ranging 利用水中利用水中聲聲波波進(jìn)進(jìn)行探行探測(cè)測(cè)、定位和通信的、定位和通信的 電電子子設(shè)備設(shè)備。 用于用于對(duì)對(duì)水下目水下目標(biāo)進(jìn)標(biāo)進(jìn)行探行探測(cè)測(cè)、分、分類類、定位

2、、定位 和跟蹤；和跟蹤；進(jìn)進(jìn)行水下通信和行水下通信和導(dǎo)導(dǎo)航，保障航，保障艦艦 艇、反潛艇、反潛飛飛機(jī)和反潛直升機(jī)的機(jī)和反潛直升機(jī)的戰(zhàn)術(shù)戰(zhàn)術(shù)機(jī)機(jī)動(dòng)動(dòng) 和水中武器的使用。和水中武器的使用。 廣泛用于廣泛用于魚魚雷制雷制導(dǎo)導(dǎo)、水雷引信，以及、水雷引信，以及魚魚 群探群探測(cè)測(cè)、海洋石油勘探、船舶、海洋石油勘探、船舶導(dǎo)導(dǎo)航、水航、水 下作下作業(yè)業(yè)、水文、水文測(cè)測(cè)量和海底地量和海底地質(zhì)質(zhì)地貌的勘地貌的勘 測(cè)測(cè)等。等。 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction3 聲納技術(shù)Sonar Technique 按工作方式可分按工作方式可分為為主主動(dòng)聲納動(dòng)聲納和被和被動(dòng)聲納動(dòng)聲納； 按裝按裝備對(duì)備對(duì)象

3、可分象可分為為水面水面艦艦艇艇聲納聲納、潛艇、潛艇聲納聲納、 航空航空聲納聲納、便攜式、便攜式聲納聲納和海岸和海岸聲納聲納 廣泛應(yīng)用于水下探測(cè)與跟蹤廣泛應(yīng)用于水下探測(cè)與跟蹤 Underwater Detection and Tracking Underwater Detection and Tracking SystemsSystems 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction4 Active Sonar Echo Ranging Systems Transducers 換能器 Passive Sonar Listening Systems Hydrophones 水聽器 Ba

4、sic Sonar Systems 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction5 Overview Passive / Active ASW Systems 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction6 A device for converting one form of energy A device for converting one form of energy into o another. In sonar, electrical energy is transformed into acoustic energy (Mechan

5、ical. Oscillation of water molecules through which sound travels) Three physical phenomena that exhibit the Three physical phenomena that exhibit the ability to change electrical energy into ability to change electrical energy into acoustic energy.acoustic energy. Piezoelectric Electrostrictive Magn

6、etostrictive 換能器 Transducers 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction7 晶體晶體換換能器能器Crystal Crystal TransducersTransducers Piezoelectric 陶瓷陶瓷壓電換壓電換能器能器Ceramic Ceramic TransducersTransducers Electrostrictive 磁致伸磁致伸縮換縮換能器能器 Magnetostrictive Magnetostrictive TransducersTransducers Magnetostrictive Transducer Types 20

7、21-7-17SDE_01 introduction8 Hydrophones: Transducers Hydrophones: Transducers used for reception / listening.used for reception / listening. Can be specifically designed for reception only. (Lighter construction) Normally Electrostrictive in modern sonar 水聽器 Hydrophones 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction9

8、 Transducer DirectivityTransducer Directivity Function of transducer design and mechanical arrangement of the transducer elements. Transducer Directivity 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction10 柱狀柱狀CylindricalCylindrical ConformalConformal 球形球形SphericalSpherical Towed (linear) / Variable Depth (VDS)Towed (li

9、near) / Variable Depth (VDS) Wide Aperature Array (WAS) - SSN-21Wide Aperature Array (WAS) - SSN-21 水聽器陣列Hydrophones Arrays 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction11 Hydrophone Array Group of sensitive elements that detect acoustic energy. Arranged in array to improve beamwidth. Cylindrical Operates at fixed v

10、ertical angle, usually downward. Spherical Much wider vertical FOV, can look up. Large downward angles used for bottom bounce. Frequency Analyzer Broadband DisplayNarrowband Display Beamforming Processor Passive Sonar System Hydrophone Array 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction12 Passive Sonar System Beamfo

11、rming Processor Unlike active systems that direct energy, passive systems must listen at all angles at all times. Requires very wide beamwidth to cover all directions. Requires narrow beamwidth to provide specific location info. Applies unique set of time/phase shifts to signal in order to create a

12、particular beam. Process repeated multiple times in order to create set of beams that cover horizontal and vertical FOV of the array. 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction13 Passive Sonar System Broadband Display Output of beamforming processor is displayed as bearing time history (BTH). Newest information i

13、s displayed at top. Beamwidth determines accuracy of bearing measured. Common beamwidth 5o. Total time displayed from top to bottom can be controlled. Quickly updating display for close contacts, high bearing rate; long time history for distant contacts, low bearing rate. Bearing time history displa

14、y 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction14 Frequency Analyzer Breaks signal into separate frequencies. Frequencies divided into small bands known as frequency bins. Width of each bin is analysis bandwidth. Gain considerable S/N improvement if analysis bandwidth is matched to narrowband source. Possible when s

15、ignal characteristics are well known. Separates signal into discrete bins. Frequency makeup of source used to ID it. Analysis BW too large - Includes unwanted noise Analysis BW too small - Part of signal excluded Analysis BW = Signal BW Maximizes SNR Passive Sonar System 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction

16、15 Passive Sonar System Narrowband Display Waterfall display Frequency vs. Time. Used to gain additional information on contact and to ID contact. Necessitates looking at several grams of frequencies for information. Higher concentration level required (DT). 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction16 Cylindrica

17、l Array 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction17 Spru-can Sonar Array Baffle plate 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction18 Spherical Array 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction19 Variable Depth Sonar Towed from ship.Towed from ship. Buoyancy, scope and ship speed determine depth.Buoyancy, scope and ship speed determine depth.

18、SL increased with depth. (Quenching limit)SL increased with depth. (Quenching limit) Operate below sonic layer depth.Operate below sonic layer depth. 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction20 Limitations of sonar due to the physical Limitations of sonar due to the physical properties of sound travel in waterpr

19、operties of sound travel in water Limitations of active and passive sonar in Limitations of active and passive sonar in detectiondetection Limitations of active and passive sonar in Limitations of active and passive sonar in trackingtracking Advantages & Disadvantages of Sonar Types 2021-7-17SDE_01

20、introduction21 Tactical Towed Array Sonar (TACTAS)Tactical Towed Array Sonar (TACTAS) SonobuoysSonobuoys Passive Active Special purpose Dipping SonarDipping Sonar Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS)Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) Other Sonar Equipment 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction22 Dipping Sonar Air

21、borne VDSAirborne VDS SH-60F/MH-60RSH-60F/MH-60R 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction23 聲納浮標(biāo)Sonobuoys Small, self-contained sonar systems usually Small, self-contained sonar systems usually deployed by aircraft (disposable).deployed by aircraft (disposable). Passes contact information via VHF radio link.Pas

22、ses contact information via VHF radio link. Limited life due to battery power (Self-scuttling).Limited life due to battery power (Self-scuttling). Multiple depth settings. Can go deep only once.Multiple depth settings. Can go deep only once. Poor values of directivity due to limited size.Poor values

23、 of directivity due to limited size. What it lacks in size, can be made up by placing around target and taking cross fixes. Low self-noise results in superior FOM compared Low self-noise results in superior FOM compared to hull mounted.to hull mounted. Types DICASS / DIFAR / VLADTypes DICASS / DIFAR

24、 / VLAD 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction24 Sonobuoy Deployment 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction25 Sonobuoy Types DICASS directional command actuated Sonobuoy DICASS directional command actuated Sonobuoy system.system. Active system that transmits pulses only when commanded. Saves battery power. Reduces loca

25、lizing information. Provides active sonar range, bearing and Doppler. May be command actuated to change depth, activate or scuttle. 99 RF channels. Depth settings Shallow 50/150/300 feet Deep 90/400/1500 feet 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction26 Sonobuoy Types DIFAR Direction Finding Acoustic Receiver Pas

26、sive system with directionality. Provides passive bearing and Doppler. Employed in sonobuoy patterns for triangulation. Self scuttling 99 RF channels. Depth settings Shallow 50/150/300 feet Deep 90/400/1500 feet 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction27 垂直線陣定向與測(cè)距VLAD Vertical Line Array DIFAR Linear vertical a

27、rray of Vertical Line Array DIFAR Linear vertical array of passive hydrophones.passive hydrophones. Special purpose sonobuoy, designed to detect signals of interest in areas of high ambient noise. Same idea as TASS - in a vertical array vice horizontal. Utilizes beamforming technology. Operator can

28、select either Bottom Bounce or Convergence Zone receptor modes. Main lobe of vertical array can be steered. 99 RF channels Depths of either shallow, 500 ft or 1000 ft. Selectable life settings of 1, 4 or 8 hours. 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction28 S-3 SONOBUOYS 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction29 SH-60 SONOB

29、UOYS 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction30 收發(fā)分置聲納BISTATIC Sonar Active Transmission Passive Reception Requires two participants Requires two participants at two at two differentdifferent locations.locations. Advantages over mono-Advantages over mono- static active.static active. Receiver does not suffer re

30、verb losses. Less transmission loss one way only. Source Level can be very high (not worried about reverb). Tactically significant WRT Tactically significant WRT shallow water ops.shallow water ops. 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction31 SOSUS Strategic deep-water bottom sensor system Strategic deep-water b

31、ottom sensor system Advantages Advantages - Long detection ranges utilizes deep sound channel - All weather - “Infinite” on-station time - Covert - Exceptional submarine early warning system - Automated detection system Disadvantages - No attack capability - Large area of probability - Vulnerable -

32、Expensive 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction32 水下檢測(cè)的其他方法： 非聲學(xué)檢測(cè)Non-acoustic Detection 地磁異常監(jiān)測(cè)地磁異常監(jiān)測(cè)Magnetic Anomaly Detector (MAD)Magnetic Anomaly Detector (MAD) Measures change in Earths magnetic field. Slant range dependent Sub must be reasonably shallow. Poor open ocean search capability Great target ve

33、rification for final attack criteria 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction33 Magnetic Fields 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction34 Principle: A metallic submarine disturbs the Principle: A metallic submarine disturbs the magnetic lines of force of the earth.magnetic lines of force of the earth. The magnetic distort

34、ion - or anomoly - caused by The magnetic distortion - or anomoly - caused by a sub below the surface can be detected from the a sub below the surface can be detected from the air above the sub.air above the sub. P-3 / S-3 / SH-60F: ASQ-81 P-3 / S-3 / SH-60F: ASQ-81 (fixed or towed)(fixed or towed)

35、Magnetic Anomaly Detection (MAD) 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction35 MAD Booms 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction36 Non-Acoustic Detection VisualVisual Feather Scar Bio-luminescence Dont count out the Mark I Mod 0 eyeball! RadarRadar Periscope detection Major design driver for MH-60R / P-3 / S-3 ISAR ISAR dete

36、ction of periscope (movement in water). Bernouli hump rise in water above submarine as it passes by. Infrared DetectionInfrared Detection Scar Snorkel Diesel Exhaust - LIDARLIDAR Depth dependent Wake History 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction37 Advantages:Advantages: More available manpower Mobility Great

37、er time on station Variety of detection equipment Variety of available weapons Good fire control systems Ability to operate in foul weather Embarked LAMPS aircraft USW Platforms Surface Ships 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction38 Disadvantages:Disadvantages: In submarines environment Ship speed is relative

38、ly slow Noisy (speed kills) Silencing measures (Prairie/Masker/shock mounts) Acoustic Processing USW prosecution is protracted USW Platforms Surface Ships 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction39 Surface Ships CG SQS-53C Hull mounted Sonar SQR-19B Passive Towed Array SQQ-89 (V6) LAMPS Mk III Torps / VLA 2021-

39、7-17SDE_01 introduction40 Surface Ships DDG SQS-53C Hull mounted Sonar SQR-19B Passive Towed Array SQQ-89 (V6) LAMPS Mk III Torps / VLA 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction41 SQS -53 Hull Mounted Sonar 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction42 Surface Ships DD SQS-53B/C Hull mounted Sonar SQR-19A/B Passive Towed Array

40、 SQQ-89 (V5-8) LAMPS Mk III Torps / VLA 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction43 Surface Ships FFG SQS-56 Hull mounted Sonar SQR-19/B Passive Towed Array SQQ-89 (V2/9) LAMPS Mk III Mk 46 Torpedos 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction44 SQS -56 Hull Mounted Sonar 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction45 Mk 46 & 48 Torpedoes Mk 4

41、8 Mk 46 VLA 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction46 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction47 Aircraft Carriers Advantages: Numerous USW aircraft available Disadvantages: Same as for Surface Ships Aircraft Carrier is a High Value Target, its importance to naval operations requires many assets to be employed to protect

42、it. USW Platforms 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction48 Surface Ships CV(N) Target S-3 Viking SH-60F/R/HH 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction49 Advantages: Speed Ability to deploy sensors over a large area Surprise through use of passive detection systems Not in submarines environment Altitude increases radar hor

43、izon. USW Platforms Aircraft 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction50 Disadvantages:Disadvantages: Limited time on station Limited weapons capacity Limited range Vulnerable to weather Maintenance requirements Crew Rest USW Platforms Aircraft 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction51 SH-60 Seahawk LAMPS Mk III AQS-13 Dip

44、ping Sonar AQS-22 Dipping Sonar APS-147 Radar ASQ-81 MAD 25 Sonobuoys UYS-2 Acoustic Processor 3 Torpedoes (Mk48 / 50/ Penguin 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction52 SH-60 w/ ASQ-22 ALFS 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction53 P- 3 Orion AQS-81 MAD APS-137 Radar UYS-1 Acoustic Processor 100+ Sonobuoys 4 Mk46/50 Torp

45、s Mines 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction54 SubmarinesSubmarines Advantages: Shares the advantages of the target passive detection concealment less affected by sound refracting properties of water Speed vs. Surface Ships ? Nuke subs can stay submerged for months USW Platforms 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction

46、55 SubmarinesSubmarines Disadvantages: To detect targets, subs must run deep To communicate, subs must be in shallow water Capable of high speed, but at the expense of increased noise levels Diesel subs must “snorkel” to recharge batteries USW Platforms 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction56 SSN 21 Seawolf

47、BQQ-5D Spherical Passive /Active Sonar BQG-5 Wide Aperture Array TB 23 / 29 Towed Mk 48 ADCAP Torpedoes (8 tubes/ 50 weps) Mines 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction57 SSN BQQ-5 Spherical Array 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction58 BQQ-5 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction59 BQG-5 Wide Aperture Array 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction60 SSBN 2021-7-17SDE_01 introduction61 P-3