初中英語(yǔ) 語(yǔ)法梳理及練習(xí) 名詞

1、初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法梳理和提高名 詞表示人、事物、地方、現(xiàn)象或抽象概念等的名稱的詞。知識(shí)梳理：提綱挈領(lǐng)，抓住重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)！一、 名詞的分類 名詞類 別意 義例 詞專有名詞表示具體的人名、事物、國(guó)家、地名、機(jī)構(gòu)、團(tuán)體等的專有名稱Jim , China, Qingdao, the UK, the Great Wall普通名詞可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞表示單個(gè)人的人或事物girl, student, factory, desk, cat , country集合 名詞表示一群人或一些事物的總稱people, police, team, clothes, group, crew不可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞表示無法分為個(gè)體的物質(zhì)wat

2、er, ice, pork, cheese, cotton, broccoli抽象名詞表示抽象概念的詞fun, healthy, happiness, courage, love, care注：1.專有名詞是指人、地方、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等特有的名稱。第一個(gè)字母必須大寫。專有名詞前一般不加冠詞。 2、有普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前要用定冠詞“the”，但它不大寫。 3、有些不可數(shù)名詞有時(shí)表示為具體的東西時(shí)，則變?yōu)榭蓴?shù)名詞，而且以四上也有了變化。eg. beer -a beer 一杯啤酒， work- a work 工廠，著作 ，glass-a glass 一個(gè)玻璃杯， room空間-a room一個(gè)房間二

3、、 名詞的數(shù)：表示可以計(jì)算數(shù)目的人或物稱為可數(shù)名詞。1、可數(shù)名詞有單、復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式：可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式要在名詞前加 “a或an”；復(fù)數(shù)形式是在名詞后加 “-s或-es”。名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種，規(guī)則變化及其讀音可依照下表：當(dāng)名詞為：詞尾變化讀 音例 詞一般情況加s在清輔音后讀/s/chips, jeeps, pats , clocks在濁輔音或元音后讀/z/boys, sharpeners, sofas, drawers以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的單詞加es/iz/watches, boxes, classes, brushes以字母o結(jié)尾的單詞加s或es/z/zoos, pho

4、tos, bamboos, tomatoes, potatoes, heroes,以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的單詞去y 變i加es/z/dictionaries, strawberries,以f 或fe結(jié)尾的單詞去f或fe 變v 加 es/vz/leaves, wives, halves以th結(jié)尾的詞加s/z/; /z/mouths, paths; months, deaths2. 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化 改變單數(shù)名詞中的元音字母 eg. man-men, womanwomen, toothteeth, footfeet, goosegeese, mouse-mice 單復(fù)數(shù)同形 eg. Chine

5、se-Chinese, deer-deer, fish-fish, sheep-sheep, 由man 和woman構(gòu)成的合成詞, 每個(gè)名詞都要變復(fù)數(shù) eg. a man doctor men doctors, a woman teacher-women teachers 注意: 有些名詞表示一種物體具有不可分割的相同的兩部分,在使用時(shí)只有復(fù)數(shù)形式 eg. trousers, clothes, glasses, shorts,scissors, etc;有些名詞從形式上看是復(fù)數(shù), 實(shí)際上是單數(shù)(其后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)). eg. maths, phyiscs, politics, news 3

6、. 不可數(shù)名詞：表示不能計(jì)算數(shù)目的人或物，稱為不可數(shù)名詞。他們前面不能用a/an,沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞都屬于不可數(shù)名詞。不可數(shù)名詞一般只有單數(shù)形式, 但有其特殊用法:(1) 同一個(gè)詞,變成復(fù)數(shù)形式, 意義不同。eg. food 食物- foods 各種食物，time 時(shí)間 - times 時(shí)代，green 綠色 -greens 青菜(2) 有些不可數(shù)名詞用復(fù)數(shù)代指具體的事物eg. hope -hopes 希望 hardship - hardships 艱苦(3) 物質(zhì)名詞在表示數(shù)量時(shí),常用某個(gè)量詞+of來表示 eg. a cup of tea, seven pieces of br

7、ead, several bags of rice, 三、名詞的所有格名詞的所有格是表示名詞之間的所有關(guān)系,有兩種表示形式, 一種是在名詞后+s；另一種是用of, 表示 “的”。1. (1) 一般詞的所有格, 直接在詞尾 +s。 eg. Mr. Motts robot, childrens clothes (2) 以s結(jié)尾的名詞所有格只在詞尾 + eg. teachers books (3) 兩人共有的物體, 則在第二個(gè)名詞后+s; 如果分別是兩人所有, 則在每個(gè)名詞后面 +s。 eg. Lucy and Lilys room. (指兩人共住一個(gè)房間) Mrs Greens and Mrs B

8、rowns son. (指兩人各自的兒子) (4) 表示某具體場(chǎng)所時(shí), 所有格后面的名詞可省略 eg. the doctors (office) Mr. Whites2.(1) 沒有生命的事物一般用of 短語(yǔ)來表示所屬關(guān)系。 eg. the wall of the classroom，a picture of the bedroom， (2) 名詞的的定語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)時(shí),有生命的事物也可用of短語(yǔ)表示。 eg. a long story of a 50-year-old man (4) 雙重所有格 eg. a friend of his, the big nose of Toms(5) 有些表示時(shí)間、

9、距離、國(guó)家、城市等無生命的東西的名詞，也可以加s來構(gòu)成所有格。eg. ten minutes walk, todays newspaper例題解析：舉一反三，學(xué)的更輕松！1. They got much _ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. news D. stories 解析: much 是用來修飾不可數(shù)名詞的, A B D三個(gè)選項(xiàng)均是可是名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式, C項(xiàng)為不可數(shù)名詞, 因此選C.2. I have two _ and three bottles of _ here. A. orange, orange B. oranges, or

10、anges C. oranges, orange D. orange, oranges解析: orange 有兩種含義, 一種可數(shù)名詞橘子, 另一種是不可數(shù)名詞橘汁, 此題第一空應(yīng)填可數(shù)名詞, 第二空填不可數(shù)名詞, 因此選 C。3. Every evening M r. King takes a _ to his home . A. 25 minutes walk B. 25 minutes walk C. 25 minute walk D. 25 minutes walk解析: 句中的 minute應(yīng)該用其復(fù)數(shù)的所有格形式,只+,而不能+s,因此選A。4. An old _ wants to

11、 see you. A. people B. person C. the people D. the person 解析: person 與people 都有”人” 的意思, 但用法不同. “一個(gè)人”用 “a person”,“兩個(gè)人” 用 “two persons”; people 泛指 “人們”是集合名詞,表示復(fù)數(shù), the people 指 “人民”, a people 指 “一個(gè)民族”. 應(yīng)選B。5. Help yourself to _. A. chickens and apples B. chickens and apple C. chicken and apple D. chic

12、ken and apples解析: chicken 可用作可數(shù)名詞指小雞,用作不可數(shù)名詞指雞肉,根據(jù)詞題意應(yīng)理解為雞肉;apple為可數(shù)名詞, 故應(yīng)+s, 因此選D。6. Oh, dear. I forgot the two _. A. rooms number B. rooms number C. room numbers D. rooms numbers解析: room number 房間號(hào)碼. room可直接用作定語(yǔ)修飾后面的名詞 . 類似的還有my phsics teacher, two bus drivers 等. 應(yīng)選C。7. She has been in Tianjin for

13、 ten years. Tianjin has become her second _. A. family B. house C. home D. room解析: family指的是家庭或是家庭成員; house指的是房子(住所); room 指的是房間;而home 指的是家, 因此選C.8. _ mothers couldnt go to the meeting, because they have gone to Shanghai . A. Mary and Peters B. Mary and Peter C. Marys and Peter D. Marys and Peters解析

14、: 此句中 “mothers”是復(fù)數(shù),表示兩個(gè)人各自的母親,因此應(yīng)選D。9. Li Lei has been to _ many times this month. A. her uncle B. her uncles C. her uncles D. aunts 解析: 此句意為 “李雷這個(gè)去她舅舅家多次”. 表示具體場(chǎng)所時(shí), 可省去所有格后面的名詞.因此選B。10. He is a success as a leader but he hasnt _ in teaching. A. many experiences B. much experience C. an experience D

15、. a lot experience解析: experience 作 “經(jīng)驗(yàn)” 講時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞, 作 “經(jīng)歷”講時(shí)是可數(shù)名詞. 本句中應(yīng)理解為 “經(jīng)驗(yàn)”,因此是不可數(shù)名詞,排除 A C. 又因 a lot of , lots of, plenty of 只用于肯定句, 不用于否定句, 因此選B。11. A classmate of _ was here ten minutes ago. A. you B. your C. your sister D. your sisters解析: 此題考查名詞的雙重所有格.應(yīng)選D。12. A group of _ are talking with two

16、_. A. Frenchmen, Germans B. Germans ,Frenchmans C. Frenchmans , Germen D. Germen , Frenchmen 解析: Frenchman 是復(fù)合詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式為 Frenchmen; German 的復(fù)數(shù)為直接在單詞末尾+S, 應(yīng)選A.13.The team _ having a meeting . A. is B. are C. am D. be解析: team 是一個(gè)集合名詞,即可表示復(fù)數(shù)意義(指整個(gè)小組) , 也可指小組中的成員(表示復(fù)數(shù)), 此題意為后者, 因此選B。14. “Would you like _?

17、” “_, please.”A. drink, Three coffees B. a cup of drink, CoffeesC. a drink, A coffee D. a drink, Three cups of coffees解析: drink 和coffee是不可數(shù)名詞, 可以用of來表示數(shù)量, eg, three cups of coffee, 當(dāng)前面加a 時(shí),則表示“一杯”因此選C。15. The Great Wall was made not only by _, but also the flesh and blood of _ men. A.earth and stone

18、, millions of B. earths and stones, millions C. the earth and stone, million of D. the earths and stones, millions解析：earth 是不可數(shù)名詞，因此刪除B D,數(shù)以百萬的應(yīng)為millions of . 因此選A。練習(xí)與鞏固：熟能生巧，取得好成績(jī)！ 選擇最佳答案：1 Last night, there was a food accident. The _ were ill, but no _ were lost.A. child, lives B. children, life C

19、. children, lives D. child, life2. -This is a photo of _ when they were young. -OK, how happy they both looked!A. my father and mother B. my mother and fathersC. my mothers and fathers D.my fathers and my mother3. The new student is in _ , Grade Two.A. Class Third B. Third Class C. Class Three D. Th

20、ree class4. Today is September 10th. Its _ Day. Lets go and buy some flowers for our teachers.A. Teachers B. Teachers C. the Teachers D. Teachers5. The market isnt far from here. Its only _ bicycle ride.A.half an hours B. half an hours C. half an hour D. an hour and a half6. - What would you like to

21、 drink, girls? - _, please.A.Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffeC. Two cups of coffee D. Two cups of coffees7. During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs for _.A. fun B. wishes C. interest D. thanks8. Some _ are flying kites near the river.A. child B. boy C. boys D. childs9. A

22、fter the exam, well have_ holiday.A. two weeks B. two-weeks C. two weeks D. two weeks10. They are those _ bags.Please put them on the bus.A. visitor B. visitors C. visitors D. visitors11.- How many workers are there in your factory? - There are two _.A. hundreds B. hundred C. hundred of D. hundreds of12. -What do you think of the _ the Moonlight Sonata by Beethoven? - It sounds really wonderful. A. subject B.