直接引語與間接引語DirectSpeechandIndirectSpeech

1、直接引語與間接引語( Direct Speech and Indirect Speech)Direct speech and indirect speechdirect speech and indirect speechQuote or quote someoneelses speech is called quote. Direct reference to others said, mark, quotes are called direct speech; quoted the words of others in their own language, do not need to

2、quote this is called indirect speech and indirect speech are actually the object clause (except the indirect speech conversion by imperative sentence conversion after the infinitive). Then the direct speech is declarative, interrogative, general special interrogative sentences and imperative sentenc

3、es, converted into indirect speech, sentence structure, person, tense, where time adverbial and so have change, how to change?1, the change of person1) the first person in direct speech is generally converted to the third person, such as the first person:He said, I amvery sorry. - He said that he wa

4、s very sorry.2) the second person in direct speech is converted to the first person if the original word is intended to refer to the speaker:You should be more careful next time, my father told me. My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.3) the second person in direct speech, i

5、f the original word is for the third person, is converted into the third person. Such as:She said to her son, Ill check your homework tonight. - She said to her son that she would check his homeworkthat night.4) the conversion of person includes personal pronouns, possessive pronouns and nominal pos

6、sessive pronouns, such as personal pronouns, possessive pronouns and nominal possessive pronouns:He asked me, Will you go to the station with meto meet a friend of mine this afternoon? - He asked me whether I would go to afternoon. the station withhim to meet a friend of his thatIn short, the conver

7、sion of person is not fixed, specific circumstances, specific treatment, should be in accordance with logic.2, the conversion of tenseDirect speech into indirect speech, if the predicate verb isif the past, clause (i.e. indirect part) of the verb should make the corresponding changes in the temporal

8、 aspect, all become the past tense category (the actual object tense, change the following requirements):Direct speech indirect speechThe present simple past tensePast perfect past perfect tensePresent progressive tense, past progressive tensePresent perfect tense, past perfect tensePast perfect ten

9、se, past perfect tensePast continuous tenseThe past future tense, past future tenseFor example:I am very glad to visit school your, she said. She said she was very glad to visit our school.Tom said, We are listening to the pop music. - Tom said that they were listening to the pop music.Mother asked,

10、 Have you finished your homeworkbefore you watch TV? - Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV.He asked the conductor, Where shall I get off to change to aNo. 3 bus? - He asked the conductor where he would bus. get off to change to a No. 3Why did she refuse to go there

11、? the teacher asked. - The teacher asked why she had refused to go there.Mother asked me, Had you finished your homework before you watched TV? - 媽媽問我在看電視之前是否完成了家庭作業(yè)。湯姆說：“昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候我們正在進(jìn)行足球比賽。”湯姆說前天的那個(gè)時(shí)候他們正在進(jìn)行足球比賽。 他說：“這些天我沒有收到父母的信?！?他說那幾天他沒有收到父母的信。3、直接引語變成間接引語時(shí)，從句時(shí)態(tài)無須改變的情況1）當(dāng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的時(shí)候，如： 他總是說：“我

12、累壞了。”他總是說他累壞了。2）當(dāng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是將來時(shí)的時(shí)候，如：他會(huì)說：“我會(huì)盡力幫助你的。他會(huì)說他會(huì)盡力幫助我的3）當(dāng)直接引語部分帶有具體的過去時(shí)間狀語時(shí)，如： 他說：“我 1994 歲上大學(xué)的?！彼嬖V我們他 1994 上大學(xué)了4）當(dāng)直接引語中有以時(shí)，而引導(dǎo)的從句，表示過去的時(shí)間時(shí)，如： 他說：“當(dāng)我還是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候，我通常放學(xué)后踢足球?！?他說他小時(shí)候放學(xué)后經(jīng)常踢足球。5）當(dāng)直接引語是客觀真理或自然現(xiàn)象時(shí)，如： 老師對我們說：“光比聲音傳播得快?！?老師告訴我們光比聲音傳播得快。6）當(dāng)引語是諺語、格言時(shí)，如： 他說：“熟能生巧?！彼f熟能生巧。7）當(dāng)直接引語中有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該會(huì)，可以過

13、的更好，寧愿，可能， 必須，應(yīng)該，習(xí)慣，需要時(shí)，如：例如：醫(yī)生說：“你最好多喝水。” 醫(yī)生說我最好喝大量的水他說：“她一定是個(gè)老師。”他說她一定是個(gè)教師 他說：“她現(xiàn)在該到辦公室了?！彼f她到那時(shí)應(yīng)該已經(jīng)到了她的辦公室。 老師說：“你今天不必交作文?！?老師說我們不必 不必 交作文。 她問道：“我必須吃藥嗎？” 她問她有沒有吃藥。 注：此處用不得不代替必須更好8) 此外轉(zhuǎn)述中的變化要因?qū)嶋H情況而定，不能機(jī)械照搬，如果當(dāng)?shù)?轉(zhuǎn)述，這里不必改為那里，動(dòng)詞來不必改為去，如果當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述昨天， 明天，今天下午如等均不必改變：老師：你可以今天下午有球賽。學(xué)生：老師說什么，班長？班長：他說我們今天下午可能有球

14、賽。4. Temporal adverbials, place adverbials, and somedemonstrative demonstrative pronouns and verbs1) time adverbial:Direct speech, indirect speech, direct speech, indirect speechNow (then); tomorrow (the next / following day)Today (that day); next week (the next / following week / month / year)Yeste

15、rday (the day before) two days ago (two days before)Last week /month/ year (the week/month/ year before) this week/month/year (that week/month/ year)2) demonstrative pronoun: these becomes those3) place adverbial: here becomes thereShe said, I wont come here any more. - She said that she wouldn t go

16、 there any more.4) verb: come becomes go, bring becomes take5, direct speech into indirect speech, sentence structure changes1) declarative sentences. Guided by conjunction that, that is often omitted in spoken language. The main verb can be used in direct indirect said, can also be used to replace

17、the told, that can be said said that said, to sb. that, told sb. that, told that can not directly say, such as:He said, I have been to the Great Wall. - He said to us that he had been to Wall. the GreatHe said, Ill give you an examination next Monday.He told us that he would give us an examination t

18、he next Monday. (told that can not be said)In addition, its also often predicate:Repeat, whisper, answer, reply, explain, announce, declare, think, and so on:He said, Im late because of the heavy traffic. - He explained to us that he was late because of heavy the traffic.If the indirect speech is th

19、e two or more than two coordinate clauses which are guided by that, the first conjunction can be omitted, and the subsequent conjunctions should not be omitted so as to avoid confusion.The doctor said, You are not seriously ill, You will be better soon. - The doctor said (that) I was not seriously i

20、ll and that I would be better soon.2) direct speech to general questions, (also known as whether interrogative sentence, indirect speech) using conjunctions whether or if, if the original predicate verb said to asked (me/him/us), the word order is a statement of the order, this is a very important p

21、oint.He said, Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation? - He asked (me) whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation.He said, You are interested in English, arent you? - He asked whether I was interested in English.3) the direct speech is the choice interrogative sentence, and the indi

22、rect speech is whether. Or. Expression without using if. Or. Dont use either, either. Or. Such as:He asked, Do you speak English or French? - He asked me whether I spoke English or French.I asked, Will you take bus or take train? - I asked him whether he would take bus or take train.4) direct speech

23、 into special questions, changed into indirect speech, the original interrogative as conjunctions of indirect speech, the main verb ask (sb.) to express the order to say.Such as: 他問：“你叫什么名字？”他問我叫什么名字。他問我們：“你們國家建了多少家汽車廠？“ -他問我們在我國建了多少汽車廠 5）直接引語為祈使句時(shí)，改為間接引語，用帶到的不定式表達(dá)，謂 語動(dòng)詞常是問， 提醒，告訴， 警告，命令，要求等如問某人。做，（

24、由 肯定祈使句變成）問某人。不，并且在不定式短語中的時(shí)間狀語、地 點(diǎn)狀語、人稱及時(shí)態(tài)都作相應(yīng)的變化如（由否定祈使句轉(zhuǎn)變） ： 他說：“請坐。”他叫我們坐下?！耙欢ㄒ⌒哪愕墓P跡?！彼f。 -他告訴我要小心我的筆跡?！霸僖膊灰獊砹?！附近的軍官說。 -軍官命令村民們不要再去那里了。老師說：“未經(jīng)允許，不要碰實(shí)驗(yàn)室里的任何東西?！?。 -老師警告學(xué)生在未經(jīng)允許的情況下不得觸摸實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi)的任何東西。6）有些含有”建議” - 、”勸告” - 的祈使句，可用建議，堅(jiān)持， 提供等動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)述，如：他說：“讓我們休息一會(huì)兒吧。”他建議我們休息一會(huì)兒。他說：“讓我來幫你吧?！彼鲃?dòng)提出幫助我。7）當(dāng)直接引語形式上是疑問

25、句，有表示請求，建議意義時(shí)，可用問 某人。建議某人做某事 / 建議某人做某事。做某事等形式轉(zhuǎn)述。如：你介意把門打開嗎？”他問道。他叫我把門打開為什么不出去散步呢？”他問我們-他建議我們出去散步。或他建議我們出去散步。8）直接引語是感嘆句時(shí)， 變間接引語可用什么或如何引導(dǎo)， 也可用， 引導(dǎo)，如：她說：“今天天氣多好?。?她說今天天氣多好啊?；蛩f那是一個(gè)可 愛的一天。嵌套間接引語的從句：如果間接引語當(dāng)中還鑲嵌有另一句從句， 則被稱為嵌套間接引語的從 句，英文叫：間接陳述從句。這時(shí)，這樣的從句要使用虛擬語氣。從 句動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)與主句動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)相關(guān)聯(lián)。如：Duxdicebat militem 魁 fu

26、gisset 心靈 daturum 存在。統(tǒng)帥曾常說， 那個(gè)逃跑的士兵將要受到懲罰?？?fugisset 逃跑 是一句關(guān)系從句，修飾 militem ”士兵”，由于 處在 dicebat 說 后面的間接引語當(dāng)中，因此需使用虛擬語氣。間 接引語的動(dòng)詞是不定式 daturum 存在將受到 ，為將來時(shí)，因?yàn)閯?dòng)作 發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)詞”說”之后，而 fugisset 逃跑 為虛擬語氣的過去 完成時(shí)，表示在統(tǒng)帥”說話”之前已經(jīng)逃走了如何把直接引語變間接引語“一隨主”是指在直接引語變間接引語時(shí)， 如果從句中的主語是第一 人稱或被第一人稱所修飾。In person in accordance with claus

27、e subject person changes such as:She said. My brother wants to go with me. - She said her brother wanted to go with her.Two as the object refers to the direct speech to indirect speech, if the subject and object in the clause is the second person. Or you are decorated by second people. In person wit

28、h quotes outside the object clause agreement. If I do not have an object outside the quotation marks. You can also use the first person, for example:He said to Kate. How is your sister now? He asked Kate how her sister was then.The third person does not update refers to the direct speech when the in

29、direct speech is changed. If the subject and object in the clause are the third person or are modified by the third person, the person in the clause does not need to change, for example:Mr Smith said. Jack is a good worker. Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker.Variable tense:When the direct speech i

30、s changed into indirect speech, the tense needs to be adjusted accordingly.The present tense needs to be changed into the past tense; the past tense to the perfect tense; the past perfect tense to retain the original tense. Such as:1) She said. I have lost a pen. - She said she had lost a pen2) She

31、said. We hope so. - She said they hoped so.3) She said. He will go to see his friend. She said he would go to see his friend.But we should pay attention to the following situations. When direct speech is changed into indirect speech, tense does not change.Direct speech is objective truth.The earth m

32、oves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. the The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around earth.Direct speech is the past continuous tense, and the tense is invariable. Such as:Jack said. John, where were you going whenI met you in

33、 street the? - Jack asked John where street he was going when he met him in the.(3) in direct speech, there is a specific past year, a month,a date as adverbial, whenit is converted into indirect speech, the tense remains unchanged. Such as:Xiao Wang said. I was born on April 2L, 1980. Xiao Wang sai

34、d he was born on April 20, 1980.Direct speech if it is the present tense. Expresses a repeated or habitual action,changes indirect speech, tense unchanged.Such as:He said, I get up at six every morning. He said he gets up at six every morning.If the modal verb in direct speech has no past tense (exa

35、mple: ought to, had better, used to) and already past tense, (example: could, should, would, might) is no longer changed. Such as:Peter said. You had better comehave today. Peter said I had better go there that day.Three, how to change adverbials:The direct speech changes the indirect speech, the ad

36、verbial change has its intrinsic regulation, the time adverbial is changed from present to original (example: now to then, yesterday). The, day, before) adverbial of place, especially directional, or adverbial modifier marked by demonstrative pronoun, instead of that (this):He said, These books are

37、mine. - He said those books were his.Edit how to change sentence patternsIf the direct speech is the declarative sentence, the indirect speech should be changed to the object clause guided by that. Such as: She said,“我們的車在五分鐘后到達(dá)?！盩她說他們的車會(huì)在五分鐘后到達(dá)。 直接引語如果是反意疑問句， 選擇疑問句或一般疑問句， 間接引語 應(yīng)改為由是否或如果引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。如：他說

38、，“你會(huì)游泳嗎，約 翰？ ”7他問約翰他是否會(huì)游泳?！澳阋呀?jīng)做完作業(yè)了，是嗎？ ”媽媽問。7媽媽問我是否已經(jīng)完成了 作業(yè)?！澳闶亲财嚿蠈W(xué)還是騎自行車上學(xué)？”7他問我如果我去乘 公交車或騎自行車上學(xué)。 直接引語如果是特殊問句， 間接引語應(yīng)該改為由疑問代詞或疑問副 詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句（賓語從句必須用陳述句語序） 。她問我：“他們什么時(shí)候吃晚飯？”7她問我他們什么時(shí)候吃晚飯。 直接引語如果是祈使句， 間接引語應(yīng)改為”告訴 （問，秩序，求等） 某人（不）做某事”句型。如：“不要吵鬧，”她對孩子們說。7她告訴（有序）孩子們不要制造任 何噪音?！苯o我一杯茶，請，”她說。7她要求他給她拿一杯茶。 直接引

39、語如果是以”讓“開頭的祈使句， 變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)， 通常用” 建議 +動(dòng)句詞（或從句如）。 ” ：他說，“我們?nèi)タ措娪鞍伞！?他建議去看電影?；蛩ㄗh他們應(yīng)該 去看電影。引述別人的話有兩種方式：一是使用引號引出人家的原話，這叫做直 接引語；一是用自己的話把人家的話轉(zhuǎn)述出來，這叫做間接引語。例 如：約翰說：“我要和我爸爸去倫敦?！奔s翰說：“我要和父親到倫敦去（引號內(nèi)是直接引語）。”約翰說他要和他父親去倫敦。約翰說，他要和他父親去倫敦（賓語從句是間接引語）。我、重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)解析一、直接引語和間接引語的區(qū)別：直接引語直接引述別人的話，用”間接引語轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話，不用”二。直接引語改為間接引語時(shí)，間接引語中的

40、動(dòng)詞、時(shí)間、時(shí)態(tài)、地 點(diǎn)、人稱等一般要作相應(yīng)的變化。遵循下列規(guī)律：在直接引語中在間接引語中這指示代詞這些那些 時(shí)間狀語現(xiàn)在 今天這一天昨天的前一天上星期的前一周明天第二天明年下一年兩天前兩天前地點(diǎn)狀語這里動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)（以工作為例）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（工作）一般過去時(shí)（工作） 現(xiàn)左進(jìn)行時(shí)（ / 工作）過去進(jìn)行時(shí)（正在工作） 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（已工作）過去完成時(shí)（曾） 一般過去時(shí)（工作）過去完成時(shí)（曾） 過去完成時(shí)（曾）（不變）（曾） 一般將來時(shí)（工作）過去將來時(shí)（工作） 動(dòng)詞變化可以可能必須有 來來去去把Three. The change of the direct speech to the indirect

41、speech in various sentence patterns:Examples of various sentence patternsThe conjunction of declarative sentence is that and can be saved in spoken languageSay to sb. tell sb. She said: He will be busy.She said that he would be busy.If or whether is used as a general question,Change to declarative w

42、ord orderSay becomes ask She said to Tom, Can you help me?She asked Tom if /whether he could help her.Special interrogative sentences use the interrogative words in the original sentence as conjunctions to change the word order say into ask The teacher asked, how did you repair it? The teacher asked

43、 me how I had repaired it.The structure of Verb + object + infinitive in imperative sentencesAsk represents a request:Ask sb. to do sth.Ask sb. not to do sth.Tell indicates command:Tell sb. to do sth.Tell sb. not to do sth.The mother said, Tom, get up early, please.The mother asked Tom to get up ear

44、ly.The mother told Tom to get up early.Four, when the direct speech is changed into indirect speech, several special situations remain unchanged:Unchanging situation1. direct speech is proverbs, objective facts, truth when The teacher said, The earth goes round the sun.The teacher said that the eart

45、h goes round the sun.2. the quoted parts are recurring, habitual actions or speaking situations still exist He said, We are still students.He said they are still students.I was now 3., in accordance with the needs of any kind of temporal She says, I ll never forget the moment. .She says that she ll

46、never forget the moment.4 if direct speech is What s the matter? / What has happened?/ What s wrong with? Whenit becomesindirect speech, the word order remains unchanged. What s the matter? Said he.He asked me what was the matter.What has happened? said she.She asked what had happened.5 direct speech is an exclamatory sentence guided by what or how, and the word order remains unchanged. What a lovely day it is! He said.He s