虛擬語氣講義

1、專業(yè)好文檔虛擬語氣教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)與反思 the subjunctive mood (虛擬語氣) 英語組 柯娟娟teaching content: 虛擬語氣（the subjunctive mood）teaching time: one periodteaching analysis:(教學(xué)內(nèi)容分析)本節(jié)課主要涉及高考主要考察的虛擬語氣的用法：（1）if條件句中三種不同時(shí)間的虛擬語氣;(2)虛擬語氣的倒裝和混合時(shí)間的虛擬；（3）名詞性從句中的倒裝；（4）虛擬語氣的特殊句式。teaching aims and demands:1.congnitive aims(認(rèn)知目標(biāo)) 了解高中虛擬語氣的考查熱點(diǎn)和命

2、題趨勢(shì)。2.ability aims(能力目標(biāo))培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的課前自學(xué)能力和掌握虛擬語氣相關(guān)試題的解決方法。3.emotional aims(情感目標(biāo))培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)與探究能力，增強(qiáng)學(xué)生合作意識(shí)，提高學(xué)生的語言分析能力和正確表達(dá)自己觀點(diǎn)的能力。teaching plan analysis:為了達(dá)成本節(jié)課的教學(xué)目標(biāo)可以采用演繹法和歸納法相結(jié)合的語法教學(xué)方式，以學(xué)生為主體，在老師的指引下，讓學(xué)生自己展示，判斷和分析，最后總結(jié)出虛擬語氣的主要用法。并通過一系列的考題訓(xùn)練，讓學(xué)生進(jìn)一步了解虛擬語氣的解題方式。teaching important points:了解和掌握虛擬語氣語法項(xiàng)目和基本原則teac

3、hing difficult points:1.含蓄虛擬條件句的用法2.能運(yùn)用虛擬語氣去完成試題練習(xí)并能運(yùn)用到情景中teaching methods:the situational teaching method（情境教學(xué)法）, the feeling teaching method(情感教學(xué)法), the task-based teaching method, the inductive method(歸納法)。learning strategies: cooperative learning, learning while using,predicting problems and ana

4、lysis:在考查該點(diǎn)時(shí)，學(xué)生易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)預(yù)測(cè)如下：1.不會(huì)分析與現(xiàn)在，過去，將來相反的虛擬語氣及其動(dòng)詞的所有結(jié)構(gòu)2.虛擬語氣的特殊用法teaching tools: multi-media (a computer)teaching procedures:step 1 greetings and lead-in展示考綱：1、 if條件句中的虛擬語氣; 2、含蓄條件中的虛擬語氣；3、名詞從句中的虛擬語氣; 4、幾種特殊結(jié)構(gòu)中虛擬語氣的用法;5、虛擬語氣時(shí)態(tài)的判定。（2011-2013）陜西省高考真題，讓學(xué)生體會(huì)考點(diǎn)。（2013陜西卷）my mom suggests that we _eat out f

5、or a change this weekend. a should b might c could d would (2012陜西卷)17.if my car _ more reliable, i would have driven to lasa instead of flying last summer. a was b had been c should be d would be（2011陜西卷）22.i _ through that bitter period without your generous help. a couldnt have gone b didnt go c

6、wouldnt go d hadnt gonestep 2 summary of the subjunctive mood(1)ss activity讓學(xué)生自己總結(jié)出虛擬語氣的各種形式考點(diǎn)。if 型 “三個(gè)公式”類別從句謂語動(dòng)詞主句謂語動(dòng)詞與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反過去式(be用were)should/would/could/might動(dòng)詞原形與過去事實(shí)相反had過去分詞should/would/could/mighthave過去分詞與將來事實(shí)相反過去式(be用were)should/would/could/might動(dòng)詞原形should動(dòng)詞原形were to動(dòng)詞原形if省略句如果虛擬條件句中含有were

7、/had/should，有時(shí)可把if省略，把were/had/should提到主語之前形成倒裝，若為否定形式，not不可提前?；旌蠗l件句有時(shí)條件句的動(dòng)作與主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致，這時(shí)動(dòng)詞的形式應(yīng)根據(jù)它們各自表示的時(shí)間加以調(diào)整。含蓄條件句有時(shí)假設(shè)的情況不用條件從句表達(dá)，而是用but for，without等介詞(短語)或上下文來表示條件。用連詞otherwise，or等暗示后文與前面的情況相反，從而引出后文的虛擬語氣。虛擬條件通過but暗示出來，模式為“虛擬情況but真實(shí)情況”。2013江蘇卷變式 i should not have laughed if i _you were. (think

8、)如果我(當(dāng)時(shí))認(rèn)為你是認(rèn)真的，我就不會(huì)笑了. 答案 had thoughtif型特例1：錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句【2013天津】14. if he had spent more time practicing speaking english before, he able to speak it much better now.a. will be b. would be c. has been d. would have been【答案】bif型特例2：省略 if 的條件從句：10浙江）had i known about this computer program, a huge amount o

9、f time and energy .awould have been savedbhad been saved cwill be saved dwas saved【答案】a2.should +v.型（1）一個(gè)堅(jiān)持，兩個(gè)命令，三個(gè)建議，四個(gè)要求 1.insist 2. order, command 3. advise, suggest, propose + recommend (advice, suggestion, proposal ) 4. demand , require, request, desire2013浙江卷變式 eye doctors recommend that a chi

10、lds first eye exam_ at the age of six months old.(be)眼科醫(yī)生建議孩子的第一次眼睛檢查應(yīng)該在六個(gè)月的時(shí)候(進(jìn)行)。答案 (should) be注意:insist / suggest 各有兩意思，要用不同的語氣 表“堅(jiān)決要求”,虛擬, should + do; (未發(fā)生) 表“堅(jiān)稱,堅(jiān)持說”,陳述語氣,表事實(shí)。(發(fā)生過) 表“建議”，虛擬, should + do; 表“表明、暗示” ，用陳述語氣總結(jié)主語從句中的虛擬語氣 基本句型：a.it is suggested, ordered + (should) do b.it is importan

11、t, necessary, natural c.it is a pity, a shame, no wonder 考題點(diǎn)擊：1. is it important that we _ english? a. learns b. have learned c. must learn d. learn虛擬語氣之特殊句型1wish后面賓語從句的虛擬語氣與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反從句用一般過去時(shí)與過去事實(shí)相反從句用過去完成時(shí)與將來事實(shí)相反從句用would動(dòng)詞原形【2011北京卷,28】where are the children? the dinners going to be completely ruined.

12、i wish they （ ）always late.a. werent b. hadnt been c. wouldnt be d. wouldnt have been【答案】a2.would rather+從句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反從句用一般過去時(shí)與過去事實(shí)相反從句用過去完成時(shí)與將來事實(shí)相反從句用一般過去時(shí)10江蘇george is going to talk about the geography of his country, but id rather he_ more on its culture.a. focus b. focused c. would focus d. had focu

13、sed答案b3.as if 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反從句用一般過去時(shí)與過去事實(shí)相反從句用過去完成時(shí)與將來事實(shí)相反從句用would動(dòng)詞原形針對(duì)訓(xùn)練：the pencil is in the water as if it_ broken. a. were b. was c.had been d.would do4. if only與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反從句用一般過去時(shí)與過去事實(shí)相反從句用過去完成時(shí)與將來事實(shí)相反從句用would動(dòng)詞原形5. its (high) time +that 過去時(shí)(were) /should(不省) +v.its high time that we should obey the rule

14、s of the school.its high time that we obeyed the rules of the school.。我們應(yīng)該遵守學(xué)校規(guī)則。l 難點(diǎn)突破：1.一些短語相當(dāng)于虛擬條件從句（if）, 其后的句子與虛擬條件主句用法一致。but for +n(要不是), 現(xiàn)在/將來 would/could/should/might +v. (原)without +n, 過去 would/could/should/might +have doneotherwise(否則)， +句子in that case，09福建but for the help of my english tea

15、cher, i the first prize in the english writing competition. a. would not win b. would not have won c. would win d. would have won答案b考點(diǎn)虛擬語氣。解析此處虛擬語氣表示與過去事實(shí)相反, 句子謂語動(dòng)詞用would/should/could/might + have done結(jié)構(gòu), 故選b。難點(diǎn)點(diǎn)擊2:虛擬語氣時(shí)態(tài)的判定 “混虛”（1）i would have attended the party yesterday, but i _ ill.a had fallen

16、b fell c would fall d have fallen(2) i fell ill ,or /otherwise i_ the party yesterday.a would attend b would have attendedc had attended d attended10安徽bob would have helped us yesterday, but he-_a. was busy b. is busy c. had been busy. d. will be busy答案astep3 虛擬語氣應(yīng)對(duì)策略：1. 判斷是否虛擬 2.判斷虛擬類型 3.判斷虛擬時(shí)間學(xué)好虛擬

17、語氣，除了掌握基本的結(jié)構(gòu)外，還要注意句子所表達(dá)的意義與現(xiàn)在、過去還是將來的事實(shí)相反，看清時(shí)間狀語。另外還要注意在其他結(jié)構(gòu)中虛擬語氣的運(yùn)用。step 4 summaryste5 consolidation exercises（略）step6：homework教學(xué)反思：本節(jié)課為高三二輪復(fù)習(xí)課中語法專題系列之一。雖然，一輪復(fù)習(xí)中學(xué)生詳細(xì)地復(fù)習(xí)過虛擬語氣的各種形式的具體形式，但是眾所周知，虛擬語氣一直被視為高中英語教學(xué)的一大難點(diǎn)。對(duì)這一重要知識(shí)點(diǎn)的復(fù)習(xí)我在課前做了大量的準(zhǔn)備工作，布置學(xué)生做好復(fù)習(xí)，完成對(duì)應(yīng)的學(xué)案，并認(rèn)真鉆研教材和相關(guān)考題?，F(xiàn)將我的一些教學(xué)心得總結(jié)如下；一、預(yù)估虛擬語氣的教學(xué)困難1學(xué)生不

18、會(huì)分析與現(xiàn)在，過去，將來相反的虛擬語氣及其動(dòng)詞的所有結(jié)構(gòu)以及虛擬語氣的特殊用法2傳統(tǒng)的語法復(fù)課比較枯燥，而虛擬語氣有著多種形式，且轉(zhuǎn)化形式眾多，如果條分縷析，勢(shì)必會(huì)形成教師“一言堂”，讓學(xué)生感到厭煩無味，影響學(xué)習(xí)效率和興趣。但如果只練不講，學(xué)生似乎又難以把握本質(zhì)，勢(shì)必會(huì)屢做屢錯(cuò)。為了回避以上的兩大困難，我決定采取“邊講邊練，邊練邊評(píng)，邊評(píng)邊總結(jié)”的方法，力求把所有問題在40分鐘的課堂內(nèi)解決，而將課后時(shí)間留給學(xué)生消化。二、導(dǎo)入首先，我單個(gè)提問學(xué)生對(duì)虛擬語氣概念的理解，以引出話題，并強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)鍵詞：用來表示說的話不是事實(shí)，或者是不可能發(fā)生或可能性比較小的情況，而是一種愿望，建議，假設(shè)的語氣叫虛擬語氣。

19、接著展示考綱，讓學(xué)生清楚高考動(dòng)向，這樣在復(fù)習(xí)備考中才能做到有的放矢。接著，我?guī)ьI(lǐng)學(xué)生親身體會(huì)了近三年（2011-2013）陜西省虛擬語氣的高考真題，隨后和學(xué)生一起總結(jié)歸納三年考點(diǎn)。三接著，針對(duì)考點(diǎn)和學(xué)生一起歸納虛擬語氣的考點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。我先讓學(xué)生回憶了一輪復(fù)習(xí)中虛擬語氣的各種形式，為了避免和一輪復(fù)習(xí)的重復(fù)， 本節(jié)課我將從另外一種角度闡釋虛擬語氣，即把它分為三大類：(1)if 型(2)should+v型(3)特殊句型。我不失時(shí)機(jī)地讓學(xué)生回憶默寫if 條件句中的“三個(gè)公式”。并做針對(duì)性高考真題訓(xùn)練。之后“趁熱打鐵”地復(fù)習(xí)“錯(cuò)綜”和“倒裝”形式。第二步，引出should+v.型，我用一 二 三 四起頭讓

20、學(xué)回顧說出對(duì)應(yīng)的詞一堅(jiān)持（insist），二命令(order, command)，三建議(advise, suggest, propose)，四要求(demand , require, request, desire),外加兩個(gè)詞“recommend”“urge”，并指出兩個(gè)特殊詞insist，suggest的特殊用法。并給出配套練習(xí)題。第三步，和學(xué)生一起總結(jié)特殊句式。四及時(shí)總結(jié)在復(fù)習(xí)完所有形式以后，我又采用“我問你答”的形式領(lǐng)著全班同學(xué)將我們剛才講的虛擬語氣的形式全面梳理了一遍，大家都高興地點(diǎn)著頭。最后，我們?cè)僮鰩椎捞摂M語氣的高考真題打在屏幕上，他們能輕松地將自己心中那么“神圣”的高考題“踩

21、在腳下”，這種感覺一定很好吧。我在評(píng)講例題時(shí)，并沒有說很多，只是問一句“這是和什么事實(shí)相反”，學(xué)生們把我該講的就都講了。最后，我讓學(xué)生總結(jié)出一張考點(diǎn)清單，因?yàn)闀r(shí)間關(guān)系，讓學(xué)生課后完成，以待檢查。五、教后反思反思這節(jié)語法課，我感到成功之處在于這么幾點(diǎn)：1 遵循了循序漸進(jìn)的原則。由淺入深，由易到難，從虛擬語氣的三種基本形式入手，逐步加深拓展，使學(xué)生樂于接受的同時(shí)也易于接受。2 遵循了講練結(jié)合的原則。沒有一味的講授語法理論，而是讓學(xué)生邊學(xué)邊練，主動(dòng)探索，讓他們享受自主學(xué)習(xí)的過程和成果。3 遵循了學(xué)生為主的原則。本節(jié)課我將大量的時(shí)間留給了學(xué)生思考、探索，完全將課堂的主體還給了學(xué)生，吻合了新教材的精神和

22、追求。4 遵循了由現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì)的原則。傳統(tǒng)的語法復(fù)習(xí)課往往采用演繹語法規(guī)律的方法，這樣做既容易使學(xué)生索然無味，而且使他們感到語法神秘高深。相反，采用歸納語法規(guī)律的方法，既能引起他們對(duì)語法學(xué)習(xí)的興趣，又能發(fā)揮他們的主觀能動(dòng)性，起到事半功倍的效果。不足之處：通過這節(jié)語法教學(xué)課，學(xué)生在老師的教導(dǎo)下積極參與到語法知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中，了解并掌握了虛擬語氣的語法項(xiàng)目和規(guī)則，并能完成相關(guān)的語法練習(xí)，靈活運(yùn)用各種虛擬句式和情景進(jìn)行造句，表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)，基本完成教學(xué)任務(wù)，達(dá)到教學(xué)目的。但在具體教學(xué)實(shí)踐中鑒于學(xué)生實(shí)際情況和課堂意外問題的發(fā)生，某些教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)進(jìn)行的不流暢，教學(xué)時(shí)間不夠，教學(xué)質(zhì)量也不能保證。如，學(xué)生由于詞匯量限

23、制，口語表達(dá)不到位。由于課堂時(shí)間有限，無法把虛擬語氣講的更細(xì)致，更系統(tǒng)化。由于課堂容量大，信息傳遞速度快，一些后進(jìn)生無法在短時(shí)間內(nèi)消化吸收語法項(xiàng)目，有待進(jìn)一步輔導(dǎo)。winger tuivasa-sheck, who scored two tries in the kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over england, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee inju

24、ry aggravated against usa.both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but australia have not conceded a try since josh charnleys effort in their first pool match against england on the opening day.aussie winger jarryd hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed

25、by tuivasa-sheck with eight.but it is recently named rugby league international federation player of the year sonny bill williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.the kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the world

26、cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the all blacks in 2011.id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said williams.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for

27、 the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what

28、 his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and d

29、isappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska. baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weather plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground,

30、 conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of moun

31、t everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the balloon will slowly drift to the edge of

32、 space at 120,000 feet ( then, i would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an olympic diving platform.they blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the kiwis in manchester.five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was score