跨文化交際(UNIT-2)完整版

1、 A British tourist got lost in a small town in China. A Chinese couple volunteered to offer their help . And now they are introducing themselves. British tourist: It was so nice to meet you both here. Im Susan Williams. Thank you very much. Chinese couple: Its a pleasure. Im Li Fang, and this is my

2、husband. Welcome to China, Miss Susan. Thank you. British tourist: Mrs. Li. Would both of you like a cup of coffee? Chinese couple: No, thanks. Case analysis Intercultural Communication Unit 2 Culture and Communication Warm Up Please read the story on page 38, then answer the questions: 1. Why was T

3、om considered a rude host by his visitors? 2. How can you explain the fact that Tom is misunderstood when he actually wants to be kind and friendly to the visitors? Reading I Read the article of “What Is Culture” (p39- 43). What can you learn about culture from it? Please answer the questions follow

4、ed: 1. Which of the definitions given above do you prefer? Why? 2. What have you learned from those definitions about culture? 3. Do you agree that our lower needs always have to be satisfied before we can try to satisfy the higher needs? Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory (p41) Reading I 4. What exa

5、mples can you give about how people of different cultures achieve the same ends by taking different roads? 5. What behaviors of ours are born with and what are learned in the cultural environment? 6. What other cultural differences do you know in the way people do things in their everyday life? 7. I

6、n what ways are the Chinese eating habits different from those of the English-speaking countries? Supplement: What is culture? Origins of Culture in English and Chinese “Culture” is a loan word from Latin meaning “cultivating or tilling the land”. It was originally associated with physical activitie

7、s and production of food. Later, its meaning was extended to include mental, moral, aesthetic, educational and intellectual activities. In contemporary English its original meaning is still retained. Supplement: What is culture? Origins of Culture in English and Chinese “文化” is a native word in Chin

8、ese. “文” and “化” were used together in the Warring States. “人文” in “觀乎人文，以化成天下” refers to the interwoven relationships between the monarch and his subjects, fathers and sons, husbands and wives, brothers and friends, and “化” means “changing and/or cultivating”. When used together, “文” and “化” mean “

9、以文教化”. They were combined into one word in Han Dynasty, with its meaning contrasted with “nature” on one hand and “primitiveness” and “savage” on the other hand. So “文化” was originally associated with mental activities. Supplement: What is culture? Definition of Culture in English and Chinese The te

10、rm “culture” does not correspond perfectly with “文化”. For examples:他沒有文化(He is illiterate.) “What really binds men together is their culture- the ideas and the standards they have in common.” R. Benedict Defining Culture from the Intercultural Perspective “Culture is a system of shared beliefs, valu

11、es, customs, behaviours and artifacts that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.” Bates and Plog Supplement: What is culture? There are altogether no less than 250 definitions of culture by scholars from several different fields. Despite so, almost all scholars agree that c

12、ulture has two senses: the broad sense and the narrow sense. A. Culture in its broad sense Culture is the attribute of man, or, whatever distinguishes man from the rest part of the world is culture. Based on this, Prof. Lin Dajin provides a Chinese counterpart definition: 文化是人類區(qū)別于文化是人類區(qū)別于 動物的綜合特征動物的

13、綜合特征. Supplement: What is culture? It may include the following components: Materials man has got to satisfy his needs, including science and technology, such as space shuttles, airplanes, and cars; Social institutions and organizations man has established, including socioeconomic institutions, poli

14、tico-legal institutions, and religious organizations; Knowledge about nature and man himself and artistic development, including various subjects such as mathematics and education, and artistic forms such as literature, painting, music and dance; Language and other communication systems such as gest

15、ures and facial expressions; Customs, habits and behavioral patterns; Value systems, world views, national traits, aesthetic standards and thinking patterns. Supplement: What is culture? Culture in this sense is also called “l(fā)arge C culture” or academic culture or culture with a big C(大寫字母 的文化). Its

16、 culture in general, culture of all nationalities and ethnic groups. But we know there are specific cultures such as Chinese, American and British. According to this sense, specific culture can be defined (by Prof. Lin Dajin) as the comprehensive features that distinguish one group (be it a nation,

17、a race or any section of people) of people from another (一個民族區(qū)別于另一個民族的綜合特征). Supplement: What is culture? Culture in its narrow sense Its called “small c culture” or anthropological culture or culture with a small c (小寫字母的文化). It can be defined as life way of a population, Culture in this sense emph

18、asizes what characterizes the way of life of a people, including components , , , and , with components , , and as the central part. Some scholars are interested in “l(fā)arge C culture” while others in “small c culture”, depending on the purpose of investigation. We shall focus on culture in its narrow

19、 sense. Sharing Knowledge (p45-48) Read the article on page 45-48. From this article, we can learn there are three characteristics of culture coherent, learned, the view of a group of people; and there are three things culture does culture ranks what is important (or cultures teach values or priorit

20、ies), culture furnishes attitudes, and culture dictates how to behave. Sharing Knowledge (p45-48) Culture is what we share with some but not with all other people; it is common to people belonging to a certain group or category, but different from people belonging to other groups or categories. In o

21、ur life, culture is everywhere and determines how we usually behave. It includes the language in which we express ourselves, the way we raise our children, the deference we show to our elders, the physical distance from other people we maintain in order to feel comfortable, and the way we perceive g

22、eneral human activities such as eating, making love, having a conversation, forming a friendship with someone, etc. and the ceremonials surrounding them. Properties of Culture It is human specific. It is a social phenomenon (contrast between society and nature). It is the embodiment of human knowled

23、ge, skill and cooperative labor. It is a national phenomenon for each nation has its own culture. It is a historical phenomenon. Each culture has some history and each generation contributes to it. But culture wont necessarily remain the same. It is general and abstract. Fill-in Task (p 44-45) Cultu

24、re can be viewed as an iceberg. Nine- tenths of an iceberg is out of sight. The part of the cultural iceberg that is above the water is easy to be noticed. The other part that is hidden below the water and is outside of conscious awareness. It is sometimes called “deep culture”. But what are the thi

25、ngs in a culture that can be said to be above or below the water within or out of our awareness? The Structure of Culture The Structure of Culture Reading II Decide whether the following are examples of communications or not? Why? 1)You complain to your instructor about your course credits through t

26、elephone. 2) Two blind people exchange ideas in Braille. 3) A German businessman negotiates, through an interpreter, with his Chinese counterpart. 4) A farmer gives instructions to his ploughing cow. 5) A programmer issues commands to a computer. 6) Tom talks to himself while flourishing his toy gun

27、. 7) You send an e-mail message to an American friend. 8) Jane lies in bed reading a novel. Reading II The Basics of Communication: Communication occurs if: 1. two or more people; 2. contact; 3. a shared language; 4. an exchange of information. Reading II Read the article of “Elements of Communicati

28、on”. What are the elements of communication? 1. Context: four aspects (the physical setting, historical aspect, psychological aspect, culture aspect) 2. Participants: three variables (relationship, gender, culture) 3. Messages: meanings, symbols, encoding and decoding. 4. Channels: the method used t

29、o deliver a message (sound, sight, smell, taste, touch, or any combination of these) 5. Noise (干擾): a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise, internal noise and semantic noise. Noise is inevitable. 6. Feedback: the response of a receiver to a sen

30、ders message Supplement: What Is Communication? There are altogether 126 definitions of communication. Among them the most accepted one defined by L. A. Samovar, et al. Definition: “Communication may be defined as that which happens whenever someone responds to the behavior or the residue of the beh

31、avior of another person.” - L. A. Samovar, et al Supplement: What Is Communication? A few key points about this definition: The behavior includes verbal behavior and non-verbal behavior. For example, you meet an acquaintance in the street. You smile and nod to each other without uttering a word. The

32、n your behavior is non-verbal, and your communication is also non-verbal. So according to this, communication can be divided into verbal communication and non- verbal communication. Supplement: What Is Communication? As to the meaning of “behavior residue, here is an example. You leave a note before

33、 you go out, and your roommate sees it when coming back and will make certain response. Then this note is your behavior residue. In this case, whether your roommate does something about or just ignores the note, as long as he receives the note, communication happens, but it is non- simultaneous. The

34、refore, communication can also be divided into simultaneous communication and non-simultaneous communication. Supplement: What Is Communication? A behavior, whether intentional or unintentional, conscious or unconscious, once is received, communication occurs. For example, when you are giving a spee

35、ch, you may blush (unintentional) or repeat the same movement (unconscious), which gives your audience a message that you are nervous. Feedback is not a prerequisite of communication. So there may be one-way communication. Hu Wenzhong of Beijing Foreign Studies University once said translation is in

36、 fact a kind of (intercultural) communication, because when one is translating, one is in fact communication interculturally with the writer of the original work. In deed, written translation is in most cases one-way communication. Communication Types based on symbols used: verbal and non-verbal bas

37、ed on media: direct and indirect based on feedback: two-way and one-way based on numbers of the sources and responders: one/group-to-one and one/group-to-group based on set responder: directed and non-directed based on the sources intention: intentional and unintentional based on the responders acti

38、veness: active and passive based on time: simultaneous and non-simultaneous Characteristics of Communication Communication is symbolic (象征的,符號的). Communication is interpretive (闡釋的,解釋 的). Communication is transactional (相互作用的). Communication is contextual (與語境有關 的). Communication is a process. Commu

39、nication involves shared meanings. Essentials of Human Communication (p68-73) Communication is dynamic. It is an on-going, ever- changing activity. We are sure to be influenced by others message, whether gradually or radically. Communication is symbolic: Symbols are central to the communication proc

40、ess because they represent the shared meanings that are communicated. A symbol is a word, action, or object that stands for or represents a unit of meaning. Peoples behaviors are frequently interpreted symbolically, as an external representation of feelings, emotions, and internal states. Essentials

41、 of Human Communication (p68-73) Communication is systemic: Communication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a larger system. We send and receive messages not in isolation, but in a specific setting. Setting and environment help determine the words and actions we gener

42、ate. Dress, language, topic selection, and the like are all adapted to context. It involves making inferences. It has a consequence. Communication is complex. Matching Task (p57) Match each of what the first speaker says on the left with what the second speaker says on the right to form a dialogue t

43、hat will make sense, and then decide what is possibly meant by the second speaker in the dialogue. 1 J2 F 3 A 4 G 5 I 6 H7 B8 C9 D10 E Identifying Difference (p58) Read the passage of “Communicating or Communicating Effectively” and try to explain why we sometimes find it very difficult to communica

44、te effectively with others, and then suggest what we can do about it. Identifying Difference (p58) There are many factors that will probably contribute to ineffective communication. Linguistically, ones familiarity with the language used in terms of pronunciation, vocabulary, sentence patterns, etc.

45、 will to a large extent determine whether or not one can communicate effectively with the other. Culturally, ones knowledge of the people with whom one is communicating will also decide how effectively one can communicate with them. While communicating with someone who is culturally different, knowi

46、ng much about the persons speech habits, modes of thinking and social customs will surely increase the possibility of mutual understanding. Identifying Difference (p58) One more thing that we should pay attention to is that people are inclined to look at issues from their own point of view, and ther

47、efore, they usually attach very different meanings to (or interpret) messages that they transmit to the other or receive from other. This will, more often than not, lead to misunderstanding in communication. If we want to improve our communication with others, we have to improve our mastery of the l

48、anguage(s) used for communication, to learn more about others and their culture(s), and to enhance our awareness of differences existing between people from various cultural backgrounds. It is also hopefully advised that we should try to put aside all the biases originally rooted in our minds toward

49、 others who may be so culturally different from us and to show proper respect for their cultures no matter how strange they may appear to us. Case Study Case 5 (Page 60) In China, it is often not polite to accept a first offer and Heping was being modest, polite and well-behaved and had every intent

50、ion of accepting the beer at the second or third offer. But North American rules firmly say that you do not push alcoholic beverages on anyone. A person may not drink for religious reasons, he may be a reformed alcoholic, or he may be allergic. Whatever the reason, you do not insist on offering alco

51、hol. However, there are always individual differences between people from even the same culture. Probably this young Chinese nurse may have known something about the American cultural rules and was just trying to behave like an American when she was in an American family. Case Study Case 6 (Page 61) When a speaker says something to a hearer, there are at least three kinds of meanings involved: utterance meaning, speakers meaning and hearers meaning. In the dialogue, when Litz said “How long is she going to stay?” she meant to say that if she knew how long her mother-in