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1、第一篇 中考必備語(yǔ)法第一章 名詞二、考點(diǎn)跟蹤解讀 1了解名詞的概念及分類。2掌握名詞復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成及用法。3熟悉名詞所有格的構(gòu)成及用法。4理解名詞在句中的功能,初步掌握名詞作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)的用法。5能夠辨析部分名詞的用法,區(qū)別并熟練運(yùn)用,如home, house, family等。三、要點(diǎn)精講全解 (一)名詞的分類 1專有名詞:表示個(gè)別的人、地、物、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等的專用名稱。專有名詞中實(shí)詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫(xiě)。如:beijing, tom。由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞,前面一般加定冠詞the(表節(jié)日的詞除外),并大寫(xiě)其實(shí)詞的首字母。如:the great wall (長(zhǎng)城)

2、,the peoples republic of china(中華人民共和國(guó))。2普通名詞:表示一類人或東西或是一個(gè)抽象概念的名稱, 如:pupil, family, man, foot??煞譃榭蓴?shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。種類定義例詞普通名詞可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞表示某類人或物中的個(gè)體boy, house集體名詞表示有若干個(gè)體組成的集合體family, police不可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的物質(zhì)、材料air, water抽象名詞表示人或事物的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象的概念work, education可數(shù)名詞:是可以用簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞,如: box, child, orange;不可

3、數(shù)名詞:不能用表示具體數(shù)量的詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞。如:water, news, population, information .可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞區(qū)別:(1) 數(shù)的區(qū)別:可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)之分。如:apple-apples蘋果; cake-cakes蛋糕;不可數(shù)名詞沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式,一般視為第三人稱單數(shù)。如: tea茶,milk牛奶,water水。(2) 量的區(qū)別:可數(shù)名詞可用a(n)及數(shù)詞連用。如:a book 一本書(shū), many restaurants很多餐館;不可數(shù)名詞不能與a(n)及數(shù)詞連用,但可與表示不確切數(shù)量的詞,特別是of短語(yǔ)連用。如:a piece of paper一張紙,two

4、 cups of tea兩杯茶。(3) 修飾詞的差異:可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞前都可用all, some, any, a lot of, enough, plenty of等來(lái)修飾。但只能修飾可數(shù)名詞有many, a few,a number of, 等。只能修飾不可數(shù)名詞的有much, a little, a bit of等。如:there is some white wine. 有一些白酒。there are some flowers in the vase. 花瓶里有一些花。how much fish do you want? 你要多少魚(yú)?how many people are there?

5、 有多少人?(二)可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)英語(yǔ)可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。1名詞由單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)的基本方法如下:(1)一般情況下在名詞詞尾加-s。如:map maps, boy boys, horse horses, table tables.(2)以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的詞加-es.如:busbuses, classclasses, boxboxes, dishdishes, brushbrushes, matchmatches, beachbeaches.(3)以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的,變y為i,再加-es。如:familyfamilies, citycities, partyparties.

6、但以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式只加s,如:boyboys, toytoys, daydays。(4)以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞,變f或fe為v,再加-es。如: leafleaves, thief-thieves, halfhalves, lifelives, knifeknives.【注】(1)以o結(jié)尾的詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)有的在名字詞尾加-es。在初中學(xué)過(guò)的有“一個(gè)人,兩個(gè)菜”。即:heroheroes, tomaototomatoes, potatopotatoes;其它的一般在名詞詞尾只加s。如:photophotos, pianopianos, zoozoos,radioradios.(2)

7、以ch結(jié)尾的名詞,復(fù)數(shù)多數(shù)加-es,但ch發(fā)k時(shí),復(fù)數(shù)加-s。如:stomachstomach(3)復(fù)數(shù)詞尾s(或es)的讀音方法如下:情況讀法例詞在清輔音后scups,hats,cakes在濁輔音或元音后zdogs,cities,knives sz等后zglasses,pages,oranges,buses,watches,faces2不規(guī)則變化:(1)變?cè)糇帜浮H纾簃anmen, womanwomen, policemanpolicemen,toothteeth, goosegeese,footfeet, mousemice (2)單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同的。chinesechinese, jap

8、anesejapanese, ,sheepsheep, deerdeer.(3)childchildren請(qǐng)記住“男人女人變一個(gè),牙齒鵝腳變兩個(gè),孩子后面加三個(gè),中日綿羊鹿不變”。(三)名詞所有格在英語(yǔ)中,名詞在句中表示所屬關(guān)系的語(yǔ)法形式,叫做名詞所有格。名詞所有格的構(gòu)成主要有兩種形式。一是由名詞加s構(gòu)成;二是由of名詞。1s所有格表示有生命東西的,特別是人的,采用名詞詞尾加-s的方法: (1)以-s結(jié)尾的名詞復(fù)數(shù),詞尾加 “”,如:teachers office 教師辦公室,teachers day 教師節(jié)(2)不是以s結(jié)尾的名詞,詞尾加-s。如:womens day 婦女節(jié), jacks

9、family 杰克的家庭2of所有格表示無(wú)生命東西的名詞,常用“of名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。如:a map of china一張中國(guó)地圖,the gates of school 學(xué)校門口3雙重所有格 物主代詞不可與 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等詞一起前置,修飾一個(gè)名詞,而必須用雙重所有格。其構(gòu)成形式是:a, an, this, that +名詞+of +名詞性物主代詞。如: a friend of mine 我的一個(gè)朋友,several cousins

10、of marys 瑪麗的幾個(gè)表兄妹. 4特殊所有格 一樣?xùn)|西,兩人共有,則后一個(gè)人名用所有格;各自有,每個(gè)名詞都用所有格,且其后名詞應(yīng)為復(fù)數(shù)。如: the woman is mary and alices mother.那個(gè)婦女是瑪麗和愛(ài)麗絲的母親。 you should find what the difference between mr smiths and mr. blacks cars is.你應(yīng)當(dāng)發(fā)現(xiàn)史密斯先生與布萊克先生的汽車的不同之處?!咀ⅰ勘硎緯r(shí)間、距離、國(guó)家、城市、團(tuán)體等無(wú)生命的的名詞也可用s構(gòu)成名詞所有格。如:todays newspaper今天的報(bào)紙,five minu

11、tes walk 五分鐘的路程,chinas open-door policy中國(guó)的開(kāi)放政策(四)名詞的句法作用1作主語(yǔ)。there is a bird singing in the tree. 樹(shù)上一只小鳥(niǎo)在唱歌。2作表語(yǔ)。he is a worker.他是工人。3作賓語(yǔ)。i want an apple.我要蘋果。4作賓補(bǔ)。the students chose tom monitor.同學(xué)們選湯姆為班長(zhǎng)。5作同位語(yǔ)。this is mr. zhou, director of our hospital.這位是周先生,我們醫(yī)院的院長(zhǎng)。6作定語(yǔ)。there are a lot of banana

12、trees on the island.島上有許多香蕉樹(shù)。【注】1名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要在人稱和數(shù)上和主語(yǔ)保持一致。2名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),一般不用復(fù)數(shù)形式,但man, woman作定語(yǔ)時(shí),隨其所修飾的名詞的數(shù)而變化。 an apple tree apple trees, a man doctor men doctors 四、思維誤區(qū)警示(一)可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞【例題解析】1.(湖北黃岡)good morning, madam. can i help you?sure, id like _ for cooking vegetables.a. two cups of tea b. three pie

13、ces of breadc. a bowl of dumplings d. five kilos of oil答案: d。該題考查不可數(shù)名詞的用法。聯(lián)系下文可知答案。2.(吉林通化)we need to come up with a/an _ and make a decision at once.a. information b. advicec. idea d. news 答案:c。能與a/an連用的是可數(shù)名詞,上述選項(xiàng)中只有idea是可數(shù)名詞。3. (河北)would you like some drinks, boys? yes, , please.a. some oranges b.

14、 two boxes of chocolates c. some cakes d. two bottles of orange答案:d。 orange是不可數(shù)名詞??捎谩皵?shù)詞或冠詞量詞of不可數(shù)名詞”這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示它的數(shù)量。量詞(piece, bottle, glass, pair, cup等)是可數(shù)名詞,可根據(jù)情況用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù),但of后面的名詞只能用單數(shù)?!疽族e(cuò)知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析】這類試題要求考生區(qū)分可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞以及修飾可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞的常用詞語(yǔ),并掌握將可數(shù)名詞由單數(shù)形式變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式的基本方法,以及一些不規(guī)則名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。(二)名詞所有格【例題解析】1. (河北)this is

15、_ bedroom. the twin sisters like it very much. a. anne and jane b. annes and janesc. annes and jane d. anne and janes 答案:d。該題考查并列名詞的所有格。兩人共有一個(gè)房間時(shí),只在后面的名詞后加s.2.(山東東營(yíng))shanghai world expo(世博會(huì)) will open a time.a. in; years b. after; years c. in; years d. after; years 答案:c。與一般將來(lái)時(shí)連用的是“in一段時(shí)間”,以-s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞的

16、名詞所有格應(yīng)在名詞后加。3. (浙江寧波)excuse me, is the supermarket far from here? no, its about _. a. 7 minutes walk b. 7 minute walk c. 7 minutes walk d. 7 minutes walk答案:c。本題考查名詞所有格用法。當(dāng)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)以-s結(jié)尾時(shí),則只需要加“”即可,則“7分鐘的距離”為“7 minutes walk”。【易錯(cuò)知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析】表示有生命的名詞和表示時(shí)間、距離等名詞的所有格,采用詞尾加 “-s”的形式。但以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,只需在詞尾加 “-”。 as and bs表

17、示兩者分別有, 如:johns and marys rooms(約翰和瑪麗各有一間,共兩間)。而a and bs表示兩者共有如:john and marys room(約翰和瑪麗共有一間);tom and marys mother(即tom與mary是兄妹)。(三)名詞作定語(yǔ)【例題解析】1. (湖北孝感)there are three_ assistants in that_ shop. a. women; shoe b. woman; shoe c. woman; shoes d. women; shoes 答案:a。本題主要考查名詞作定語(yǔ)的用法。名詞作定語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)形式,但man 和wom

18、an除外。2. (江蘇無(wú)錫)_the teachers in their school is about 200 and one fourth of them are_teachers. a. a number of; women b. a number of; woman c. the number of; women d. the number of; women 答案:c。本題主要考查woman作定語(yǔ)的用法和a number of和the number of的區(qū)別。3.(重慶)if im free, id like to spend _holiday in the country. a.

19、 a two-day b. two days c. two-day d. two days 答案:a。名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),用單數(shù)。a two-day holiday,也可替換為two days holidays.【易錯(cuò)知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析】名詞作定語(yǔ)修飾主體名詞時(shí),常用單數(shù)形式。如:apple trees。但man, woman作定語(yǔ)時(shí),若被修飾詞用復(fù)數(shù), man 和 woman 也要變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。如 women nurses。 數(shù)詞+名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式,中間加連字符。如: an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk。(四)詞義辨析【例題解析】1.(南京)tom r

20、egards nanjing as his second_ because he has been here for over ten years. a. family b. room c. house d. home 答案:d。本題主要考查以上四個(gè)近義詞的區(qū)別。family指“家庭、家庭成員”; house是“房屋、住宅”。home是“家”,主要指一個(gè)人出生或居住的地方;room是“房間”的意思。 2. (河南省)when i hurriedly got to the airport, the lady at the window told me that there were no _ l

21、eft on that plane. a. placesb. seatsc. spaced. room答案:d。從were可知,后面名詞是復(fù)數(shù)形式。a、d是不可數(shù)名詞,而a不合題意。room可當(dāng)不可數(shù)名詞“空間”講。3.(遼寧)could you send me_to tell me something about your visit in america?a. a ticket b. an e-mail c. a tv set d. a watch 答案:b。發(fā)送的應(yīng)該是電子郵件?!疽族e(cuò)知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析】這類試題主要考查一些語(yǔ)義相近而極易混淆的名詞考生在平時(shí)要注意積累,掌握一些常見(jiàn)易混名詞的用法

22、區(qū)別,如: family, home, room, house; problem, question; match, game等 (五)固定搭配【例題解析】1.(江蘇鹽城)sorry, jane. i took your school bag by_. it doesnt matter. a. hand b. mistake c. bike d. heart答案:b. 本題考查固定搭配by mistake “錯(cuò)誤的”。2. (大連)we should have_ in ourselves and we will make it if we have a try. a. success b. c

23、onfidence c. progress d. knowledge 答案:b。本題考查 have confidence in oneself “相信自己”?!疽族e(cuò)知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析】這類試題主要考查考生對(duì)一些含有名詞的固定短語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成和意義的掌握情況,這就要求考生在日常的學(xué)習(xí)中熟記一些固定短語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)和意義。【中考演練】i.根據(jù)句意和詞首字母, 用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1. he hurt himself in the car a _last year.2. whats your e-mail a_?its gina . 3. you must pay a_ to your handwriting.

24、4. the c clicked and their picture was taken.5. kate is mrs greens d_. mrs green is her mother. 6. my father has made a d _to give up smoking.7. i cant go to school today because my mother is ill in h_.8. how many m _are there in a year? there are twelve. 9. how far is it from here? its about ten m

25、_walk. 10. whats your h_? i like singing best.ii.根據(jù)英語(yǔ)或漢語(yǔ)提示完成下面英語(yǔ)句子。1. the five _ (german) have been to the great wall twice. 2. would you like some _ (tomato)?3. mr smith has three _ (child). 4. i have some new _ (information) for you. 5. we go to school on _ (foot) every day. 6. the (地理)teacher fix

26、ed the map on the blackboard.7. the (人口)of this country rose by 10 percent.8. the boy cant look after himself. he only has two_(牙齒).9.you must read the (說(shuō)明)before you take the medicine.10. how many_(郵票)have you collected so far? more than 200. iii.用方框內(nèi)所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。message exercise story success knife

27、 safe language illness surprise leaf1.what are the _used for? they are used for cutting things. 2. english is one of the most important _in the world.3. in spring the _on the tree turn green. 4. tom isnt in. can i take a _for you?5. we often do morning _ in our school.6. the children were led to a p

28、lace of .7. my mother often told me _when i was young.8. to work hard brings _.9. to my _, he has passed the exam. 10. he didnt go to work because of his_.iv. 用方框內(nèi)所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。film parent dream job money wang baoqiang was born in a country of hebei province in 1984. his 1 are both farmers. when he wa

29、s 8 years old, he went to shaolin temple to study chinese kungfu. when he was 14 years old, he went to beijing with the 2 of being a kungfu star. he did many kinds of 3 at that time. he was always hungry because he did not earn enough 4 . he did not even return home for two years. although he had ma

30、ny difficulties, he did not give up and went on to look for chances, to realize his dream. at last he got a part in the 5 a world without thieves directed by the famous director feng xiaogang. since then, he has become known to many people. then after the soldiers sortie, he became more famous than

31、ever before, but he is working hard.第一章 名詞i. 1.accident 2. address 3. attention 4. camera 5. daughter 6. decision 7. hospital 8. months 9. minutes 10. hobbyii. 1. germans 2. tomatoes 3. children 4. information 5. foot 6. geography 7. population 8. teeth 9. instruction(s) 10.stampsiii. 1. knives 2. l

32、anguages 3.leaves 4. message 5.exercises 6. safety 7. stories 8.success 9. surprise 10. illnessiv. 1. parents 2. dream 3. jobs 4. money 5. film 第二章 代詞二、考點(diǎn)跟蹤解讀 1. 人稱代詞主格、賓格形式及其主要用法;2. 名詞性物主代詞與形容詞性物主代詞的形式、區(qū)別及其主要用法;3 反身代詞的形式、意義及其主要用法;4 常見(jiàn)不定代詞的一般用法;5. 指示代詞的一般用法,并了解其在上下文中的指代用法;6. 相互代詞的基本用法;7. 疑問(wèn)代詞的基本用法。8

33、. 關(guān)系代詞的基本用法。三、要點(diǎn)精講全解(一)人稱代詞人稱代詞是表示“我、我們”,“你、你們”,“他、她、它、他們”的詞。它有第一、二、三人稱,單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)之分,還有主格和賓格之別。第三人稱還有性別的區(qū)別。1.人稱代詞的形式單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)人稱第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱主格iyouhesheitweyouthey賓格meyouhimheritusyouthem2 人稱代詞的句法功能(1)作主語(yǔ)。人稱代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),要用主格。如:she is a nurse.她是護(hù)士。they are english teachers. 他們是英語(yǔ)教師。(2)作賓語(yǔ)。人稱代詞的賓格可用在動(dòng)詞或介詞后作

34、賓語(yǔ)。 如:she helped me with my english yesterday. 昨天她幫助我學(xué)英語(yǔ)了。dont worry. mrs green is taking care of them. 不要擔(dān)心,格林夫人在照看他們。(3)作表語(yǔ)。人稱代詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)一般用賓格形式,但在比較正式的場(chǎng)合也可用主格。 如:whos that? 誰(shuí)??? its me. 是我?!咀ⅰ坎煌娜朔Q在一起使用時(shí),單數(shù)人稱代詞通常按照“二、三、一”排列,復(fù)數(shù)人稱代詞通常按照“一、二、三”排列。如:you, she and i are good friends.你、她和我是好朋友。we, you and the

35、y have been to the great wall. 我們、你們和他們都去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城。(二)物主代詞物主代詞是表示所屬關(guān)系的代詞。分為形容性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞。1.物主代詞的形式單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)人稱一二三一二三形容性物主代詞myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名詞性物主代詞mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs2物主代詞的用法(1)形容性物主代詞在句中作定語(yǔ),修飾名詞;如:our school is not far from here.我們學(xué)校離這里不遠(yuǎn)。my teacher is friendly to me. 我的老師對(duì)我很友好。(2)名詞

36、性物主代詞在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ),不能作定語(yǔ)。如:this is my book. yours is on the desk. 這是我的書(shū),你的在桌子上。(作主語(yǔ))my bike is broken. may i use yours? 我的自行車壞了,我可以用一下你的嗎?(作賓語(yǔ))look at the watch on the desk. maybe its yours. 看桌子的那塊手表,也許是你的。(作表語(yǔ))【注】常見(jiàn)的含物主代詞的短語(yǔ)有:on ones way home, do ones homework, with ones help, to ones surprise, do

37、ones best, all ones life, change ones mind等。(三)指示代詞表示“這個(gè)”,“那個(gè)”,“這些”,“那些”等意思的代詞叫做指示代詞1指示代詞的形式單數(shù)thisthat復(fù)數(shù)thesethose作用用于指離說(shuō)話者所在地較近處用于指離說(shuō)話者所在地較遠(yuǎn)處2指示代詞的用法(1)指示代詞在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)。如:this is a car, and thats a bike. 這是汽車,那是自行車。(作主語(yǔ))how do you like this? 你覺(jué)得這個(gè)怎么樣?(作賓語(yǔ))what you want is that, i know.我知道你想要的是

38、那個(gè)。(作表語(yǔ))this magazine is about chinese development.這本雜志是關(guān)于中國(guó)發(fā)展的。(作定語(yǔ))(2)打電話時(shí),常用that代替you,用this代替i。如: is that mr green speaking? 您是格林先生嗎? yes. whos that? 是的,你是哪位?this is helen. 我是海倫。(四)反身代詞反身代詞是一種表示反射或強(qiáng)調(diào)的代詞。它的基本含義是:通過(guò)反身代詞指代主語(yǔ),使施動(dòng)者把動(dòng)作在形式上反射到施動(dòng)者自己。因此,反身代詞與它所指代的名詞或代詞形成互指關(guān)系,在人稱、性、數(shù)上保持一致。1. 反身代詞的基本形式。 第一、

39、二人稱是由形容性物主代詞加self或selves構(gòu)成的,第三人稱是人稱代詞的賓格加self或selves構(gòu)成的。如下表: 數(shù) 人稱 單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)第一人稱myselfourselves第二人稱yourselfyourselves第三人稱himselfthemselvesherselfitself2. 反身代詞的句法功能(1) 作動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ):在enjoy, teach, hurt, cut, buy, introduce, dress,等動(dòng)詞和by, for, to, of等介詞后作賓語(yǔ)。如:he is teaching herself english.她在自學(xué)英語(yǔ)。she was talkin

40、g to herself.她自言自語(yǔ)。he lives by himself in the country.他獨(dú)自住在鄉(xiāng)下。(2)作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ):主要起加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣的作用,譯作“親自,本身,本人”。如:did you make the cake yourself? 這蛋糕是你親自做的嗎?(yourself作主語(yǔ)you的同位語(yǔ))the work itself is easy.這工作本身很容易。(itself作主語(yǔ)the work的同位語(yǔ))(3)用作表語(yǔ)。如結(jié)構(gòu)be oneself.例如: i am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。(4)用于一些簡(jiǎn)短的會(huì)話用語(yǔ)或固定說(shuō)法中。如:

41、help yourself to some cakes! 請(qǐng)隨便吃蛋糕吧! make yourself at home! 別客氣?。ㄎ澹┎欢ù~不定代詞是用來(lái)泛指人或事物的代詞,大多數(shù)兼有名詞和形容詞的功能。初中英語(yǔ)中常見(jiàn)的不定代詞有: some, any, each, every, no, none, all, both, many, much, a lot of, lots of, another, other(s), (a) few, (a) little, one(s), neither, either以及由some, no, any, every 構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞。1. some, an

42、y some和any既可修飾可和可數(shù)名詞,也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞。some一般用于肯定句中, 而any一般用于否定句、疑問(wèn)句或條件從句中。如:there are some flowers on the desk, but there isnt any chalk.桌子上有些花,但是沒(méi)有粉筆。if there are any new magazines in the library, take some for me.如果圖書(shū)館來(lái)了新雜志,替我借幾本。注意:some 也可用于表示請(qǐng)求,希望得到對(duì)方肯定回答的疑問(wèn)句中。如: would you please give me some paper?請(qǐng)你給

43、我一些紙張好嗎?2. many, much, a lot of,(1)修飾的名詞不同。many用來(lái)修飾可數(shù)名詞,much用來(lái)修飾不可數(shù)名詞,a lot of 既可修飾可數(shù)名詞,也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞a lot of 短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),動(dòng)詞要a lot of后面的名詞一致。(2)所用的句式不同。many和much在使用時(shí)不受句式限制,可用于肯定句中,也可用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句中。a lot of多用在肯定句中,在否定句中要把 a lot of 變?yōu)閙any 或much。there isnt much milk in the bottle. 在瓶子里沒(méi)有多少牛奶了。3. (a)few, (a)littlea

44、few 一些,少數(shù)幾個(gè)few 幾乎沒(méi)有用來(lái)修飾可數(shù)名詞a little 一點(diǎn)little幾乎沒(méi)有用來(lái)修飾不可數(shù)名詞表示肯定表示否定he made a few mistakes in his exam paper. 他在試卷上犯了幾個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。the problem is so difficult that few of us can solve it. 這道題太難了,以至于我們中幾乎沒(méi)有人能解出來(lái)。there is a little water in the bottle. 瓶子里幾乎沒(méi)有水, i have little money to buy books. 我?guī)缀鯖](méi)有錢買書(shū)。4. each,

45、everyeach 強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體,表示兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上中的“每一個(gè)”,在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。every 強(qiáng)調(diào)整體,表示三者或三者以上中的“每一個(gè)”,只能作定語(yǔ)。 如:there are trees and flowers on each side of the road. 在路的兩邊有許多樹(shù)和花。every student in our class works hard. 在我們班里的每個(gè)學(xué)生都努力學(xué)習(xí)。5. another, other, others, the other, the others, any other, else(1) another泛指三者或三者以上中的“另外一個(gè)

46、”,泛指單數(shù)。可單獨(dú)使用,也可后接名詞。如果其后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞,則表示“又、再、還”。如:i dont like this one. please show me another. 我不喜歡這一個(gè),請(qǐng)給我拿另一個(gè)。where shall we be in another ten years? 再過(guò)十年我們會(huì)在哪里呢?(2)other可用作形容詞或代詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式others。other和others 前面加定冠詞the時(shí)是特指。要注意以下幾種結(jié)構(gòu)的不同含義。onethe other “(兩個(gè)中的)一個(gè)另一個(gè)”someothers“一些另一些”some the others “一些 其余的”othe

47、r前有this, that, some, any, each, every等修飾時(shí),表示單數(shù)概念,指代或修飾單數(shù)名詞。如:he is taller than any other student in his class, 他比班上的任何同學(xué)都高。(3)else 常用來(lái)修飾疑問(wèn)代詞或不定代詞,作后置定語(yǔ); other 常用來(lái)修飾名詞,作前置定語(yǔ)。what else can you see in the picture? 在圖畫(huà)里你還能看見(jiàn)什么?what other things do you like? 你還喜歡什么東西?6. both, neither, either both 表示“兩方的”

48、指兩者的雙方,其謂語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù);either 表示“(兩者之間)任意, 每一”指兩者之間的任意一方,即兼指兩者,謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。 not.either =neither,也是both 的否定形式。 both of them are engineers.他們倆都是工程師。待添加的隱藏文字內(nèi)容1 either of them is an engineer.他們中哪一個(gè)都是工程師。 i dont know either of them=i know neither of them.他們倆我都不認(rèn)識(shí)。 盡管both和either 表達(dá)的意義相近, 但有時(shí)不可互換。 it will be a good matc

49、h. both sides have(either side has)been playing well recently. 這將是一場(chǎng)精彩的比賽, 因?yàn)殡p方最近競(jìng)技狀態(tài)都很好。 if you keep still, you can sit at either end of the boat.(不可換成both ends) 如果你坐著不動(dòng),那你可以坐在小船的任意一邊。7. all, both, either, whole(1) all表示“三者,三者以上都”both表示“兩者都”。all與both在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ),在句中位于be動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞之后,實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前。對(duì)a

50、ll的否定應(yīng)用none。對(duì)both的否定應(yīng)neither。 如:both(ofthem)arestudents.他們兩個(gè)都是學(xué)生。the students all went to the movies last night. 昨天晚上學(xué)生都去看電影了。(2)all與whole都有“整個(gè) ”“全部的”之含義。一般來(lái)講, all可以修飾各類名詞,要置于冠詞、物主代詞或其它限定詞之前。 而whole 只能修飾具有整體意義的單數(shù)名詞,要置于這些限定詞之后。 all my life/ my whole life 我的一生all the story/ the whole story 整個(gè)故事(3)eith

51、er, “(兩者之中)任一、任何一個(gè)”。在句中可作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式,;作定語(yǔ)時(shí),只能修飾單數(shù)名詞。如: either (of the books) is popular with the students. (兩本書(shū))隨便哪一本都受到同學(xué)們的歡迎。you can park on either side of the street. 在街道的哪邊停車都可以。8.復(fù)合不定代詞(1) some, any, no, every和body, thing, one等構(gòu)成的詞,叫復(fù)合不定代詞。含some 和any的復(fù)合不定代詞類似于some和any的區(qū)別,帶some的一般用于肯定句,帶any的一般用

52、于否定句或疑問(wèn)句中。含no的本身表示否定。如:i have something to do this evening今天晚上我有事要做。can i do anything for you? 我能為你做點(diǎn)什么嗎?(2)復(fù)合不定代詞在句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用動(dòng)詞的第三人稱單數(shù)。 everyone is here today. 今天大家都到齊了。(3)形容詞修飾復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí),應(yīng)后置。如: i have something interesting to tell you我有些有趣的事情告訴你。四、思維誤區(qū)警示(一)人稱代詞【例題解析】(1)(北京海淀)my mother is a teacher.

53、 _is very kind and easygoing.a. he b. her c. she d. him答案:c??疾槿朔Q代詞主格的用法。根據(jù)my mother,排除 a 和d項(xiàng)。作主語(yǔ)用人稱代詞的主格,不能用賓格d。(2)(吉林通化)look, thats mike, your classmate. yes. lets go and say hello to _. a. himb. he c. her d. hers答案: a。本題考查人稱代詞的賓格。用在介詞to后用賓格。根據(jù)mike,排除c、d?!疽族e(cuò)知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析】人稱代詞有主格和賓格之分。作主語(yǔ)時(shí),要特別注意主謂一致,作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),要用在動(dòng)詞或介詞之后。(二)物主代詞 【例

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