從文化差異的角度談英漢翻譯中

1、從文化差異的角度談英漢翻譯中詞義的確立皮方於1.中英文化部分重疊情況下詞義的確立.2.中英文化空缺情況下詞義的確立.3.中英文化沖突情況下詞義的確立.4.exercises.中英文化部分重疊情況下詞義的確立翻譯作為語際交流,他不僅僅是語言的轉(zhuǎn)換過程,而且也是文化移植的過程.王佐良先生曾經(jīng)說過:翻譯的最大困難是兩種文化的不同.因此,解決好翻譯中文化差異的問題是保證譯作成功的關(guān)鍵.跨文化交際過程中,兩種語言體系所承載的文化特征主要表現(xiàn)為完全重疊,部分重疊,文化空缺甚至是文化沖突.而負載文化的語言形式既是多層次的(音,詞,句,篇),同時又是多方位的(內(nèi)涵,風(fēng)格,情感,聯(lián)想).下面我們主要從詞匯層面上

2、粗略地討論英漢兩種文化差異是如何制約翻譯過程中詞義的選擇的.在翻譯的實踐中,全句,全文乃至全書都譯錯的情況是很少見的.而翻譯的錯誤常常出現(xiàn)在詞義的選擇上.因為恰如其分地確立源語的一個詞語的意義,并不總是輕而易舉的.他可能涉及到許多因素.比如詞義的褒貶,概念的虛實,所指的抽象和具體以及修辭,語體和風(fēng)格等.而這些因素取決于一個民族的生活習(xí)慣,思維特征和語言規(guī)律.golden age/show ones cards/to turn over a new leaf/he laughs best who laughs last/necessity is the mother of invention/w

3、e never know the worth of water till the well is dry/sing different songs on different mountains/so long as i remain a bonze,i go on tolling the bell/all crows are equally black,and all wolves eat meat/without stepping outside his gate,the scholar know all the wide worlds affairs/a long road tests a

4、 horses strength and a long task proves a mans heart/burn ones boats/walls have ears/go through fire and water/man proposes,and god disposes/plain sailing/fish in troubled waters/pour cold water over(on)/know something like the palm or back of ones hand/constant dripping wears the stone/a thorn in t

5、he flesh/facts speak louder than words一,中英文化部分重疊情況下詞義的確立語言既是人類交流思想的工具,也是人類主觀世界反客觀世界的媒體.翻譯是譯者對作者所認識事物的再認識和再表達.這種再認識和再表達常常是從不同角度按照譯語民族的習(xí)慣方式進行的.所以,譯作中出現(xiàn)與原語表達的不同是在所難免的.源,譯語中的詞語不同,其文化內(nèi)涵也不同,從而反應(yīng)出兩個民族認識事物的思維方式,角度,習(xí)慣的差異.1.所指相同或相似,習(xí)慣不同,表達各異在英漢兩種語言里,所指相同或類似,而表達不同的概念不少.譯者決不可為求形似而棄傳意.在形似而不能傳意的情況下,譯者盡可大膽地舍棄源語中詞語

6、的形,用譯語的習(xí)慣表達取而代之.eg.i love you with my liver/stomach/throat/heart.words are not themselves a reality but only representation of it,and the kings english,like the anglo-french of the normans,is a class representation of reality.單詞本身并不是客觀物體,只不過是代表客觀體而已;像日爾曼人的盎格魯法語一樣,標(biāo)準英語也是一種代表客觀體的語言.2.所指相同或相似,思維表達各異英漢兩

7、個民族在觀察與思維上是存在著差異的.面對同一物體,經(jīng)過思維所得出的概念也有出入.對于這一類因思維差異而引起的表達不同的概念,譯者同樣要越過表達形式的局限進行深層語義上的等值翻譯.eg.put them in a pan with 2 strips of lemon peel,600 ml whipping cream and 2 tablespoons white or brown sugar,golden rather than very dark brown.把兩條檸檬皮放入砂鍋內(nèi),再加600毫升攪打的奶油和兩湯勺白糖或紅塘,赤砂糖也可,但不要用深色的紅糖.brown sugar/ligh

8、t brown sugar(黃糖)/black tea/blue film.3.所指相同,喻體不同,聯(lián)想各異人們常把某些品質(zhì)或特征與某些動物或植物或物品聯(lián)系起來,從而產(chǎn)生某種情緒或反應(yīng).某種品質(zhì)或特征與物的聯(lián)系會因民族不同而各異.在中英文里,指稱意義相同而喻體不同的情況很多,翻譯這樣的詞語,重要的是透徹理解其在源語中的文化涵義,然后可根據(jù)情況進行翻譯.eg.ill have to beard the lion in his den when i go to ask my boss for a better job.我要去求老板給我一份好工作,到時我不得不當(dāng)面給他理論一番.chicken(rab

9、bit)/eel/fiddle(horse).as timid as a rabbit/like a duck to water/at a stones throw/to fish in the air/remain a dead letter/as stupid as a goose/black sheep/to spend money like water/drunk like a sailor/the apple of somebodys eye/gild the lily(畫蛇添足)/half-baked(半瓶子醋)to look for a needle in a haystack/

10、like a cat on a hot tin roof/as wet as a drowned rat/as thin as a shadow/birds of a feather/to talk horse/to tread upon eggs/cry up wine and sell vinegar/as plentiful as blackberries(多如牛毛)/dumb as an oyster(守口如瓶)/diamond cut diamond(棋逢對手).中英文化空缺情況下詞義的確立二.化空缺情況下詞義的確立中英兩個民族由于宗教信仰(著重語義深層語符表層等值轉(zhuǎn)換),政治制度(

11、著重突出其文內(nèi)涵即語義深層等值轉(zhuǎn)換)以及人文歷史(采用前限制后解釋的辦法)等方面的不同,就難免在文化上存在真空地帶,即文化空缺,這種文化空缺在詞語上顯得尤為突出.一個和尚挑水吃,兩個和尚抬水吃,三個和尚沒水吃.one boys a boy;two boys are half a boy;three boys are no boy.too many cooks spoil the broth.one monk,two buckets;two monks,one bucket;three monks,no bucket,no watermore hands,less work.were it le

12、ft to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government,i should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.如果讓我決定我們是要一個沒有言論自由的政府,還是要一個只有自由而無政府的國家,我會毫不猶豫地選擇后者.let both sides unite to heed in all corners of the earth the command of isaiah to undo t

13、he heavyburdens(and)let the oppressed go free.不管我們在地球的什么地方,讓我們雙方都記住先知以賽亞(圣經(jīng)人物)的重托:卸下重負讓所有受壓迫的人都獲得自由.the planners were busy bypassing the gordian knot.計劃制訂者為躲避戈爾迪結(jié)棘手問題,而忙得不可開交.;中英文化沖突情況下詞義的確立三.中英文化沖突情況下詞義的確立中英因文化沖突而引起詞語深層意義相矛盾的情況雖然不多,但在翻譯中卻是不容忽視的.稍有疏忽,便有失之毫厘,謬之千里的可能.1.英文概念(字面意義)相同,含義褒貶有別peasant/farme

14、r/intellectual/cadre/propaganda/labourer.翻譯這類詞語時,不能對詞義的褒貶,指稱的范圍置之不理.2.中英文概念相同,聯(lián)想意義相反或矛盾英漢兩種語言中,這類詞主要是表動物,植物以及鳥類的概念.其真正意義是英漢兩個民族賦予它們的不同聯(lián)想.dragon/dog/owl/bat/cricket/peacock/cuckoo 等等.exercises1.a book,tight shut,is but a block of paper.2.success is often just an idea away.3.nothing happened in the ni

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