語言學第三章要點

1、Chapter 3 Morphology 形態(tài)學 Definition 定義 Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 形態(tài)學是語法的一個分支，研究詞的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)和構(gòu)詞規(guī)則。 Morphology is divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and lexical or derivational morphology. The

2、former studies the inflections and the latter is the study of word formation. 形態(tài)學可分為兩個分支科學： 屈折形態(tài)學和詞匯或派生形態(tài)學。 前者研究詞的屈 折變化，后者研究詞的構(gòu)成。 1. Morpheme 語素 The smallest meaningful unit of Ian guage語言最小的意義單位。 The meaning morphemes convey may be of two kinds: lexical meaning and grammatical meaning. 語素表達的意義有兩種：詞

3、匯意義和語法意義。 2. Types of morphemes 語素的分類 a) Free morphemes 自由語素 Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes. 自由語素是獨立的意義單位， 能夠獨自自由使用， 當然也可以和其它語素結(jié)合使 用。 b) Bound morphemes 黏著語素 Bound morphemes are t

4、he morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. 黏著語素是那些不能單獨使用， 而必須和其它語素自由語素或黏著語素結(jié)合 在一起以形成一個單詞的語素。 3. Types of bound morphemes 黏著語素的分類 Bound morphemes in elude two types: roots and affixes 詞根和詞綴。 A root is often seen

5、as part of word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word. 詞根被看作是詞的一部分，它有清楚、明確的意思，但不能單獨存在，它必須和 另一個詞根或詞綴組合構(gòu)成單詞。 Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational 屈折詞綴和派生詞綴 In fleet ional affixes or i

6、n flecti onal morphemes man ifest various grammatical relati ons or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case. The English in flect ional affixes in clude: 屈折詞綴或屈折語素表明各種不同的語法關(guān)系或語法范疇，如：數(shù)、時態(tài)、形容 詞和副詞的級和格?，F(xiàn)在英語中的屈折詞綴包括： -(e)s, indicating plurality of nouns 表示名詞復(fù)數(shù) -(e)s, in dicati ng

7、third pers on sin gular, prese nt tense表示現(xiàn)在時的第三人稱單數(shù) -(e)d, in dicati ng past tense for all three pers ons表示過去時 -in g, in dicat ing progressive aspect 表示進行時 -er, indicating comparative degree of adj. and adverb表示形容詞和畐寸詞比較級 -est, i ndicat ing superlative degree of adj. and adverbs表 示形容詞和副詞最高級 - s, in

8、dicat ing the possessive case of nou表示名詞的所有格 Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word. This is a very com mon way to create new words in En glish. Such a way of word-formati on is called derivation and the new word formed by derivation is called a derivative. The existing

9、form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem. A stem can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself. 派生詞綴加在一個原有的單詞上以構(gòu)成一個新詞。這是英語中的一個很常見的構(gòu) 成新詞的方式，這樣的方式叫派生法，用派生法構(gòu)成的新詞叫派生詞。能夠加上 一個派生詞綴的原有語素叫做詞干。詞干可以是一個黏著詞根、自由語素或者本 身就是一個派生詞。 實例: Tolerate Quickly Careless ness 詞根toler- +

10、詞綴-ate 自由語素quick + 詞綴-ly 自由語素care +詞綴-less形成的派生詞 careless +詞綴-ness Affixes are divided into two kin ds: prefixes and suffixes 前綴和后綴 Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not cha nge the part of speech of the original word. Exception are the prefixes -” and“e“”ra) 前綴改變詞干的意思，但通常不改變原詞

11、的詞性?！癰e和“en (m”是例外。 Suffixes are added to the end of the stem, they modify=y the meaning of the original word and in many cases cha nge its part of speech. 后綴加在詞干的末尾，改變原詞的意思，并且在多數(shù)情況下，改變原詞的詞性。 4. Morphological rules 形態(tài)學規(guī)則 Morphological rules are the rules that gover n which affix can be added to what

12、 types of stem to form a new word. 形態(tài)學規(guī)則主要指英語中通過派生方式構(gòu)成新詞的構(gòu)詞規(guī)則，即將詞綴加到詞干 上去構(gòu)成新詞的規(guī)則。學習者必須掌握這些規(guī)則，但又要注意不能過分概括這些 規(guī)則，以免生造出不存在的單詞 5. Types of compound words 復(fù)合詞的類型 Noun + noun 名詞 + 名詞 女口： handbook, sunshine Adjective +noun 形容詞 + 名詞女口： highway, sweetheart Adjective +noun +ed 形容詞 + 名詞+ ed 女口： white-haired, gr

13、een=eyed Verb +noun 動詞 + 名詞女口： pickpocket, driveway Adverb +noun 副詞 + 名詞女口： downtown, upgrade Noun +verb 名詞+動詞 Verb +adverb 動詞+副詞 女口： toothpick, snowfall 如: follow-up, kick-off Noun +adjective 名詞 + 形容詞 女口： world-famous, life-long -ing form +noun -ing 形式 + 名詞女口： dinin g-room, read in g-glasses Other

14、forms 其它形式女口： go-between, father-in-law, upbringing, have-nots, than k-you note 6. Features of compounds 1) Orthographically, a compound can be written as one word with or without a hyphe n in betwee n, or as two separate words. 在拼寫上，復(fù)合詞既可以寫成一個詞，中間加連字符或不加連字符，也可以 分開寫。女口 armchair, follow-up, thunder b

15、ird 2) Syn tactically, the part of speech of the compo und is gen erally determ ined by the part of speech of the sec ond eleme nt. 在語法上，復(fù)合詞的詞性一般取決于復(fù)合詞中第二個成分的詞性。如icy-cold 是形容詞，head-stro ng也是形容詞，gree nhouse是名詞。而例外的情況有： follow-up, crackdown, kickoff 都是名詞而不是副詞，而 toothpick, snowfall, facelift都是名詞而不是動詞。 3) Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, not always being the sum total of the meaning of its comp onen ts. 在語意上，復(fù)合詞的意義具有習語特性，許多復(fù)合詞的意義都不是其構(gòu)成成 分的意義的總和。女口 hotdog, green house等。 4) Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first eleme