高考化學(xué)方程式總匯!___全!

1、第一部分 金屬一、堿金屬高考化學(xué)方程式總結(jié)，第17頁，共17頁1.鈉na4na+o22na2o2na+o2na2o2cl2+2na2nacl2na+sna2s(爆炸)2na+2h2o2naoh+h22na+h22nah2na+2nh32nanh2+h24na+ticl4(熔融)4nacl+tina2ona2o+h2o2naoh2na2o+o22na2o2na2o+so3na2so4na2o+co2na2co3na2o+2hcl2nacl+h2ona2o2+2na2na2o(此反應(yīng)用于制備na2o)2na2o2+2h2o4naoh+o2(此反應(yīng)分兩步na2o2+2h2o2naoh+h2o2；2h

2、2o22h2o+o2。h2o2的制備可利用類似的反應(yīng))2na2o2+2co22na2co3+o2na2o2+h2so4(冷、稀)na2so4+h2o2nahnah+h2onaoh+h2naoh2naoh+si+h2ona2sio3+2h26naoh+3s2na2s+na2so3+3h2o2naoh+2al+2h2o2naalo2+3h22naoh(過量)+co2na2co3+h2onaoh+co2(過量)nahco32naoh+sio2na2sio3+h2o(常溫下強堿緩慢腐蝕玻璃)2naoh+al2o32naalo2+h2o2naoh+cl2nacl+naclo+h2onaoh+hclnac

3、l+h2onaoh+h2s(足量)nahs+h2o2naoh+h2s(少量)na2s+2h2o3naoh+alcl3al(oh)3+3naclnaoh+al(oh)3naalo2+2h2onaoh+nh4clnacl+nh3+h2o2naoh+p2o52napo3+h2o6naoh+p2o52na3po3+3h2onaalo22naalo2+co2+3h2o2al(oh)3+na2co33naalo2+alcl3+6h2o4al(oh)3nacl、naclo、nabr、nainacl+h2so4(濃)nahso4+hclh2so4(濃)+2naclna2so4+2hcl2nai+cl22nac

4、l+i2nabr+h3po4(濃)nah2po4+hbrnai+h3po4(濃)nah2po4+hina2co3、nahco3na2co3+sio2na2sio3+co2na2co3+hclnahco3+naclnahco3+hclnacl+h2o+co23na2co3+2alcl3+3h2o2al(oh)3+3co2+6nacl3na2co3+2fecl3+3h2o2fe(oh)3+3co2+6nacl3nahco3+alcl3al(oh)3+3co23nahco3+fecl3fe(oh)3+3co2nahco3+hclnacl+co2+h2o2nahco3na2co3+co2+h2o3na

5、2co3+2br2+h2o2nahco3+2nabro+2nabr+co2nahco3+br2nabr+hbro+co2nano3、nano22nano32nano2+o2h2so4(濃)+nano3nahso4+hno3kclo3+6hcl=kcl+3cl2+3h2onano2+nh4clnacl+n2+2h2ona3po4、nah2po4、na2hpo4na3po4+hclna2hpo4+naclna2hpo4+hclnah2po4+naclnah2po4+hclh3po4+naclna2s、nahsna2s+cl22nacl+s3na2s+8hno3(稀)6nano3+2no+3s+4h

6、2o3na2s+al2(so4)3+6h2o2al(oh)3+3h2sna2so4、na2so3、na2s2o33na2so3+2hno3(稀)3na2so4+2no+h2o2na2so3+o22na2so4na2s2o3+h2so4na2so4+s+so2+h2ona2so3+so2+h2o2nahso32nahso3na2so3+so2+h2ona2sio3na2sio3+2hclh2sio3+2naclc6h5onac6h5ona+co2+h2oc6h5oh+nahco32.鉀kk+o2ko22k+2h2o2koh+h2k2o、k2o2k2o+h2o2kohk2o+co2k2co32k2

7、o2+2co2k2co3+o22k2o2+2h2o4koh+o2koh2koh+co2k2co3+h2okoh+co2khco3k2co3k2co3+2hcl2kcl+co2+h2ok2co3+cacl2caco3+2kck2co3+2agno3ag2co3+2kno3khco3khco3+hclkcl+co2+h2o2khco3k2co3+co2+h2okclo32kclo32kcl+3o2kclo3+6hclkcl+3cl2+3h2oki2ki+cl22kcl+i2ki+agno3agi+kno3kal(so4)22kal(so4)2+6naohk2so4+3na2so4+2al(oh)3

8、2kal(so4)2+3ba(oh)2k2so4+3baso4+2al(oh)3kal(so4)2+2ba(oh)2kalo2+2baso4kscn3kscn+fecl3fe(scn)3+3kclkhkh+h2okoh+h2二、常見金屬1.鎂mg2mg+o22mgomg+2h2o2mg(oh)2+h2mg+cl2mgcl22mg+co22mgo+cmg+smgsmg+br2mgbr2mg+2hclmgcl2+h2mg+h2so4mgso4+h22mg+ticl4(熔融)ti+2mgcl2mg+2rbcl(熔融)mgcl2+2rbmgomgo+2hclmgcl2+h2omgo+h2omg(oh)

9、2mg(oh)2mg(oh)2+2hclmgcl2+2h2omgco3mgco3+2hcl2mgcl2+co2+h2omgco3+2h2omg(oh)2+co2mgco3co2+mgomg(hco3)2mg(hco3)2+2hclmgcl2+2co2+2h2o2mg(hco3)2mg(oh)2+co2+h2omgso4mgso4+ba(oh)2mg(oh)2+baso4mgso4+2naohmg(oh)2+na2so42.鋁alal+3o22al2o32al+3sal2s32al+3cl22alcl34al+3mno22al2o3+3mn2al+cr2o3al2o3+2cr2al+fe2o3a

10、l2o3+2fe2al+3feoal2o3+3fe2al+6hcl2alcl3+3h22al+3h2so4al2(so4)3+3h22al+6h2so4(濃)al2(so4)3+3so2+6h2oal+4hno3(稀)al(no3)3+no+2h2o(al、fe在冷、濃的h2so4、hno3中鈍化)2al+2naoh+2h2o2naalo2+3h2al2o3、al(oh)3al2o3+3h2so4al2(so4)3+3h2o(al2o3是兩性氧化物)al2o3+2naoh2naalo2+h2o2al(oh)3al2o3+3h2oal(oh)3+3hclalcl3+3h2o2al(oh)3+3h

11、2so4al2(so4)3+6h2oal(oh)3+naohnaalo2+2h2o鋁鹽alcl3+3naohal(oh)3+3naclalcl3+3nh3h2oal(oh)3+3nh4cl2alcl3+3na2co3+3h2o2al(oh)3+3co2+6naclalcl3+3nahco3al(oh)3+3co2alcl3+3naalo2+6h2o4al(oh)3al2(so4)3+3na2s+6h2o2al(oh)3+3h2sal4c3+12h2o4al(oh)3+3ch43.鐵fe2fe+3cl22fecl33fe+2o2fe3o4fe+sfes2fe+3br22febr3fe+i2fei

12、2fe+sfes3fe+4h2o(g)fe3o4+4h2fe+2hclfecl2+h2fe+cucl2fecl2+cufe+sncl4fecl2+sncl2fe+h2sfes+h22fe+6h2so4(濃)fe2(so4)3+3so2+6h2ofe+h2so4(稀)feso4+h2fe+6hno3fe(no3)3+3no2+3h2ofe+4hno3fe(no3)3+no+2h2o8fe+30hno38fe(no3)3+3n2o+15h2o10fe+36hno310fe(no3)3+3n2+18h2o8fe+30hno38fe(no3)3+3nh4no3+9h2ofe+(ch3coo)2cucu

13、+(ch3coo)2fefeo3feo+2alal2o3+3fe6feo+o22fe3o4feo+4hno3fe(no3)3+no2+2h2ofe2o3fe2o3+2alal2o3+2fefe2o3+3co2fe+3co2fe2o3+3h22fe+3h2o(制還原鐵粉)fe2o3+6hcl2fecl3+3h2ofe3o4fe3o4+4h23fe+4h2ofe3o4+8hcl(濃)fecl2+2fecl3+4h2ofe(oh)2、fe(oh)34fe(oh)2+o2+2h2o=4fe(oh)32fe(oh)3fe2o3+3h2ofecl22fecl2+cl22fecl3fecl2+mgfe+mg

14、cl2fecl32fecl3+fe3fecl22fecl3+cu2fecl2+cucl2(用于雕刻銅線路版)2fecl3+h2so3+h2oh2so4+2fecl2+2hcl2fecl3+zn2fecl2+zncl22fecl3+h2s2fecl2+2hcl+s2fecl3+2ki2fecl2+2kcl+i2fecl3+3nh3h2ofe(oh)3+3nh4cl2fecl3+3na2co3+3h2o2fe(oh)3+3co2+6naclfecl3+3nahco3fe(oh)3+3co22fecl3+so2+2h2o2fecl2+h2so4+2hclbacl2+h2so4baso4+2hclfe

15、cl3+3kscnfe(scn)3+3kclfesfes+2hclfecl2+h2sfes+h2so4feso4+h2s4fes2+11o22fe2o2+8so2h2feo44h2feo4+2h2o4fe(oh)3+3o24na2feo4+10h2o4fe(oh)3+3o2+8naoh2fe(oh)3+3naclo+4naoh2na2feo4+3nacl+5h2ofe2o3+3na2o22na2feo4+na2o其它fe化合物fe2(so4)3+2agfeso4+ag2so4(較難反應(yīng))三、其他金屬1.錳kmno42kmno4k2mno4+mno2+o22kmno4+16hcl2kcl+2mn

16、cl2+5cl2+8h2o2kmno4+5h2o2+6hcl2kcl+2mncl2+5o2+8h2omno2mno2+4hcl(濃)mncl2+cl2+2h2o2.銅cu2cu+o22cuo2cu+scu2scu+cl2cucl23cuo+2nh33cu+n2+3h2ocuo+2hclcucl2+h2ocuo+h2so4cuso4+h2ocu(oh)2+2hclcucl2+2h2ocu(oh)2+h2so4cuso4+2h2ocu(oh)2cuo+h2ocucl2+h2scus+2hclcucl2+2naohcu(oh)2+2naclcuso4+h2scus+h2so4cuso4+2naohc

17、u(oh)2+na2so4cuso4+ba(oh)2cu(oh)2+baso43.鈣cacao+h2oca(oh)2cao+sio2casio32ca(oh)2+2cl2cacl2+ca(clo)2+2h2oca(oh)2+so3caso4+h2ocaco3+2hno3ca(no3)2+h2o+co2(用hno3和濃h2so4不能制備h2s、hi、hbr、so2等還原性氣體)caco3+sio2casio3+co2caf2+h2so4(濃)caso4+2hfca3(po4)2+3h2so4(濃)3caso4+2h3po4ca3(po4)2+2h2so4(濃)2caso4+ca(h2po4)2c

18、a3(po4)2+4h3po43ca(h2po4)2(重鈣)cah2+2h2oca(oh)2+2h24.鋇baba(oh)2+co2baco3+h2oba(oh)2+2co2(過量)ba(hco3)2ba(oh)2+h2so4baso4+2h2o3ba(oh)2+2h3po3ba3(po4)2+6h2obacl2+h2so4baso4+2hclbacl2+na2so4baso4+2naclbaco3+2hclbacl2+co2+h2obaco3+2hno3ba(no3)2+co2+h2obao2+h2so4(稀)baso4+h2o2)5.鉛pb、pbo2pb+2hclpbcl2+h2pbo2+

19、4hcl(濃)pbcl2+cl2+2h2o鉛鹽pb(no3)2+h2spbs+2hno3(ch3coo)2pb+h2s=pbs+ch3cooh6.鋅znzn+sznszn+2hclzncl2+h2zn+h2so4znso4+h2zn+2naohna2zno2+h2zn+2fecl32fecl2+zncl2znozno+2hclzncl2+h2ozno+2naohna2zno2+h2ozn(oh)2zn(oh)2+2hclzncl2+2h2ozn(oh)2+2naohna2zno2+2h2ozn(oh)2+4nh3h2ozn(nh3)4(oh)2+4h2ozn(oh)2zno+h2o8.汞hg3

20、hg+8hno3(稀)3hg(no3)2+2no2+4h2ohg+4hno3(濃)hg(no3)2+2no2+2h2o第二部分 鹵族元素、氮族元素一、鹵族元素1.氟f2f2+h22hf2f2+2h2o4hf+o2hf4hf+sio2sif4+2h2o2.氯cl2cl2+h22hcl(光照或點燃)cl2+2na2nacl3cl2+2p2pcl3cl2+pcl3pcl53cl2+2fe2fecl3cl2+cucucl2cl2+2fecl22fecl32cl2+2nabr2nacl+br2cl2+2ki2kcl+i25cl2+i2+6h2o2hio3+10hclcl2+na2s2nacl+scl2+

21、h2s2hcl+scl2+so2+2h2oh2so4+2hclcl2+h2so3+h2oh2so4+2hclcl2+h2ohcl+hclocl2+h2o22hcl+o2cl2+2naohnacl+naclo+h2o2cl2+2ca(oh)2cacl2+ca(clo)2+2h2o3cl2+6koh(熱、濃)5kcl+kclo3+3h2ohcl6hcl+2al2alcl3+3h22hcl+fefecl2+h24hcl(濃)+mno2mncl2+cl2+2h2o4hcl(g)+o22cl2+2h2o16hcl+2kmno42kcl+2mncl2+5cl2+8h2o14hcl+k2cr2o72kcl+

22、2crcl3+3cl2+7h2ohcl+nh3nh4cl(白煙)2hcl+feofecl2+3h2o6hcl+fe2o32fecl3+3h2o8hcl(濃)+fe3o4fecl2+2fecl3+4h2ohcl+na3po4na2hpo4+naclhcl+na2hpo4nah2po4+naclhcl+nah2po4h3po4+naclhcl+na2co3nahco3+naclhcl+nahco3nacl+h2o+co2hclohclo=hcl+o23.溴br2br2+h22hbrbr2+fefebr3br2+2febr22febr3br2+nainabr+i2br2+hihbr+i2br2+h2

23、ohbr+hbrobr2+naohnabr+nabro+h2obr2+so2+2h2oh2so4+2hbrbr2+h2ss+2hbr2br2+3na2co3+h2o2nahco3+2nabro+2nabr+co2hbrhbr+naohnabr+h2o2hbr+cl22hcl+br24.碘i2i2+h22hii2+fe fei2i2+2naohnai+naio+h2ohi2hih2+i22hi+cl22hcl+i2hi+naohnai+h2o二、氮族元素1.氮n2n2+3h22nh3n2+o22non2+3mgmg3n2n2+6na2na3nno、no2、n2o52no+o22no2no+no2

24、+2naoh2nano2（用于制硝酸工業(yè)中吸收尾氣中的no和no2）6no+4nh35n2+6h2ono2+2ki+h2ono+i2+2koh（不能用淀粉ki溶液鑒別溴蒸氣和no2）4no2+h2s4no+so3+h2ono2+so2so3+no3no2+h2o2hno3+non2o5+h2o2hno3hno33hno3+ag3po4h3po4+3agno3al+4hno3(稀)al(no3)3+no+2h2o3as2s3+28hno3+4h2o6h3aso4+9h2so4+28no4hno3(濃)+cco2+4no2+2h2o2hno3+caco3ca(no3)2+h2o+co26hno3+

25、fefe(no3)3+3no2+3h2o4hno3+fefe(no3)3+no+2h2o30hno3+8fe8fe(no3)3+3n2o+15h2o36hno3+10fe10fe(no3)3+3n2+18h2o30hno3+8fe8fe(no3)3+3nh4no3+9h2ofeo+4hno3fe(no3)3+no2+2h2o3h2s+2hno3(稀)3s+2no+4h2o4hno34no2+o2+2h2o(見光或受熱分解)nh3+hno3nh4no3(白煙)(用hno3和濃h2so4不能制備h2s、hi、hbr、(so2)3na2s+8hno3(稀)6nano3+2no+3s+4h2o3na2

26、so3+2hno3(稀)3na2so4+2no+h2o5hno3(濃)+ph3po4+5no2+h2op4+20hno3(濃)4h3po4+20no2+4h2os+6hno3(濃)h2so4+6no2+2h2o3s+4hno3(稀)3so2+4no+2h2os+6hno3(濃)h2so4+6no2+2h2onh32nh3+3cuo3cu+n2+3h2o2nh3+3cl2n2+6hcl8nh3+3cl2n2+6nh4cl4nh3+3o2(純氧)2n2+6h2o4nh3+5o24no+6h2o4nh3+6no5n2+6ho(用氨清除no)nh3+hclnh4cl（白煙）nh3+hno3nh4no3

27、（白煙）2nh3+h2so4(nh4)2so4nh3+nacl+h2o+co2nahco3+nh4cl（侯氏制堿法）2nh3+so2+h2o(nh4)2so3nh3h2onh3+h2onh3+h2onh3h2onh4+oh-nh4hco3、(nh4)2co3nh4hco3nh3+h2o+co2(nh4)2co32nh3+h2o+co2nh4clnh4clnh3+hcl2nh4cl+ca(oh)2cacl2+nh3+h2onh4cl+naohnacl+nh3+h2onh4cl+naohnacl+nh3h2onh4no3nh4no3+naoh=nano3+nh3h2onh4no3+naohnano

28、3+nh3+h2o5nh4no32hno3+4n2+9h2o(nh4)2so3、(nh4)2so4(nh4)2so3+so2+h2o2nh4hso3(nh4)2so4+2naoh=na2so4+2nh3h2o(nh4)2so4+2naohna2so4+2nh3+2h2o2.磷p2p+3cl22pcl3pcl3+cl2pcl5p4+6h24ph34p+5o2p4o10(常寫成p2o5)p4+20hno3(濃)4h3po4+20no2+4h2o11p+15cuso4+24h2o5cu3p+6h3po4+15h2so4ph3+2o2h3po4p2o3、p2o5p2o5+h2o(冷)2hpo3p2o5

29、+3h2o(熱)2h3po4(p2o5極易吸水、可作氣體干燥劑)p2o5+3h2so4(濃)2h3po4+3so3p2o5+2naoh2napo3+h2op2o5+6naoh2na3po3+3h2oh3po44h3po4+ca3(po4)23ca(h2po4)2(重鈣)h3po4(濃)+nabrnah2po4+hbrh3po4(濃)+nainah2po4+hi3.砷asas2o3+6zn+12hcl2ash3+6zncl2+3h2o3as2s3+28hno3(稀)+4h2o6h3aso4+9h2so4+28noas2s3+28hno3(濃)2h3aso4+3h2so4+28no2+8h2o第三

30、部分 碳族元素、氧族元素一、碳族元素1.碳cc+2f2cf4c+2cl2ccl42c+o2(少量)2coc+o2(足量)co2c+co22coc+h2oco+h2(生成水煤氣)2c+sio2si+2co(制得粗硅)c+sisic(金剛砂)c+2scs23c+caocac2+co3c+sio2sic+2coc+2h2so4(濃)co2+2so2+2h2oc+4hno3(濃)co2+4no2+2h2oco2co+o22co2co+cuocu+co23co+fe2o32fe+3co2co+h2oco2+h2co2co2+2mg2mgo+cco2+h2oh2co3co2+2naoh(過量)na2co3

31、+h2oco2(過量)+naohnahco3co2+ca(oh)2(過量)caco3+h2o2co2(過量)+ca(oh)2ca(hco3)2co2+2naalo2+3h2o2al(oh)3+na2co3co2+c6h5ona+h2oc6h5oh+nahco3co2+na2ona2co32co2+2na2o22na2co3+o2co2+nh3+nacl+h2onahco3+nh4cl（侯氏制堿法）h2co3h2co3co2+h2o2.硅sisi(粗)+2cl2sicl4sicl4+2h2si(純)+4hclsi(粉)+o2sio2si+csic(金剛砂)si+2naoh+h2ona2sio3+

32、2h2sio22c+sio2si+2co(制得粗硅)3c+sio2sic+2co2mg+sio22mgo+si4hf+sio2sif4+2h2osio2+2h2si+2h2osio2+2mg2mgo+sisio2+caocasio3sio2+2naohna2sio3+h2o(常溫下強堿緩慢腐蝕玻璃)sio2+na2co3na2sio3+co2sio2+caco3casio3+co22naoh+sio2na2sio3+h2o二、氧族元素1.氧o2o2+2h22h2oo2+kko22o2+3fefe3o4o2+sso2o2+n22no3o22o34p+5o22p2o5c+o2(足量)co2si+o

33、2sio24na+o22na2o2na2o+o22na2o22na+o2na2o22mg+o22mgo4al+3o22al2o34nh3+5o24no+6h2o2so2+o22so32co+o22co26feo+o22fe3o42h2so3+o22h2so44fe(oh)2+o2+2h2o4fe(oh)32na2so3+o22na2so4o32o33o2o3+2hii2+o2+h2oh2o2f2+2h2o4hf+o2cl2+h2ohcl+hclo2na+2h2o2naoh+h2mg+2h2omg(oh)2+h23fe+4h2o(g)fe3o4+4h22h2o2h2+o2so2+h2oh2so3

34、so3+h2oh2so43no2+h2o2hno3+non2o5+h2o2hno3p2o5+h2o(冷)2hpo3p2o5+3h2o(熱)2h3po4co2+h2oh2co3h2o22h2o22h2o+o2h2o2+cl22hcl+o25h2o2+2kmno4+6hcl2mncl2+2kcl+5o2+8h2o2.硫ss+h2h2s2s+ccs2s+fefess+2cucu2s3s+2alal2s3s+znznss+o2so2s+6hno3(濃)h2so4+6no2+2h2o3s+4hno3(稀)3so2+4no+2h2o3s+6naoh2na2s+na2so3+3h2os+2nana2s(爆炸

35、)s+mgmgss+fefess+2h2so4(濃)3so2+2h2oso2so2+2h2s3s+2h2o2so2+o22so32so2+o2+2h2o2h2so4so2+cl2+2h2oh2so4+2hclso2+br2+2h2oh2so4+2hbrso2+i2+2h2oh2so4+2hiso2+no2so3+noso2+2h2s3s+2h2oso2+h2oh2so3so2+2nh3+h2o(nh4)2so3so2+(nh4)2so3+h2o2nh4hso3so2+ca(oh)2caso3+h2o(不能用澄清石灰水鑒別so2和co2.可用品紅鑒別)2naoh+so2(少量)na2so3+h2

36、onaoh+so2(足量)nahso3cl2+so2+2h2oh2so4+2hclso3so3+h2oh2so4so3+mgomgso4so3+ca(oh)2caso4+h2oso3+na2ona2so4so3+2kik2so3+i2h2sh2s+cl22hcl+sh2s+mgmgs+h22h2s+3o2(足量)2so2+2h2o2h2s+o2(少量)2s+2h2o2h2s+so23s+2h2oh2s+h2so4(濃)s+so2+2h2oh2sh2+s3h2s+2hno3(稀)3s+2no+4h2o5h2s+2kmno4+3h2so42mnso4+k2so4+5s+8h2o3h2s+k2cr2

37、o7+4h2so4cr2(so4)3+k2so4+3s+7h2oh2s+4na2o2+2h2ona2so4+6naohh2s+fefes+h2h2s+cucl2cus+2hclh2s+2agno3ag2s+2hno3h2s+hgcl2hgs+2hclh2s+pb(no3)2pbs+2hno3h2s+4no24no+so3+h2oh2so3h2so3+x2+h2oh2so4+2hx(x表示cl2、br2、i2)2h2so3+o22h2so4h2so3+h2o2h2so4+h2o5h2so3+2kmno42mnso4+k2so4+2h2so4+3h2oh2so3+2fecl3+h2oh2so4+2

38、fecl2+2hclh2so3h2o+so22h2so3+2h2s3s+2h2oh2so4zn+h2so4znso4+h2fe+h2so4feso4+h2mg+h2so4mgso4+h22al+3h2so4al2(so4)3+3h22al+6h2so4(濃)al2(so4)3+3so2+6h2o2nh3+h2so4(nh4)2so42al+6h2so4(濃)al2(so4)3+3so2+6h2oh2s+h2so4(濃)s+so2+2h2op2o5+3h2so4(濃)2h3po4+3so3bao2+h2so4(稀)baso4+h2o2)na2o2+h2so4(冷、稀)na2so4+h2o2mgo

39、+h2so4mgso4+h2oal2o3+3h2so4al2(so4)3+3h2o2h2so4(濃)+cco2+2so2+2h2o2h2so4(濃)+s3so2+2h2o6h2so4(濃)+2fefe2(so4)3+3so2+6h2o2h2so4(濃)+cucuso4+so2+2h2oh2so4(濃)+2hbrso2+br2+2h2oh2so4(濃)+2hiso2+i2+2h2oh2so4(濃)+caf2caso4+2hfh2so4(濃)+naclnahso4+hclh2so4(濃)+2naclna2so4+2hclh2so4(濃)+nano3nahso4+hno33h2so4(濃)+ca3(

40、po4)23caso4+2h3po42h2so4(濃)+ca3(po4)22caso4+ca(h2po4)2第四部分 有機反應(yīng)一、烴cao1.甲烷甲烷的制?。篶h3coona+naoh na2co3+ch4烷烴通式：cnh2n-2點燃（1）氧化反應(yīng)甲烷的燃燒：ch4+2o2 co2+2h2o甲烷不可使酸性高錳酸鉀溶液及溴水褪色。光（2）取代反應(yīng)光一氯甲烷：ch4+cl2 ch3cl+hcl光二氯甲烷：ch3cl+cl2 ch2cl2+hcl光三氯甲烷：ch2cl2+cl2 chcl3+hcl（chcl3又叫氯仿）四氯化碳：chcl3+cl2 ccl4+hcl高溫（3）分解反應(yīng)甲烷分解：ch4

41、c+2h2濃硫酸1702.乙烯乙烯的制?。篶h3ch2oh h2c=ch2+h2o烯烴通式：cnh2n 高溫（1）氧化反應(yīng)乙烯的燃燒：h2c=ch2+3o2 2co2+2h2o乙烯可以使酸性高錳酸鉀溶液褪色，發(fā)生氧化反應(yīng)。（2）加成反應(yīng)催化劑與溴水加成：h2c=ch2+br2 ch2brch2br與氫氣加成：h2c=ch2+h2 ch3ch3與氯化氫加成：h2c=ch2+hcl ch3ch2cl與水加成：h2c=ch2+h2o ch3ch2oh ch2ch2 一定條件（3）聚合反應(yīng)乙烯加聚，生成聚乙烯：n h2c=ch2 n3.乙炔乙炔的制取：cac2+2h2o hcch+ca(oh)2炔烴的

42、通式：cnh2n-2點燃（1）氧化反應(yīng)乙炔的燃燒：hcch+5o2 4co2+2h2o乙炔可以使酸性高錳酸鉀溶液褪色，發(fā)生氧化反應(yīng)。（2）加成反應(yīng)br與溴水加成：hcch+br2 hc=ch br chbr=chbr+br2 chbr2chbr2與氫氣加成：hcch+h2 h2c=ch2催化劑cl與氯化氫加成：hcch+hcl ch2=chcl ch2ch一定條件（3）聚合反應(yīng)氯乙烯加聚，得到聚氯乙烯：nch2=chcl nch=ch一定條件乙炔加聚，得到聚乙炔：n hcch n 4.苯苯的同系物通式：cnh2n-6點燃（1）氧化反應(yīng)苯的燃燒：2c6h6+15o2 12co2+6h2o苯不能使

43、溴水和酸性高錳酸鉀溶液褪色。（2）取代反應(yīng)febr苯與溴反應(yīng)+br2 +hbr （溴苯）硝化反應(yīng)no2濃h2so460 +hono2 +h2o （硝基苯）苯硝化反應(yīng)生成硝基苯，它是一種帶有苦杏仁味、無色油狀液體，有毒?；腔磻?yīng)so3h7080 +hoso3h +h2o （苯磺酸）+3h2 催化劑（3）加成反應(yīng) （環(huán)己烷）苯還可以和氯氣在紫外光照射下發(fā)生加成反應(yīng)，生成c6h6cl6（劇毒農(nóng)藥）。5.甲苯點燃（1）氧化反應(yīng)甲苯的燃燒：c7h8+9o2 7co2+4h2o甲苯不能使溴水褪色，但可以使酸性高錳酸鉀溶液褪色。ch3|+3hno3 濃硫酸o2nch3|no2|no2+3h2o（2）取代反應(yīng)

44、甲苯硝化反應(yīng)生成2，4，6-三硝基甲苯，簡稱三硝基甲苯，又叫梯恩梯（tnt），是一種淡黃色晶體，不溶于水。它是一種烈性炸藥，廣泛用于國防、開礦等。ch3|so3hch3|+3h2so4 ho3sso3h+3h2o注意：甲苯在光照條件下發(fā)生側(cè)鏈的取代，而在催化劑條件下發(fā)生苯環(huán)上的取代。（3）加成反應(yīng)+3h2 催化劑ch3|ch3 （甲基環(huán)己烷）二、烴的衍生物6.溴乙烷 純凈的溴乙烷是無色液體，沸點38.4，密度比水大。naoh（1）取代反應(yīng)溴乙烷的水解：c2h5br+h2o c2h5oh+hbr醇（2）消去反應(yīng)溴乙烷與naoh溶液反應(yīng)：ch3ch2br+naoh ch2=ch2+nabr+h2o

45、注意：檢驗鹵代烴中的鹵原子時，需取水解液滴入hno3酸化，再滴加agno3溶液。一是中和多余的naoh，二則檢驗沉淀是否溶于稀硝酸。7.乙醇（1）與鈉反應(yīng)乙醇與鈉反應(yīng)：2ch3ch2oh+2na 2ch3ch2ona+h2（乙醇鈉）（2）氧化反應(yīng)催化劑乙醇的燃燒：ch3ch2oh+3o2 2co2+3h2o乙醇的催化氧化：2ch3ch2oh+o2 2ch3cho+2h2o （乙醛）oh|o注意：當(dāng)2-丙醇發(fā)生催化氧化時，會生成丙酮，而非丙醛。|催化劑2ch3chch3+o2 2ch3cch3+2h2o（丙酮）（3）消去反應(yīng)乙醇在濃硫酸作催化劑的條件下，加熱到170生成乙烯。注意：該反應(yīng)加熱到1

46、40時，乙醇進行另一種脫水方式，生成乙醚。濃硫酸1402c2h5oh c2h5oc2h5+h2o （乙醚）h+（4）取代反應(yīng)乙醇與鹵化氫取代：ch3ch2oh+hbr ch3ch2br+h2o注意：乙醇不可以和鹵素單質(zhì)發(fā)生取代反應(yīng)。（5）酯化反應(yīng)乙醇與羧酸可以發(fā)生酯化反應(yīng)，生成酯。8.苯酚苯酚是無色晶體，露置在空氣中會因氧化顯粉紅色。苯酚具有特殊的氣味，熔點43，水中溶解度不大，易溶于有機溶劑。苯酚有毒，是一種重要的化工原料。oh+naoh +h2oona（1）苯酚的酸性 （苯酚鈉）苯酚（俗稱石炭酸）的電離：-ooh +h2o +h3o+注意：凡是含有羥基的有機物，一般均可與鈉反應(yīng)。 溴水與酚類易取代，不易加成，且易在苯環(huán)鄰、對位上取代。苯酚鈉與co2反應(yīng)：ohona +co2+h2o +nahco3ohbrbroh|br|注意：該反應(yīng)只能生成nahco3，因為酸性弱于苯酚。（2）取代反應(yīng) +3br2 +3hbr （三溴苯酚）（3）顯色反應(yīng)苯酚能和fecl3溶液反應(yīng)，使溶液呈紫色。9.乙醛乙醛是無色，具有刺激性氣味的液體，沸點20.8，密度比水小，易揮發(fā)。o|（1）加成反應(yīng)催化劑乙醛與氫氣反應(yīng)：ch3ch+