淺析城綠化中的生態(tài)問題

1、頁眉內(nèi)容淺析城市綠化中的生態(tài)問題一、美于城市綠化的定位A positioning and us in the urban greening近年來， 人們對城市綠化在城市建設(shè)中功能的認識， 已經(jīng)由是可 有可無的點綴、 裝飾提高到具有城市形象的美化、 文明的象征及生態(tài) 環(huán)境的改善等多種功能的認識。 這是一個很大的進步， 城市綠化也因 此受到各級領(lǐng)導(dǎo)重視，它的地位得到了很大的提高。但是，城市綠化 主要功能究竟是什么？我們認為有必要從本質(zhì)上。 來認識，才能有助 于對它正確定位。In recent years, people to the understanding of the function in

2、 the construction of urban greening in the city, already is the ornament of dispensable, adornment to have the image of the city beautification, the symbol of civilization and the improvement of the ecological environment and other functions. This is a great progress, urban greening has been leaders

3、 at all levels attach great importance to, its status has been greatly improved. But, what is urban greening main function? We think it is necessary from nature. To get to know, can help to correct positioning for it.城市綠化是伴隨著城市化的進程而產(chǎn)生的一個破壞自然的過程 的逆向過程；因為原有的大片森林被砍伐，大量農(nóng)田被占用，代之以1 頁腳內(nèi)容頁眉內(nèi)容柏油馬路、鋼筋水泥、混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)

4、的建筑物和橋梁，這些無生命的城 市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，構(gòu)架了城市人群生存的空間。因此，城市綠化是把被破 壞的自然通過人工再創(chuàng)造的 第“二自然 ”，也是一個與城市化進程同 時產(chǎn)生的逆向過程， 所以綠地系統(tǒng)應(yīng)是城市人工生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中極為重要 的組成部分。城市綠地在植物群體的生長發(fā)育的過程中動態(tài)地改善了 城市的生態(tài)環(huán)境， 提高了人們的生活質(zhì)量， 并成為保護生物多樣性的 基地；城市綠地系統(tǒng)在整個城市中起著最活躍、 最積極的作用是任何 其它城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施所不能取代的。 因此，城市綠化最主要的功能應(yīng)該 定位在生態(tài)上， 而在發(fā)揮生態(tài)功能的同時， 綠化也必然能展示其形態(tài) 美和動態(tài)美， 成為美化城市的有生命的景觀； 在文化領(lǐng)域

5、中緣文化早 就是我國傳統(tǒng)文化的重要部分， 它有著悠久的歷史， 具有民族的及地 方的特色，成為當前精神文明的重要內(nèi)容。因此，城市綠化的主要功 能定位在生態(tài)上， 同時兼有其它多種功能， 是完全符合城市可持續(xù)發(fā) 展的戰(zhàn)略方針及方向的。Urban greening is accompanied with the process of urbanization, resulting in a reverse process of destruction of nature; Because the original forests have been cut down and lots of farml

6、and occupied, replaced by asphalt, concrete, reinforced concrete structure buildings and Bridges, the inanimate city infrastructure, architecture is the urban population living space. Therefore, urban greening is the destruction of nature by artificial to create second nature , is a with the urbaniz

7、ation process at the same time produced by the2 頁腳內(nèi)容頁眉內(nèi)容reverse process, so the green space system should be a very important component of urban artificial ecosystem. Urban green space in the process of plant community growth dynamically to improve the urban ecological environment, improve peoples q

8、uality of life, and become the base to protect biodiversity; Urban green space system in the citys most active, most positive role was not replace any other urban infrastructure. As a result, the most main function of urban greening should locate on the ecosystem, while in play ecological functions

9、at the same time, green also inevitably can show their beauty and dynamic beauty form, become beautify the city landscape of life; Edge in the field of culture and culture is an important part of traditional culture in China long time ago, it has a long history, ethnic and local characteristics, has

10、 become one of the important content of spiritual civilization. Therefore, the main function of urban greening positioning on the ecology, and other functions at the same time, is completely in line with the strategy and direction for the sustainable development of city.二、城鄉(xiāng)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展是城市綠化的指導(dǎo)思想Secondly, t

11、he coordinated development of urban and rural areas is the guiding ideology of urban greening100余年前（英）霍華德發(fā)表明日的田園城市一文，該文是 作者在工業(yè)快速發(fā)展， 形成了城鄉(xiāng)對立， 并由此產(chǎn)生了一系列社會問3 頁腳內(nèi)容頁眉內(nèi)容題的背景下，提出了為了人民必須城鄉(xiāng)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的田園城市規(guī)劃思 想：城市和農(nóng)村要給予人民社會的愛和自然的愛。 霍華德認為一個中 心城市必然有與它相聯(lián)系的衛(wèi)星城市群落，即大都市圈的規(guī)劃構(gòu)思； 認為城市各分支系統(tǒng)一住宅、工廠、道路、綠地、學(xué)校等通過重新有 序組合，更能自我完善， 自

12、我生存，更具活力；城鄉(xiāng)應(yīng)視為一個整體， 城市周圍的農(nóng)村則是其支撐系統(tǒng)， 它們的土地分配比例應(yīng)為 1：5，城 市為1，農(nóng)村為 5.由此，城市綠地系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃也應(yīng)該參照上述思想，使 農(nóng)村在綠地建設(shè)面積上、 數(shù)量上大于城市數(shù)倍才能同樣成為城市的支 撐系統(tǒng)，同時在城市或城鎮(zhèn)外圍以永久性綠帶來隔離， 防止城市攤大 餅式的向外擴展， 而城市中央應(yīng)有大型的綠地， 如美國紐約中央公園、 倫敦中心自然公園等思想。 霍華德田園城市規(guī)劃思想不僅對城市總體 規(guī)劃的構(gòu)思有實用價值，也對綠化的規(guī)劃有直接的和現(xiàn)實的指導(dǎo)意 義。Howard (British), more than 100 years ago, publishe

13、d the rural cities of tomorrow, this article is the author in the rapid industrial development, formed the urban and rural areas, and under the background of the resulting a series of social problems, put forward to the people have to the coordinated development of urban and rural areas of rural urb

14、an planning ideas: urban and rural areas to give peoples social and natural love. Howard thought a city centre must have satellite city community associated with it, namely, the planning idea of metropolis circle; Think a city branch system4 頁腳內(nèi)容頁眉內(nèi)容houses, factories, roads, green space, schools, et

15、c by orderly combination, self improvement and self existence, more dynamic;Shall be regarded as a whole urban and rural areas, rural is its support system around the city, their land allocation proportion should be 1:5, city is 1, rural 5. As a result, urban green space system planning should also

16、refer to the above thoughts, make the rural area, the number is greater than the urban green space construction several times to also become a support system of the city, at the same time in the city or town in permanent green brings isolation, prevent city booth pie type of outward expansion, while

17、 the central cities should have a large green space, such as New Yorks central park, natural park, in central London, etc. Howard rural urban planning thought not only has practical value to the overall urban planning conception, also for greening planning has a direct and realistic significance.三、構(gòu)

18、建城鄉(xiāng)一體化的生態(tài)綠網(wǎng)為緩解城市的大氣污染特別是熱 島效應(yīng)。Three, building urban and rural integration of the ecological green network to ease the atmosphere pollution of the city heat island effect in particular.發(fā)揮城鄉(xiāng)綠化的整體性和系統(tǒng)性的功能， 大城市（特別是特大城 市）的綠化建設(shè)應(yīng)以綠色廊道（簡稱 “綠廊 ”）建設(shè)為主體。綠廊指的5 頁腳內(nèi)容頁眉內(nèi)容是從農(nóng)村開始，經(jīng)過城市的中心區(qū)穿越熱島再進入農(nóng)村；沿途將 “園” （指塊狀綠地）、“楔

19、”（指楔形綠地）、“環(huán)”（指環(huán)狀綠帶）、“廊”（指 綠色廊道）連接成生態(tài)綠網(wǎng)。綠廊的寬度不小于 50m ，其中可包括建 筑物（但不含成群的高層建筑） 、道路和河流；綠廊應(yīng)以常緣闊葉樹 種為主、有建筑物處應(yīng)有多層次的立體綠化 （屋頂?shù)募按怪钡木G化） ， 使之成為高綠量的綠帶，其綠化覆蓋率不低于 50% ，綠廊間距以 2 3km 為宜；綠廊的布設(shè)原則， 一是整體性指城鄉(xiāng)一體化， 二是方向性 綠廊應(yīng)順應(yīng)本地區(qū)盛行的風向設(shè)置； 三是針對性一方面綠廊應(yīng)把現(xiàn)實 的和規(guī)劃的大型綠地（公園、居住區(qū)綠地、單位附屬綠地等）連接起 來；另一方面應(yīng)有意識穿過城市生態(tài)環(huán)境負荷重、 熱島效應(yīng)嚴重及舊 區(qū)改造等地區(qū)， 使之

20、真正擔負改善城市生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量的責任； 四是可 行性綠廊布設(shè)應(yīng)沿河沿路， 可操作性強且可水綠結(jié)合推動河道及道路 的整治。Play a holistic and systematic function of urban and rural greening cities （especially in megacities） greening should take the green corridor construction （hereinafter referred to as the green corridor） as the main body. Refers to the green

21、gallery began, the rural via central zone of the city through the heat island and then into the countryside; Along the way will garden （refers to the massive green space）, the wedge （refers to wedge green space）, the ring （ring green belt）, gallery （point to） of green corridor connects into ecologic

22、al green network. Green corridor width not less than 50 m,6 頁腳內(nèi)容頁眉內(nèi)容which may include building (but not including) groups of high-rise building, roads and rivers; Should with margin broad leaved tree species often give priority to the green gallery, there are buildings should be multi-level three-di

23、mensional green, roof and vertical greening), make it become the high green green belt, the greening coverage is not lower than 50%, the spacing between the green gallery with 2 3 km advisable; The layout principle of the green gallery, one is integrity refers to the integration of urban and rural a

24、reas, 2 it is directional pergola should conform to the prevailing wind direction setting the region; Three is focused on the one hand, the green corridor should be realistic and planning of large green space, parks, residential green space, units affiliated green space, etc.) connected; On the othe

25、r hand should have consciousness through the city ecological environment load weight, heat island effect is serious and old district reconstruction and other regions, make it really improve the urban ecological environment quality of responsibility; Four is feasibility of green corridor layout shoul

26、d be along the road along the river, strong operability and aqua green regulation of river and road.通過綠廊縱橫布設(shè)形成的生態(tài)綠同才能發(fā)揮農(nóng)村對城市的支撐 系統(tǒng)的功能，達到以綠制熱、以綠凈污，達到改善城市生態(tài)環(huán)境的目 的，這也是落實霍華德城市規(guī)劃思想的重要舉措。7 頁腳內(nèi)容頁眉內(nèi)容Through vertical and horizontal layout form the green gallery of ecological green with to develop the functio

27、n of rural supporting system of city, to achieve green heating green clean dirt, achieve the purpose of improving urban ecological environment, it is important measure of urban planning implementation of Howard thought.以上海為例， 在外環(huán)線以內(nèi)的綠廊布局， 其方向為近南北向和近東西向，交織成網(wǎng)，近南北向和近東西向綠廊各9條，主干綠廊共 6條，內(nèi)環(huán)線以內(nèi)的三縱、三橫主。干道一致，

28、應(yīng)首先實施。綠廊縱橫 于城鄉(xiāng)、浦西浦東、環(huán)內(nèi)環(huán)外，綠廊相互交織成一個具有整體、系統(tǒng) 性的生態(tài)綠網(wǎng)， 它們的建成將把郊區(qū)和海上的冷濕空氣帶進城市， 又 能對城區(qū)熱中心進行分割疏解。In Shanghai, for example, within the outer ring of the green corridor layout, its direction is nearly north-south and nearly east-west, interwoven into a network, nearly north-south and nearly east-west pergola

29、each article 9, the trunk green gallery, a total of six, three vertical and three horizontal main within inner ring. Trunk road is consistent, should be implemented first. Existed in urban and rural areas the green gallery, pudong and puxi inner ring ring, pergola interwoven into a whole, the system

30、atic ecological green net, they will built in the suburbs of the cold wet air and sea brought into the city, and the heat center split relief in urban areas.8 頁腳內(nèi)容頁眉內(nèi)容四、區(qū)系結(jié)構(gòu)和群落結(jié)構(gòu)Four, the floristic structure and community structure 城市綠化的基礎(chǔ)是植物， 而植物是自然界中的一員， 如何運用植 物材料再現(xiàn)城市中的 “第二自然 ”，是長期存在沒有妥善解決的問題。 其最主

31、要的原因是， 人和自然的關(guān)系沒有處理好。 雖然誰都能接受 “人 與自然和諧相處 ”的口號，但在城市綠化的實踐中，是人居于自然之 上還是尊重自然， 順應(yīng)自然規(guī)律真正做到人和自然關(guān)系很和諧呢？是 個值得深思的問題。Urban greening is the basis of plant and plant is a member of the nature, how to use plant materials represent the citys second nature, is a long-standing not properly solve the problem. Its the

32、main reason is that failure to deal with the relationship of between man and nature. Although anyone can accept the slogan of harmony between man and nature, but in practice, urban greening is above nature and respect nature, comply with the laws of nature actually do the relationship between man an

33、d nature is very harmonious? Is a problem worthy of thinking deeply.植物生長的分布區(qū)域有明顯的地帶性，它隨地理區(qū)域、氣候帶、地貌 等不同而有區(qū)別。我國幅員遼闊，地形復(fù)雜，形成了不同的氣候帶， 中國的植物分布（簡稱植挪就可分成溫帶、 暖濕帶、亞熱帶、熱帶 等八個植被區(qū)劃，我國各個城市均處于不同的植被區(qū)劃地區(qū)范圍之 內(nèi)。所選用的植物應(yīng)該尊重其具有地帶性的特性。 然而在城市綠化的9 頁腳內(nèi)容頁眉內(nèi)容歷史上卻常常發(fā)生跨越地帶的錯誤， 大量引種最后遭到多次失敗的教 訓(xùn)，在一些大中城市中并不少見。以上海為例，大規(guī)模引種了適應(yīng)在 較高緯度的

34、華北地區(qū)生長好的加拿大楊及二次引種適應(yīng)在低緯度華 南地區(qū)生長的檢樹，結(jié)果均全軍覆滅。事實上，上海地處中亞熱帶北 緣，為常綠闊葉與落葉闊葉混交林的過渡地帶， 根據(jù)前幾年對上海城 市綠化最常見的喬木和灌木樹種調(diào)查，前者有 68種，后者有 105 種， 上?？捎糜诰G化的植物材料都是很豐富的， 當前應(yīng)該深入到江、 浙一 帶屬本地帶的區(qū)域去挖掘、去發(fā)現(xiàn)，先引到城市環(huán)境中來種植，成功 的就可推廣應(yīng)用，這樣才能體現(xiàn)上海城市綠化的特色。Plant growth have obvious zonal distribution area, its different over a geographical are

35、a, climate, landscape, etc. And theres a difference. Chinas vast, complex terrain, has formed the different climatic zone, plant distribution in China (hereinafter referred to as Noah can be divided into temperate, warm wet zone, subtropical, tropical. eight vegetation regionalization, cities in Chi

36、na are in different vegetation regionalization region scope. The selection of plants should respect its zonal characteristics. However, in the history of urban greening often occur across the areas of errors, introduction last lesson by many failures, in some large and medium-sized cities are not un

37、common. In Shanghai, for example, large-scale introduction adapted to grow in the high latitudes in north China to Canada and secondary introduction Yang tree at low10 頁腳內(nèi)容頁眉內(nèi)容latitudes grow in south China, the results were all found. In fact, Shanghai is located in the subtropical north rim, evergr

38、een broad-leaved and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest transition zone, according to a few years ago in Shanghai urban greening trees and shrubs of the most common tree species, the former has 68 species, which has 105 kinds of plant materials can be used for greening in Shanghai are very rich, th

39、e current should be go to jiangsu, zhejiang area with a local area to dig, to find, first to urban environment to grow, success can be applied, so as to reflect characteristics of Shanghai urban greening.植物在城市綠化的立地條件中發(fā)揮其功能，還必須遵循 “適地適 樹”的生態(tài)原則，這個原則包含兩個內(nèi)容：一是指必須應(yīng)用地帶性植 物；二是指必須適應(yīng)城市特殊立地條件的植物種。這里重點指后者。 如行道樹

40、先要按地帶性原則選定樹種， 再要它在立地條件最差環(huán)境生 長發(fā)育，但對它的功能要求卻最高。人們常強調(diào)后者，而不注意創(chuàng)造 有利于行道樹生長發(fā)育人工可以改善的立地條件， 對于因此而生長欠 佳的樹種又不能用兩分法評價，而是一有缺點就全盤否定。所以，在 一些城市存在著隨便更換行道樹種的問題， 如在上海的一條道路， 解 放以來換的樹種就達十余種之多， 甚至連世界著名行道樹種之一的法 國梧桐，也因其 “冠”法“國 ”兩字在五十年代末被認為是崇洋了媚外， 曾一度被否定，當時外省市公。鄭付情地大批運走，在那里發(fā)揮了良 好的綠化功能。這就是為什么行道樹種從南到北不少城市幾乎都以11 頁腳內(nèi)容頁眉內(nèi)容“四大件 ”當

41、家，即法國梧桐、雪松、廣玉蘭、香樟，使城市綠化面貌 顯得很單調(diào)， 而長成大規(guī)格的行道樹卻寥寥無幾的根本原因， 歷史事 實證明，只要對城市特殊立地環(huán)境及養(yǎng)護管理稍加改善， 在一般的城 市中，可以選種的行道樹種至少有十余種， 可以更好地發(fā)揮其綠化功 能。再有，從園林綠化設(shè)計風格上也很難看到各地 曙二自然 “的特色。 近年來；建筑業(yè)的歐陸風刮到了城市綠化中來，不管大城市、小城市 都風行從國外進口草種大鋪草坪，在有的地方甚至拔掉大樹鋪草坪， 在人們心目中城市綠化的現(xiàn)代化就等于鋪設(shè)草坪。 我們不否認城市需 要一定數(shù)量的草坪創(chuàng)造開敞綠色的空間， 為市民提供良好的活動場所 這是必要的。 經(jīng)過實踐， 人們開始

42、意識到過多的草坪不僅因其生態(tài)效 益小于同面積上種植的樹木， 而且投入和以后的管護工作量均大大超 過后者，因此， 多種喬木的決定是非常正確的；還要在主要景點移栽 些大規(guī)格的喬木以顯示大城市美麗的形象，也是需要的。但是，大規(guī) 格甚至特大規(guī)格的喬木是在自然界人。 十年才形成的自然資源， 將其 移栽到城市的特殊環(huán)境中來， 要求保證成活而且還要求保持原來高大 的樹干和寬闊的樹冠的外形就一定要有嚴密的技術(shù)措施和足夠的資 金。因此，根據(jù)我國的資源、資金、技術(shù)力量等實際情況應(yīng)該嚴格控 制數(shù)量，防止再次刮風。Plants in urban greening plays its function, site co

43、nditions must also follow to the optimal tree ecological principle, this principle includes two contents: one is the zonal plant must be applied; The second is refers to the special site conditions of the plant species12 頁腳內(nèi)容頁眉內(nèi)容must adapt to the city. Here mainly refers to the latter. Such as roads

44、ide zonal principle, according to the selected tree species, the first to have it in the site conditions of the worst environment growth, but for its functional requirement is the highest. People often emphasized the latter, and do not pay attention to create conducive to the growth of trees artific

45、ial can improve the site conditions, for which poor growth of tree species and cannot use dichotomy evaluation, but will negate the shortcomings. In some cities, so, there is literally replace the doers of the word tree species of problems, such as a road in Shanghai, since the liberation in alone m

46、ore than 10 kinds of tree species, and even the world famous French phoenix tree, one of the doers of the word tree species, and also because of its crown French two words in the 50 s is considered to be the worship of foreigners had been negative, the other provinces and cities. Zheng pay sentiment

47、 and a large number of away, played a good greening function there. Thats why trees almost all cities from south to north, with four big charge, namely, French phoenix tree, cedar, magnolia, camphor, make the urban greening landscape appears very monotonous, and grow into the root cause of the large

48、 size of only a few trees, historical facts have proven that as long as a little improvement on special site environment and urban maintenance management, in general,13 頁腳內(nèi)容頁眉內(nèi)容in a city can cultivate the trees, there are at least more than 10 kinds of can better play to its green function. Again, f

49、rom the landscape design style is hard to see on the start around the second nature . In recent years; the construction of Europe land wind scraped city virescence, no matter popular in big cities and small cities are imported from abroad the lawn grass big shop, shop in some places even pulled out

50、the tree lawn, the modernization of urban greening in peoples heart is to lay the grass. We do not deny that cities need a certain number of lawn create open green space, provide good places for citizens that is necessary. In practice, people began to realize that much of the lawn not only because o

51、f its ecological benefit is less than the area planted with trees, and investment and future work of the management are significantly higher than the latter, therefore, a variety of trees decision is very correct, but also in the main attractions in transplanting some large size tree to display the

52、city image of beauty, is needed. However, large size and large specification of trees is in the nature person. Ten years to form the natural resources and to transplant it into the citys special environment, demands to ensure survival but also keep the original tall tree trunks and wide canopy appea

53、rance must have strict technical measures and enough money. Therefore, according to the actual situation of resource, capital, technical14 頁腳內(nèi)容頁眉內(nèi)容strength of should strictly control the number, to prevent the wind again.當前，有些城市提出把 “森林引進城市 ”的口號，我們認為這個口 號更加貼近 自然 “，更易被城市的人們所接受。 ”森林“不是一株株大 樹的機械總和；而是喬木、

54、灌木、草本、地被組成的植物群落，它們 與微生物、 動物及周圍環(huán)境共同組成一個系統(tǒng)的和有機的整體。 這種 森林型的植物群落占用土地少， 能充分利用地下和地上部分的自然資 源(如光、熱量、水分、礦物質(zhì)等) ，在同樣的空間葉面積指數(shù)最多、 綠量最大，所產(chǎn)生的生態(tài)效益最高。因此，在人多地少的大城市中是 最適宜的。At present, some cities put forward the slogan of forest in city, we think it is more close to the slogan natural, are more likely to be accepted b

55、y urban people. Mechanical combined forest is not the skeletons of the tree; but arbor, shrub and herb, and composition of plant community, they with microorganisms, animals and the surrounding environment to form a system and an organic whole. This type of forest plant community occupy less land, c

56、an make full use of underground and overground part of natural resources (such as light, heat, water, minerals, etc.), leaf area index in the same space, green quantity is the largest, most have the highest ecological benefits. Therefore, in much fewer people in the big cities is the most appropriat

57、e.15 頁腳內(nèi)容頁眉內(nèi)容如何實施把 “森林引進城市 ”的措施呢？不是真的把一座森林搬 進來，而是應(yīng)該到屬本地帶的自然界去調(diào)查植物群落的種間組成及其 空間結(jié)構(gòu)，再在城市內(nèi)調(diào)查保留有 15年以上歷史的人工或自然植物群 落；通過分析總結(jié)，提煉出符合項極群落原理的植物群落，在城市綠 化的規(guī)劃設(shè)計中逐步形成以穩(wěn)定的、 優(yōu)化的植物群落為基本單元。 因 為它們不僅有本區(qū)域 41植物地帶性的特征， 而且，綠量高、 生態(tài)效益 顯著，又能為動物提供棲息、繁植的場所，成為生物多樣性的基地， 還為城市中人們創(chuàng)造一個回歸自然的美好意境。How to implement the measures of forest i

58、n city? Not really put a forest, moved in, but should go with a local nature of the investigation of plant community species composition and spatial structure, and within cities survey reserves have more than 15 years history of artificial or natural plant community; Through the analysis summary, ex

59、tracted conforms to the biggest community of the principle of plant community, gradually formed in the planning and design of urban greening in stability, optimization of plant community as the basic unit. Because they not only have 41 plant zonal region features, and high quantity of green, ecological benefit is remarkable, and provide habitats for animals, numerous plants, and