英國文學(xué)教案下

1、Part VII The Romantic Period (1798-1832)1. Neo-Classicism (新古典主義):Its the dominant literary convention of the late 17th-c esp. in France, so called because the poets and critics writing in accordance with it believed they were reviving the virtues of the Roman and Greek classics. Principles: clarity

2、, rationality, moderation, dignity, Decorum(得體) and loftiness of purpose. Subjects: Greek and Roman mythology, history. Favored forms: epigram, epic poem, verse tragedy. In poetic technique, clarity, balance, symmetry, and order were required, epitomized in the Heroic Couplet, popularity of the sati

3、re both personal and social were notable in England.The outstanding representations of neo-classicism in England were Dryden, Pope and Johnson. Popes Essay on Criticism (1711) is considered the best critical statement of neo-classicism in England.2. Romanticism (浪漫主義): The term applied to the moveme

4、nt in European literature and other arts, which began at the end of the 18th-c. It emphasizes the imagination and emotions over reason and intellect, and revolts against the conventional strictness of Neo-classicism. Its called “romanticism” because it was defended as a return to the free fancies an

5、d methods of romance (傳奇)； The leading characteristics of it are individualism, nature-worship(“return to nature”回歸自然), primitivism (尚古主義), a fondness for the Middle Ages, the Orient and vanished alien culture in general； Forerunners of romanticism in the later 18th-c in England were Gray, Collins,

6、Burns, Blake and the Gothic novelists;. English romanticism flowered in the work of Wordsworth, Coleridge, Shell, Byron, Keats, Southey, Scott, Lamb, Hazlitt, De Quincey et al;3. Social Background:Literature develops with the society, reflects the mental attitude of a time and a nation. Class strugg

7、le motivates the development of literature. But the most important factor is economics. English Romanticism is no exception. It was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution. The Enclosure Movement (圈地運(yùn)動, 16th-19th-c): Peasants lost their land hired workers; invention

8、 of weaving machines the Luddites (frame-breakers路德分子). The French Revolution (July 14, 1789) attack, occupation of the Bastille. Its influence on England led to the British ruling class crush down a mass rally demanding political reform at St. Peters Fields, Manchester. Hundreds of workers were kil

9、led in the “Peterloo Massacre” in 1819. Two writings carrying two views against each other:a. Edmund Burks elegy: Reflections on the Revolution in France.b. Thomas Paine: The Right of Man; slogan: Life, Equality and Fraternity, a government to serve people: life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness

10、. A series of reforms in England: the destruction of the African slave trade;the mitigation of horribly unjust laws;the prevention of child labor;the freedom of the press, etc.It was amid these social conflicts the Romanticism arose as a main literary trend prevailing in England during the period of

11、 1798-1832, beginning with the publication of Wordsworths Lyrical Ballads (1798), ending with Walter Scotts death (1832).4. General features of Romanticists: Two sharply contrasting tendencies: a. so-called passive romanticists: Worthworth, Coleridge, Southey. b. active romanticists: Byron, Shelley,

12、 Keats.a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society, which finds expression in a revolt against or an escape from the prosaic, sordid daily life, the “prison of the actual” under capitalism.Their writings are filled with strong-willed heroes, formidable events, tragic situations, powerful conflictin

13、g passions, and exotic pictures.In contrast to the rationalism of the Enlighteners in the 18th-c, the romanticists paid great attention to the spiritual and emotional life of man. Nature often personified, also plays an important role in their works- “the Lake Poets” (湖畔詩人) also called the Lake Scho

14、ol, a name applied to a group of poets in the 19th-c, including Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Shelley, referring to their residence in the Lake District of England. Poetry is very popular, so the Romantic Period was one of poetical revival, mainly an age of poetry.Romantic prose of the time was represe

15、nted by Lamb, Hazlitt, De Quincey, and Hunt; the only great novelist in this period was Walter Scott, whose historical novels (also called Waverley Novels) combine a romantic atmosphere with a realistic depiction of historical background and common peoples life. Scott marked the transition from roma

16、nticism to the period of realism.I. William Wordsworth (華茲華斯1770-1850):1. Life:Son of an attorney, attended St. Johns College, Cambridge, got a B.A. He did not show over-much interest in his studies, interrupting them by a walking tour with Robert Jones through France and Switzerland. While in Franc

17、e he became indoctrinated with the principles of the Revolution. Fell in love with a French girl, he had an illegitimate daughter. Also received a legacy of 900 from a friend, for whom he had cared during a lasting illness, who left with the legacy a request that Wordsworth devote himself wholly to

18、poetry. Wordsworth settled down in the Lake District of Racedown in Dorset shire and met Coleridge there. Traveled a lot in Europe, but always returned to the Lake District. He married his cousin, Mary Hutchinson. Got a D.C.L (民法學(xué)博士) from Oxford University, made poet of Laureate (桂冠詩人), awarded gove

19、rnment pension of 300 a year. He died at 80.1. Representative Works: Poems, in Two Volumes (1807) The Poetical Work of William Wordsworth (VI volumes) (1836-1837) The Sonnets of William Wordsworth (1838)Poems, Chiefly by Early and Late Years (1842)The Prose Works of William Wordsworth (876)Lyrical B

20、allard (1800)Lucy Poems, Ode on Intimations of Immortality, Ode to Duty, The Prelude, etc.3.Comments:Merits: a. spiritual love of naturea poet of nature; b. pantheistic philosophy (泛神論); c. moral elevation, sublime tenderness, serene spirit; d. sympathy for the humble and poor; e. love poetry is imp

21、ortant for its personal quality-a poet of love; f. simplicity and purity of language;Defects: a. didactic and heavily moralistic; b. over-parading egoism (過份自我標(biāo)榜的個(gè)人主義); c. deficient in constructive power, lack of intensity and passion; d. often banal in style and content, lack of humor;4. Close Read

22、ing: Lucy (p.19, Textbook II ) I Wondered Lonely as a CloudTrans. by 飛白我孤獨(dú)地漫游，像一朵云，在山丘和谷地上飄蕩，忽然間我看見一群金色的水仙花迎春開放，在樹蔭下，在湖水邊，迎著微風(fēng)起舞翩翩。粼粼波光也在跳著舞，水仙的歡欣卻勝過水波，與這樣快活的伴侶為伍，詩人怎能不滿心歡樂！我久久凝望，都想像不到，這奇景賦予我多少財(cái)富，-連綿不絕，如繁星燦爛，在銀河里閃閃發(fā)光，它們沿著湖灣的邊緣，延伸成無窮無盡的一行：我一眼看見了一萬朵，在歡舞之中起伏顛簸。每當(dāng)我躺在床上不眠，或心神空茫，或默默沉思，它們常在心靈中閃現(xiàn)，那是孤獨(dú)之中的福祉，

23、于是我的心便漲滿幸福，和水仙一同翩翩起舞。II. George Gordon, Lord Byron (拜倫1788-1824)1. Life:George Gordon Byron, sixth Baron, fifth Lord Byron of Newstead, poet, son of “Mad Jack Byron”, a libertine (浪子) and Catherine Gordon of Gight who alternately caressed and abused her “l(fā)ame brat（跛腿小崽子）”. Succeeded to the title (17

24、98), educated at Harrow (1801-1805), where he suffered from a love affair with Mary Anne Chaworth, probably his only real love. Then went to Trinity College, Cambridge (1805-1808), became member of the House of Lords (1809). Grand tour through Spain, Portugal, Italy, the Balkans（巴爾干群島）, married Anne

25、 Isabella Milbanke, bore him a daughter. Byron was dangerously handsome, his slight limp, his pride, his fame, and his caustic tongue all added to his personal charm. A year of marriage separated from him, Byron left England never to return (1816). Paused some time with the Shelleys in Switzerland;

26、settled at Venice, a lot of love affairs, including with Shelleys stepsister Mary Shelley, who bore him a daughter. Then with Countess Guiccioli, who until his death was his common-law wife. Byron traveled to Italy then set out to Greek to join the revolutionists. He died of fever in 1824 in Greece.

27、2. Major Works:Poetry: Childe Harolds Pilgrimage (1812-1818) (four cantos) Don Juan (1819-1823) Hours of Idleness (1807)Lyrical drama: Heaven and Earth (1812, 1823) Cain: A Mystery (1821)Tragic drama: The Two Focsani (1821) The Deformed Transformed (1821) Sardanapalus Satire: English Bards and Scotc

28、h Reviewers (1808)Among the large quantity of his poetry, the long narrative poems Childe Harolds Pilgrimage(哈羅德游記 and Don Juan （唐璜are most famous. Among the short ones, She Walks in Beauty, Sonnet on Chillon, When We Two Parted, Song for the Luddites, etc. are most famous.3. Comments:Merits: a. a p

29、oet of tuneful lyrics, vigorous narrative and dignified drama; b. lordly, treatment of nature, elemental sweep and grandeur; c. naturalness of expression, humor, power of scathing satire; “Byron the self-assertive, Byron the satirist and observer, Byron the liberator: no modern man except Shakespear

30、e and Goethe has affected the spirit of poetry more”.-Oliver Elton His work has always been more popular in Europe, esp. Germany, than in England and the U.S.Defects: a. affectation, insincerity, contempt for propriety; b. colossal egotism, world-weariness, careless form (loose)； c. no theatrically

31、effective dramas, few genuinely passionate lyrics； d. tendency to rhetorical oratory and rebellions rhetoric； e. a veering away from deep character study and profound intellectuality；4. A brief summary of Childe Harold (Cantos I & II, pub. 1812; Canto III, 1816; Canto IV, 1818)It is a long narrative

32、 poem in Spenserian stanzas by Lord Byron. The romantically melancholy hero, Childe Harold, disillusioned with a life devoted to the pursuit of pleasure, embarks on a solitary pilgrimage through Portugal, Spain, the Ionian Islands, Albania, Greece, Belgium, the Rhine Valley（萊茵河谷）, the Alps, and the

33、Jura. The poet evokes the events and people associated with each place: Rousseau and Julie, Napoleon, the battles of Waterloo and Spain, the bondage of Greece. In the 4th canto Byron drops the device of the hero to speak directly to the reader, describing the great men and historical associations of

34、 the Italian cities. The poem satisfied the popular craving for descriptive travel literature of Byrons day and did much to establish the poets fame.5. Don Juan:Don Juan is a young Spanish aristocrat, left Spain after an illicit love affair and met with a series of adventures, first on an island sou

35、th of Greece, then in Turkey, then in Russia, and finally in England. In the poem, vivid pictures of the life and manners of different European countries are given. We can see the poets enthusiastic support for people fighting for freedom, against all forms of oppression from family despotism to pol

36、itical tyranny. Here he satirizes all kinds of social evils and attacks many corrupted politicians and writers of his day.Famous Quotation from Don Juan:Mans love is mans life a thing apart;Tis womans whole existence. 6.The Spenserian Stanza（斯賓塞體）:The 9-line stanza popularized by Edmund Spenser (155

37、2-1599) in the Farie Queene; the 1st 8 lines are iambic pentameter, the last line is an Alexandrine (iambic hexameter, 六步抑揚(yáng)格). The rhyme scheme is abab bcbc c. Among the celebrated poems written in Spenserian stanza are Robert Burns The Letters Saturday Night, Shelleys Adonais, Keatss The Eve of St.

38、 Agnes, and Byrons Childe Harold.7. Byronic Heroes（拜倫式英雄）:A term comes from a series of poem by Byron such as The Bride of Abydos, Childe Harolds Pilgrimage, The Corsair, Lara, etc. It refers to men with fiery passions and unbending will and express the poets own ideal of freedom. These heroes rise

39、against tyranny and injustice, but they are merely lone fighters striving for personal freedom and pure individualistic ends. (Or: a brooding young man attractive to women; a young man whose melancholy arouses the mothering instinct; a Don Juan or dashing lady-killer.)Byronic, Byronism.III. Percy By

40、sshe Shelley (雪萊1792-1822)1. Life:Shelley is grandson of Sir Bysshe Shelley, son of a wealthy country squire. Educated at Sion House Academy and Eton, where his attitude against the despotism of custom (e.g. against the traditional fagging system forcing freshmen to run errands for senior students)

41、and his secret scientific experiments at unseasonable hours helped earned him the name of “Mad Shelley” and “Shelley the Atheist”, and he developed a strong hatred of oppression. Went to Oxford, met Thomas J. Hogg there, published some pamphlets jointly, both got expelled from Oxford. Eloped with 16

42、-year-old Harriet Westbrook to save her form parental and scholastic tyranny, and married her at Edinburgh. Went to London, birth of daughter Ianthe named after the heroine of Queen Mab. Doubts having arisen of the validity of their marriage in Scotland, Shelley and Harriet re-married in London, so

43、that their 2 children could be accepted as legitimate. Eloped with Mary W. Godwin, daughter of William Godwin; got a large income from his grandfather. Trip to Switzerland, Harriet got drowned, legitimized his relations with Mary Godwin by marriage. Meeting Keats, deprived of the custody of Harriets

44、 2 children by law. Left England in 1898, never to return. 2 childrens death (by Mary), visiting Byron. Platonic friendship with 2 women “one word is too oft profaned”, “with a Guitar to Jane” to these 2. July 8, 1872, went to sea with Williams, drowned in the Bay of Spezzia, cremated, ashes buried

45、in the Protestant cemetery just outside the wall of Rome. A few months after Keats (died at 26) echoes Byrons famous line: “whom the gods love die young” (Canto 4, Don Juan).2. Works: Queen Mab (1813) Ode to a Skylark (1820) Ode to the West Wind (1819) The Masque of Anarchy (1819) Prometheus Unbound

46、 (1818-1820) Religious and political pamphlets: An Address to the Irish People A Refutation of Deism The Necessity of Atheism 3. General Introduction:Merits: a. His lyric gift may be the purest in the whole range of English poetryspontaneous music, ethereal beauty, unexcelled ideality; b. all-embrac

47、ing enthusiasm for humanity, the supremacy of Reason over Passion; great concern with morality; c. the conception of Love as the sole productive source of Good and the supreme agency for the regeneration of mankindare all reproduced in his revolutionary verse;Defects: a. in the longer works Shelley

48、is strong neither in structural design nor in unity; the construction is loose, the outline is vague, and the purpose is often uncertain; b. frequently the metaphors are inappropriate and the descriptive passages meandering; c. vagueness of expression and an obscurity of fancy;4. Famous Quotations b

49、y Shelley: “Those who love not their fellow-beings live unfruitful lives,”A Defense of Poetry :. “Poetry thus makes immortal all that is best and most beautiful in the world;-redeems from decay the visitations of the divinity in manturns all things to lovelinessPoets are the unacknowledged legislato

50、rs of the world ”.5 Close Reading: Ozymandias (sonnet)A Song: Men of England (8 quatrains with each line containing 4 accented syllables, rime scheme a a b b)(rime scheme:押韻方式) Ode to a Skylark Ode to the West Wind ( ode ) Ode(頌) is a lyric poem of some length, dealing with a lofty theme in a dignif

51、ied manner and originally intended to be sung. The English odes are generally of 3 types: a. the Pindaric code (平達(dá)體), following the pattern originated by the ancient Greek poet Pindar; b. the Cowleyan code (考利體), named after Abranham Cowley, an English poet of the 17th-c; c. the Horatian code(賀拉斯體),

52、 named after the ancient Roman poet Horace. Shelleys Ode to the West Wind is of the Horatian type, e.g. with stanzas of uniform length and arrangement. Here Shelley employed the “terza rima” (三行詩隔句押韻法), an Italian measure first used by Dante in his well-known poem The Divine Comedy (la Divina Commed

53、ia). Here is a variant (變體) of the original Italian pattern 5 14-lined stanzas of iambic pentameter, each of the stanzas containing 4 tercets and a closing couplet. Rime scheme aba, bcb, cdc, ded, ee. This ode is one of Shelleys best known lyrics. The poet describes vividly the activities of the wes

54、t wind on the earth, in the sky and on the sea and then expresses his envy for the boundless freedom of the west wind and his wish to be free like the wind and to scatter his words among mankind. The celebrated final line of the poem “If winter comes, can Spring be far behind?” has often been cited

55、to illustrate Shelleys optimistic belief in the future of mankind. 主 格 ye (pl.) (nominative case) thee賓 格 (objective case) - thou所 有 格 thy(possessive case) thine (作為thou的所有格，用于首字母是元音或h音的名詞前=thy, e.g. thine eys, thine heart)6.Homwwork:Read To a Skylark; Recite She Walks in BeautyIV. John Keats (濟(jì)慈179

56、5-1821): the apostle of beauty1. Life:Son of a livery-stable, London, entered Clark School, then father dies of a fall from his horse, mother marries another stable keeper but soon separated and a few years later dies of TB. From her Keats may inherit his tendency to consumption. Keats apprenticed t

57、o a surgeon, became a student in a hospital in 1815. Next year he meets Shelley, Hazlitt, and Wordsworth. He values Wordsworths poem The Excursion very much. Get a certificate to practice medicine in 1816. Next year he abandons the medical profession, publishes Poems, by John Keats (1817). Takes a walking trip with his friend into northern England, Scotland and Ir