英語翻譯技巧之反譯法(negation)ppt課件

1、翻譯技巧之反譯法Negation,Transfer of the Negative (否定轉(zhuǎn)移),(1). 把主句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移到that從句 think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine, fancy, reckon 引導(dǎo)的從句，在英翻中時應(yīng)使用否定轉(zhuǎn)移 E.g. We dont believe that our mother tongue is inferior to any other language in the world. 我們相信，祖國的語言并不亞于世界任何其他語言。 有些動詞，如assume, surmise 和presume，引導(dǎo)的從句中，在

2、英翻中時主句的否定不能轉(zhuǎn)移到從句當(dāng)中 E.g. I cant assume that he came. 我不能假定他來了。 I assume that he couldnt come. 我猜想他不能來。,(2). 把謂語動詞的否定轉(zhuǎn)移到狀語 E.g. Rome was not built in a day. 羅馬非朝夕建成。 Just because she doesnt complain you should not suppose that she is satisfied. 你不可只因為她不抱怨，就以為她心滿意足了。 (3). 把句子的其他成分轉(zhuǎn)移到動詞 E.g. He gave me

3、not even a moment to collect my thoughts. 他甚至不給我片刻時間去集中思考。,2. Conversion of the Affirmative in to the Negative （肯定形式譯成否定形式 ）,什么是肯定形式的英語句子？ -英語句子中既沒有否定詞，如no, not, never, none, neither, nobody, nothing, nowhere , nowise, 也沒有帶有否定前綴或后綴的詞，如dis-, im-, in-, ir-, non-, un-, -less. 中文的肯定句又是怎樣的呢？ -中文的肯定句，句子中不

4、含有“不”，“非”，“否”，“沒（有）”，“未”，“別”，“勿”，“莫”，“休”，“甭”。,E.g. Take it or leave it. 買不買隨你。 That time when we caught Molly I doubled up with laughter. 我們抓住莫莉那一回，我笑得直不起腰來。,3. Conversion of the Negative into the Affirmative(否定形式譯成肯定形式),(1). Conversion of English Words with Negative Prefixes or Suffixes into Affirm

5、ative Forms,E.G. Yesterday the President gave an unprepared speech before a big audience. 昨天總統(tǒng)在大庭廣眾面前即席致辭。 Arent they fine, these three men are going off into nowhere like that? 這三人真行，前途茫茫，就這樣去了。,(2). Conversion of Negative Sentences into Affirmatives,My overcoat would not wear out. 我的大衣十分耐穿。 If tha

6、t isnt what I want! 我所要的就是這個呀！ Nothing is more deceitful than the appearance of humility. 謙卑的外表是最易使人上當(dāng)?shù)摹?4. Translation of English Questions and Answers (英語問答句譯法),（ 1）. Translation of Answers to Negative Questions,注意：在回答否定問句時，英漢間的差異。 Are you not prepared to do this work? 你不打算做這項工作嗎？ Yes, I am. 不，我打算

7、做。 No, Im not. 是的，我不打算做。,(2). Translation of Negative Questions,Look, some buses are coming this way, dont you see them? 瞧，有幾輛公共汽車往這邊開來了，你看見了嗎？（cf. 你沒看見嗎？）,I like Xiamen very much, dont you? 我很喜歡廈門，你呢？ He wont go home, but will she? 他不回家，那她呢？,Some questions in English look like disjunctive questions

8、, but actually they are not. The statement and question have two different subjects covering different persons or things. In translation, the negation is generally not expressed.,(3). Translation of Answers to Disjunctive Questions,Its not going to rain, is it? 不會下雨，是不是？ No. 是的,不會。 Yes. its going to

9、 rain. 不，會下雨的。,Silent Answers,“Youre not going to school today?” Mother shouted down the stairs to her little one. The child looked up and shook his head. “今天你就不上學(xué)啦？”母親從樓上喊下來，問她的小寶貝。孩子抬起頭來點(diǎn)了一下。,(4). Translation of Rhetorical Questions,There is hardly a clear-cut line between a rhetorical question an

10、d a general question. Context decides whether a question is rhetorical or general, except absurd questions such as “Havent you got eyes?”. A rhetorical question, which the speaker uses to gain an effect, does not expect any answer. Literary style：豈不 Modern or colloquial style：難道,Is this the part of

11、wise men, engaged in a great and arduous struggle for liberty? Are we disposed to be of the number of those, who having eyes, see not, and having ears, hear not, the things which so nearly concern their temporal salvation? 為爭取自由而從事偉大而艱巨的斗爭的明智人士，難道應(yīng)該這樣做嗎？對于目前自救運(yùn)動密切相關(guān)的事業(yè)視而不見、充耳不聞的人，難道我們甘心情愿與之為伍嗎？,(5).

12、 Translation of Indirect Negative Questions,Negation can be found even in indirect questions, which in our mode of expression should be in a tone of uncertainty, such as “是否可以”, “能不能”. A literal translation will confuse the reader.,I wonder if he cannot help me out of the difficulty. 我不知道他是否能幫我擺脫這個困

13、境。 I am writing to ask your help in seeing if the provisions of the agreement cannot be implemented in the next few weeks. 茲函請惠予注意協(xié)議條款是否可在今后幾周內(nèi)實(shí)施。,5. Translation of Various Kinds of Negation (英語各種否定譯法 ),(1). Partial Negation 部分否定,Partial affirmative + not : Partial negative E.g. Some students are no

14、t here. Some students are here. 有些學(xué)生不在。 Not + full negative : Partial negative E.g. Not many people have nowhere to live. Most people have somewhere to live. 不是很多人沒有地方住。,Notfor nothing: Partial negative E.g. All these investigations are not done for nothing. 這些調(diào)查并不是白做的。 Full affirmative + not / not

15、+ full affirmative: Partial negative E.g. A man of learning is not always a man of wisdom. 有學(xué)問的人不一定是有智慧的人。,Attention! “all the + noun + not” and “ not all the + noun ”: full negation E.g. All the money in the world wont make you happy. 即使你擁有了世界上所有的財富，你也不會快樂。 Not and VS Not or E.g. He did not speak c

16、learly and correctly. He did not speak clearly or correctly. 他講得清楚，但不正確。 他講得不清楚，也不正確。,(2). Full negation (全部否定) Full negative + affirmative predicate: E.g. Nobody succeeds. Full negative + words with negative prefixes or suffixes, or words implying negation. E.g. He was always unkind. Not any E.g. H

17、e cannot remember anything.,Some ways to deal with Frequently-used negatives “No” is much stronger than “not”. E.g. It is not a joke. 這不是開玩笑的。 It is no joke. 這是正經(jīng)事。 I have not taken more than five courses this semester. 本學(xué)期我修的課程最多五門。（至多五門，也許不到。） I have taken no more than five courses this semester.

18、本學(xué)期我只修了五門課。（= only, 含“少”的意味。）,“None” is much stronger than “not”. E.g. None will say so. 沒有人會這樣說。 One will not say so. 人不會這樣說。,“None” can be used as an adverb: none the + comparative = in no way, not at all none too = not very E.g. He explained the sentences to me, but I am none the wiser. 他向我解釋了這個句

19、子，但我仍然一點(diǎn)也不懂。 Im none too sure about him. 我對他這個人拿不準(zhǔn)。,Attention! Any, anybody, anyone, anything cannot be used as subjects in negative sentences. E.g. 任何人都干不了這件事。 Anybody cannot do it. Nobody can do it. Any or Anybody, if post-modified, can precede the not in the sentences. E.g. Anybody who does that

20、isnt honest. 干那種事的人都不誠實(shí)。,(3). Double negation (雙重否定) (a) with weakening effect E.g. 不能不表示遺憾 We cannot but regret 難免有錯誤 There might be some errors 未嘗不可 It is not impossible 并不否認(rèn) do not deny He is not incapable. 他并非無能。 ( He is to some extent capable.),(b) with strengthening effect 雙重否定常見句型： cannotwith

21、out; no (never)without; nothingwithout; nono; withoutno; withoutcannot; without nothing; nothingnothing E.g. No investigation, no right to speak. 沒有調(diào)查就沒有發(fā)言權(quán)。,A negative + but (but作為含有否定意義的關(guān)系代詞,連詞或介詞) E.g. There is no child but knows him. (關(guān)系代詞) 沒有一個小孩不認(rèn)識他。 No man is so old but that he may learn. (連詞

22、) 沒有一個人老得不能學(xué)習(xí)。 Not a minute passes but things change. 事物每時每刻都在變化。 He is nothing but a fool. (介詞) 他不過是個傻子罷了。 He is anything but a fool. (=never) 他絕不是傻瓜。,曲言法：用否定對立的詞語強(qiáng)調(diào)肯定 E.g. To my no small astonishment, I found the house on fire. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)房子著火，大為吃驚。,(4). Incomplete negation (不完全否定) 不完全否定常見詞： few, little, hardly, scarcely, barely, rarely, seldom E.g. I need hardly say that he did well. 他干得不錯，這幾乎不用我說。 There are few, if any, such men. 這種人即使有，也很少。,Negative words + hardly/scarcely = incomplete negation