定語從句講解 (2).doc

.定語從句一、概念：在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。如：I want to marry a rich man. 定語I want to marry a man who is tall, rich and handsome. （從句謂語和先行詞一致） 先行詞 定語從句定語從句所修飾的詞叫先行詞；定語從句用關(guān)系詞（_ _）來引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系詞放在先行詞與定語從句之間起連接作用，同時(shí)又作從句中的一個(gè)成分。1)關(guān)系代詞：_2)關(guān)系副詞：_二、關(guān)系詞的用法：（一）關(guān)系代詞的用法：1) who, whom, that這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中作主語或賓語。例如：He is the man who/that wants to marry me.他就是那個(gè)想娶我的人。(who/that在從句中作主語)He is the man whom/ that I want to marry. 他就是我想嫁的那個(gè)人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)合并：1. The girl is my sister. The girl is standing on the stage._2. I dont know the boy. The boy is in blue shirt._3. My brother likes the singers. The singers write their own music._翻譯：1那就是教我們英語的老師。_2你正在等的教授已經(jīng)來了。_2) whose 用來指人或物，(只用作定語, 若指物，可以同of which互換，放在從句主語后面)。He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一個(gè)朋友的父親是醫(yī)生。Please pass me the book whose cover is green.=Please pass me the book the cover of which is green.合并：1 He bought a dress. The dresss price is 100 pounds._2 He has a friend. The friends mother is a singer._翻譯：1)那個(gè)門被打破的教室不久會(huì)被修復(fù)。_3) which, that所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等。例如：Football is a game which/that is favored by most boys. 足球是大多數(shù)男孩都喜歡的游戲。(which / that在句中作主語)This is the pen (which/that) he bought yesterday. 這是他昨天剛買的鋼筆。 (which / that在句中作賓語)合并：1. I cant find the book. I bought a book yesterday._2. The cat is mine. The cat is playing with a ball._翻譯：1這是他昨天買的鋼筆。_2昨天我收到了一封來自澳大利亞的信。_3他喜歡外國作家寫的書。_4他們昨晚看的電影一點(diǎn)意思也沒有。_（二）關(guān)系副詞的用法：1when 指時(shí)間，在從句中作時(shí)間狀語他的先行詞通常有：time, day, morning, night, week, yearShe still remembers the day when (= ) he proposed.她還記得他求婚的那一天。翻譯：1）我仍然記得爺爺去世的那一天。_2）我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我們?cè)谝黄鸬哪切┤兆印?_3）1949年10月1日是中華人民共和國成立的日子。_2where指地點(diǎn)，在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。它的先行詞通常有：place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, countryThis is the hotel where (= ) they are staying.This is a factory where (= ) handbags are made.翻譯：1)惠州是我出生的地方。_2)這就是他們初次見面的地方。_3why指原因或理由，它的先行詞只有reason。如：That is the reason why (= ) he is leaving so soon.翻譯：1）請(qǐng)你告訴我你遲到的原因。_2）我們不知道他受懲罰的原因。_3）我想知道你不喜歡出去玩的原因。_ (三) 使用關(guān)系副詞應(yīng)注意下列幾點(diǎn)：這三個(gè)關(guān)系副詞在意義上都相當(dāng)于一定的介詞+which結(jié)構(gòu)：when = on (in, at, during) + which;where = in (at, on) + which;why = for which. (四) 關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的選擇用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語從句主要看關(guān)系詞在定語從句中的作用（即所擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑喝绻鄙僦髡Z或賓語時(shí)，關(guān)系詞應(yīng)該用which或that, 缺少時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語或原因狀語時(shí)，才能用when, where或why）關(guān)系代詞thatwhichwhowhomwhose指代對(duì)象人、物物人人人、物在從句中的成分主、賓主、賓主、賓賓定關(guān)系副詞wherewhenwhy指代對(duì)象地點(diǎn)時(shí)間原因在從句中的成分狀語狀語狀語Practice：1)This is a factory _ handbags are made.2)This is a factory _ makes handbags.3)I know a place _ we can have a picnic. 4)I know a place _ is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. 5)I will never forget the days _ we spent together. 6)This is the reason _ he was dismissed.7) This is the boy _ father died three years ago. 8) The pencil _ he wrote was broken. 三限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句1限制性定語從句說明先行詞的情況，對(duì)先行詞起限定作用，與先行詞關(guān)系十分密切，不可用逗號(hào)隔開，也不可省略，否則全句意義就不完整。如：She has a son who is working at school.2非限制性定語從句只是對(duì)先行詞作補(bǔ)充說明，沒有限定作用，它與先行詞的關(guān)系比較松散，因而不是關(guān)鍵性的，如果省略，原句的意義仍然完整。這種從句在朗讀時(shí)要有停頓，在文字中通常用逗號(hào)與主句隔開。如：She has a son, who is working at school.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系詞有：who, whom, whose, which, when 和 where，不可以用that和why 3兩種定語從句的內(nèi)涵不同，限制性定語從句具有涉他性，而非限制性定語從句具有唯一性，這在理解和翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)特別注意。試比較：She has a son, who is working at school. （只有一個(gè)兒子）=She has a son and he is working at school.She has a son who is working at school.（不止一個(gè)兒子）4. when和where既可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。而why 只能引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句。四、注意事項(xiàng)1. 關(guān)系代詞that，which 的用法(1)只用which，不用that的情況 (a) 在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時(shí)。 The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here. (b)介詞后不能用that。 We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. (c) 一個(gè)句子中若有兩個(gè)定語從句，一個(gè)用that引導(dǎo)，另一個(gè)用which引導(dǎo)。He bought a book that could give him much knowledge and which could help him to kill the time.(2)只能用that作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況 (a)在不定代詞，如：anything, nothing, the one, all等作先行詞時(shí) Nothing that you say can change my mind.All that glitters is not gold.(b)先行詞有the only, the very, the same, the last, just修飾時(shí)。You are the last person that I want to see.He is the very man that I want to marry. (c)先行詞有序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)修飾修飾時(shí)。 This is the best film that Ive seen.Shakespeare is the greatest poet that England has ever had.(d)先行詞既有人，又有物時(shí)。The city and the people that I visited impressed me a lot.2. 關(guān)系代詞which, as的用法關(guān)系代詞as和which引導(dǎo)的定語從句as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，有相同之處也有不同之處。具體情況是： (1) as和which都可以在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，代表前面整個(gè)句子。 He married her, as/which was natural. He was honest, as/which we can see. (2) as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一個(gè)主句；which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如.，正像.”的意思 As is known to all, China is a developing country. He is from the south, as we can see from his accent. John, as you know, is a famous writer. He has been to Paris more than several times, which I dont believe. 注意：當(dāng)主句和從句存在邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí)，常用which。Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry. (3)當(dāng)先行詞受such, the same修飾時(shí)，常用asI have never heard such a story as he tells. He is not such a fool as he looks. This is the same book as I lost last week. 注意：當(dāng)先行詞由the same修飾時(shí)，偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但是和由as所引導(dǎo)的定語從句意思不同 She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿著她在MARY婚禮上穿過的一條裙子。 She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿著和她妹妹所穿的一樣的裙子。 注意：定語從句suchas 與結(jié)果狀語從句such that的區(qū)別：as在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中作主語，賓語；that在結(jié)果狀語從句中不做成分 He has such a good laptop as I want to buy. He has such a good laptop that I want to buy one. 3. 以the way為先行詞的限制性定語從句通常由in which或that引導(dǎo)，而且 通常可以省略。The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising. I dont like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her. 練習(xí)用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空：1. This is the professor _ taught me chemistry in 1980. 2. The hospital _ was built five years ago has been modernized. 3. The film _ we saw the day before yesterday is very interesting. 4. Do you know the student _ was praised at the meeting? 5. 1949 is the year _ the Peoples Republic of China was founded. 6. They work in a factory _ makes radio parts. 7. They work in a factory _ radio parts are made. 8. This is the vision phone through _ we can see and talk to our friends. 9. She lives in a small village, _ is only three miles from here. 10. She is going to spend the summer holidays in Shanghai, _ she has some friends. 11. The sun gives the earth light and heat, _ is very important to the living things. 12. He was often late, _ made his teacher very angry. 13. He talked about the teachers and schools _he had visited. 在下列定語從句中，填入適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~和關(guān)系代詞1. I was surprised at the way _ he treated the old man. 2. He built a telescope _ he could study the skies. 3. The woman, _ I learned the news, is a nurse. 4. He bought a book yesterday, the author _ is a teacher.5. She has three children, all _ are at school. 6. The desk _ Jack is leaning is Johns. 7. Ours is a beautiful school, _ we are proud.8. In the dark street, there wasnt a person _she could turn for help. 9. The age _ children can go to school is seven. 10. His bike _ he went to work was stolen last night. 單項(xiàng)選擇題1. Ive never been to Beijing, but its the place _. A. that I want to visit most B. in which Id like to visit C. where Id like to visit D. I most want to visit 2. The hours _ the children spend in their one-way relationship with television people undoubtedly affect their relationship with real people. A. in which B. on which C. when D. that 3. Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others, _, of course, made the others jealous. A. who B. that C. what D. which4. The goal _ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him. A. after which B. for which C. with which D. at which 5. A survey was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region, _ was surprising. A. as results B. which results C. the result of it D. the result of which 6. He came back late, _ which time all the guests had already left. A. at B. after C. by D. during 7. An investigation was made into the accident, _ fifty people were killed. A. in which B. where C. when D. for that 8. It wasnt such a good dinner _ she had promised us. A. that B. as C. which D. what 9. _ might be expected, the response to the question was very mixed.