初中英語語態(tài).doc

1.語態(tài)：英語有兩種語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)主動語態(tài)表示是動作的執(zhí)行者被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者 Cats eat fish. （主動語態(tài)）貓吃魚。 Fish is eaten by cats.(被動語態(tài))魚被貓吃。 被動語態(tài)的構成由“助動詞be 及物動詞的過去分詞”構成助動詞be 有人稱、數和時態(tài)的變化，其變化規(guī)則與be 作為連系動詞時完全一樣。時態(tài)被動語態(tài)結構例句一般現在 時am are +過去分詞is English is spoken in many countries.一般過去 時was +過去分詞were + 過去分詞This bridge was built in 1989.情 態(tài)動 詞can/shouldmay +be+過去分詞must/The work must be done right now. 被動語態(tài)的用法當我們不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者，或者沒有必要指出誰是動作的執(zhí)行者，或者只需強調動作的承受者時，要用被動語態(tài)。被動語態(tài) (1). 被動語態(tài)表示句子的主語是謂語動詞所表示的動作承受者。 (2). 被動語態(tài)基本結構：be+及物動詞的過去分詞(如果是不用物動詞，其過去分詞應帶有相應的介詞) (3). 被動語態(tài)中的be 是助動詞，有人稱、數和時態(tài)的變化。 一般現在時被動語態(tài)為：am/is/are+過去分詞 一般過去時被動語態(tài)為：was/were+ 過去分詞 與情態(tài)動詞連用的被動語態(tài)：情態(tài)動詞+ be + 過去分詞 (4). 被動語態(tài)中動作的發(fā)出者或執(zhí)行者做介詞by的賓語，放在句末，by 表示“由，被”的意思如何理解被動語態(tài)？ 為取勝更清晰、更深刻地理解被動語態(tài)的含義，可以將主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)的句子結構進行比較。 主動語態(tài)： 主語+ 謂語動詞 + 賓語 + 其他成分 被動語態(tài)： 主語+ be +過去分詞 + by +賓語 +其他成分 如： Many people speak English.被動語態(tài) English is spoken by many people.1.不及物動詞無被動語態(tài)。The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.2.有些動詞用主動形式表示被動意義。這些動詞主語以物居多，謂語動詞一般表示主語的性質和特征。這類動詞有許多，如: write, break, sell等。This pen writes well.This new book sells well.3.感官動詞或使役動詞使用省略to的動詞不定式，主動語態(tài)中不帶to ，但變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，須加上to 。 感官動詞有smell,sound,taste,fell等。使役動詞有l(wèi)et,make,have,help,hear,see,watch,notise,look,listen,read,promise(期望，預想)，turn out(證實)，take place(發(fā)生).例：make somebody do somethingsomebody+ be +made to do somethingsee somebody do somethingsomebody +be +seen to do somethingA girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.The boss made the little boy do heavy work.The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.His mother gave him a present for his birthday. He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.窗體底端如果是接雙賓語的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時，直接賓語(物)作主語，那么動詞后要用介詞，這個介詞是由與其搭配的動詞決定。He gave me a book.A book was given to me by him.He showed me a ticket.A ticket was shown to me by him.My father bought me a new bike. A new bike was bought for me by my father.5.一些動詞短語用于被動語態(tài)時，動詞短語應當看作一個整體，而不能丟掉其中的介詞或副詞。We cant laugh at him. He cant be laughed at by us.He listens to the radio every day. The radio is listened to by him every day.The nurse is taking care of the sick man. The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.6.一些表示狀態(tài)的動詞沒有被動語態(tài)。如：have, belong to等。時態(tài)現在時過去時將來時過去將來時一般一般現在時do一般過去時did一般將來時( will do)(be going to do）(shall do)一般過去將來時would do進行現在進行時be doing過去進行時was/were doing將來進行時will be doing過去將來進行時( would be doing)（was/were going to do）完成現在完成時have done過去完成時had done將來完成時will have done過去將來完成時would have done完成進行現在完成進行時have been doing過去完成進行時had been doing將來完成進行時will have been doing過去將來完成進行時would have been doing一般現在時1) 經常性或習慣性的動作，常與表示頻率的時間狀語連用。時間狀語：every，sometimes,at，on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.，twice a week：我每天早晨7點離開家去學校，一周兩次2) 客觀事實，普遍真理。The earth moves around the sun：地球繞著太陽轉Shanghai lies in the east of China：上海位于中國的東部3) 表示格言或警句中。Pride goes before a fall.驕者必敗。注意：此用法如果出現在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時，從句謂語也要用一般現在時。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round：哥倫布證明了地球是圓的4) 現在時刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個性。I dont want so much：我不想那么多Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well：Ann Wang 的英文寫得很好但說得不好比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup：現在我在杯子里放了糖.I am doing my homework now. 我正在做我的家庭作業(yè).注：用于操作演示或指導說明的示范性動作，表示言行的瞬間動作。再如：Now watch me,I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是進行時的標志，表示正在進行的動作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現在時。5主將從現主句用將來時 從句用現在時表將來 I will tell you,When Li Ming comes. 當李明來的時候我會告訴你. Ill e-mail you as soon as I get to Beijing. 我一到達北京就發(fā)電子郵件給你.注 ：一般從句為時間狀語從句由When As soon as.引導的從句條件狀語從句由If.引導的從句6)表示按計劃，規(guī)定要發(fā)生的動作，但僅限于少數動詞如：begin,come,leave,go等The meeting begins at seven：會議七點開始一般過去時1）在確定的過去時間里所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。時間狀語有：yesterday,last week,an hour ago,the other day,in 1982等。Where did you go just now ？你剛才去哪里了？2）表示在過去一段時間內，經常性或習慣性的動作。When I was a kid,I often played football in the street. 當我還是個孩子的時候，我經常在街上踢足球.Whenever the Browns went during their visit,they were given a warm welcome.布朗一家無論什么時候去，都受到熱烈的歡迎3）句型：1.It is time for sb. to do sth到某人做某事時間了某人該了 It is time for you to go to bed：你該睡覺了2.It is time sb. did sth. 時間已遲了早該了It is time you went to bed：你早該睡覺了3.would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示寧愿某人做某事Id rather you came tomorrow. 我寧愿你明天來.4) wish,wonder,think,hope 等用過去時，作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等。I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些.比較：一般過去時表示的動作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去，現已不復存在。Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. 達比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.現在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去.注意：用過去時表示現在，表示委婉語氣。1）動詞want,hope,wonder,think,intend 等。Did you want anything else：你還有什么事嗎？I wondered if you could help me：不知你能不能幫我個忙2）情態(tài)動詞could,would.Could you lend me your bike：你能借給我你的自行車？ 典型句型- Your phone number again? I _ quite catch it.- Its 69568442.A. didntB. couldntC. dontD. cant* used to + do：過去常常表示過去習慣性的動作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在。Mother used not to be so forgetful：媽媽過去不是這樣健忘Scarf used to take a walk.(過去常常散步)* be used to + doing：對已感到習慣，或習慣于，to是介詞，后需加名詞/動名詞。He is used to a vegetarian diet：他習慣于素食Scarf is used to taking a walk.(現在習慣于散步)一般將來時1)shall用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱，在征求意見時常用于第二人稱。Which paragraph shall I read first：我應該先讀哪一段？Will you be at home at seven this evening：你今晚七點在家嗎？2)be going to +不定式，表示將來。a.主語的意圖，即將做某事。What are you going to do tomorrow：你打算明天干什么？b. 計劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。The play is going to be produced next month：該活動在下個月舉行c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事Look at the dark clouds,there is going to be a storm：看那些烏云，暴風雨就要來了3)be + to do表將來，按計劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。We are to discuss the report next Saturday：我們下星期六將討論這份報告4)be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。He is about to leave for Beijing：他要去北京注意：be about to 不能與tomorrow,next week 等表示明確將來時的時間狀語連用。用于條件句時, be going to(表將來) / will (表意愿)If you are going to make a journey,youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.如果你要去旅行，你最好盡快準備好Now if you will take off your clothes,we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.現在如果你愿意脫下你的衣服，我們將在鏡子前為你穿上新衣服.be to和be going tobe to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事。be going to 表示主觀的打算或計劃。I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.(客觀安排)明天下午我要去踢足球Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主觀安排)一般現在時表將來1）下列動詞：come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般現在時表將來。這主要用來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning：火車明天上午六點開When does the bus star? 汽車什么時候開？It stars in ten minutes. 十分鐘后2）倒裝句，表示動作正在進行，如：Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.3）在時間或條件句中。When Bill comes (不是will come),ask him to wait for me：當比爾來了，讓他等我Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there：當我到達那里時，我會寫信給你4）在動詞hope,take care that,make sure that等后。I hope they have a nice time next week：我希望他們下星期玩得愉快Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room：在離開房間前要確保窗子都關閉用現在進行時表示將來意為：意圖、打算、安排、常用于人。常用詞為 come,go,start,arrive,leave,stay等。Im leaving tomorrow：我明天就要走了Are you staying here till next week：你要在這兒呆到下星期現在完成時現在完成時用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動作或狀態(tài)，其結果的確和現在有聯系。動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去但它的影響現在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現在的動作或狀態(tài), 常與already, just , yet , ever, never 連用.* have/ has 過去分詞比較過去時與現在完成時1）過去時表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調動作；現在完成時為過去發(fā)生的，強調過去的事情對現在的影響，強調的是影響。2）過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用，而現在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語。一般過去時的時間狀語：yesterday,last week，ago,in1980,in October,just now,(具體的時間狀語)共同的時間狀語：this morning,tonight,this April,now,once，before,already,recently，lately現在完成時的時間狀語:for,since,so far,ever,never,just,yet,till / until,up to now,in past years,always,(不確定的時間狀語)3）現在完成時可表示持續(xù)到現在的動作或狀態(tài)，動詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live,teach,learn,work,study,know.過去時常用的非持續(xù)性動詞有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,get married等。舉例：I saw this film yesterday：我昨天看了這部電影（強調看的動作發(fā)生過了。）I have seen this film：我已經看過這部電影（強調對現在的影響，電影的內容已經知道了。）Why did you get up so early.（強調起床的動作已發(fā)生過了。）Who hasnt handed in his paper.（強調有卷子，可能為不公平競爭。）She has returned from Paris：她已從巴黎回來了。She returned yesterday：她是昨天回來了。用于現在完成時的句型1）It is the first / second time. that結構中的從句部分，用現在完成時。It is the first time that I have visited the city.It was the third time that the boy had been late.2）This is the that結構，that 從句要用現在完成時.This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen.這是我看過的最好的電影。This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing.這是我第一次聽他唱歌。典型例題(1) -Do you know our town at all?-No,this is the first time I _ here.A. wasB. have beenC. cameD. am coming答案B. This is the first time 后面所加從句應為現在完成時，故選B。(2) -Have you _ been to our town before-No,its the first time I _ here.A. even,comeB. even,have comeC. ever,comeD. ever,have come答案D. ever意為曾經或無論何時，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時。This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，從句要用完成時。注意：非延續(xù)性動詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時間的狀語連用。即動作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。（錯）I have received his letter for a month.（對）I havent received his letter for almost a month.表示過去已經開始，持續(xù)到現在的動作或狀態(tài)和表示過去某一時刻延續(xù)到現在（包括現在在內）的一段時間的狀態(tài)連用如：（for + 時間段，since + 時間點，或過去某一動作， 以及how long ）注： 非延續(xù)性動詞在現在完成 時態(tài)中不能和for, since 引導的表示一段時間的狀語的肯定句連用。應轉為相應的延續(xù)性動詞 如：buy- have die- be dead join - be in/ be a member of borrow- keep leave- be away(from)I have bought a pen.- I have had a