句子結(jié)構(gòu)講義.doc

句子構(gòu)成詞性: 名詞,代詞,數(shù)詞,形容詞,動詞,副詞,冠詞,介詞,連詞,感嘆詞，我們需著重學(xué)習(xí)其中五類的用法： 詞性英語名稱意義例詞在句子中的作用名詞代詞noun (n.)指代人，事物或概念 smile, success, capability, decoration,主要作1.主語；2.賓語；3.賓補還可作1.定語；2.主補；3.同位語動詞 verb (v.)表示動作或狀態(tài)succeed, enlarge, 1.限定形式作謂語； 2.非限定形式作除謂語以外的成分形容詞adjective (a.)表示人或事物的特征free, ancient 1.放在名詞前,修飾名詞,作定語； 2. 作表語1賓補；2主補副詞adverb (ad.)表示動作特征或形狀特征可修飾動詞，形容詞，副詞或整個句子作狀語1.偶爾作表語; 2.偶爾作賓補介詞preposition (prep.)永遠不能單獨使用；后面必須接名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語,說明與別的詞的關(guān)系介詞短語作1.表語；2.定語；3.狀語1作賓補 句子成分，五種句型英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)：（定語）主語+謂語+（定語）賓語+（狀語）。 My brother often speak English.漢語句子結(jié)構(gòu)：（定語）主語+狀語+謂語+（定語）賓語。 我弟弟經(jīng)常說英語。1. 五種基本句型, 主要句子成分句型一： 主語+系動詞+表語 (表語可以是名詞，形容詞或介詞短語) That girl was my fiance.那個女孩是我未婚妻。 The story is about my son. 這個故事是關(guān)于我兒子的。 The flower is red. 除了be動詞，還有一些表示狀態(tài)，變化的詞，如feel, look, smell, taste, sound, seem, appear, become, get, grow, turn, go, come, ran, fall, prove, remain, stay, keep等，也可作系動詞用，如： She felt a bit dizzy. 她感到有點頭暈。 You are not looking very well. (well 除了作“身體健康”解時作形容詞，其他情況作副詞, 如：He performs well in school.) The dish smells good.這盤菜聞起來不錯。 The medicine tastes awful.這藥吃起來糟透了。 The report sounds true.這報道聽起來是真實的。He seemed quite normal. 他看起來很正常。 She appeared calm. 她顯得很鎮(zhèn)靜。His advice proved sound.他的建議證明是合理的。 She remained calm. 她保持平靜。They stayed awake to see the eclipse. 他們熬夜看月蝕。 He looked in splendid health. 他看起來健康狀況極好。句型二： 主語+不及物動詞 The sun is rising.太陽正在升起。Tim is sleeping.蒂姆正在睡覺。 The accident occurred suddenly.事故突然發(fā)生了。It is snowing.天在下雪。 The train is arriving.火車要到站了。 We waited and waited.我們等了又等。 He danced for joy.她高興地跳起舞來。She often dreams. 她常常做夢。She trembled all over. 她渾身發(fā)抖。句型三： 主語+及物動詞+賓語He loved poetry. 他熱愛詩歌。Have you ordered your meal? 你點了菜了嗎？Silence means consent. 沉默意味著默許。He left school in 1998.他1998年離校。What did he say?他說的什么？句型四： 主語+及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語 He showed me the way. 他給我指了路。She gave me her telephone number.他給了我電話號碼。 He handed me the letter.他把信遞給了我。Please throw me the key.請把鑰匙扔給我。 They awarded her a special scholarship.他們頒發(fā)她一項特別獎學(xué)金。 They never denied us assistance.他們從不拒絕給我們幫助。 He assigned the students a few books to read.他指定了幾本書給學(xué)生讀。 Can you lend us your car?你能把車借給我嗎？I owned him $50.我欠他五十美元。 They appointed him commander.他們?nèi)蚊傊笓]。 She sang us a folk song.她給我們唱了首民歌。 She found you a position.她給你找了個職位。He bought himself a new suit.他給自己買了套新衣服。 She cooked us a delicious meal.她給我們做了一頓美味的飯菜。 Could you fetch me the evening paper?你能否給我把晚報拿來？Thatll save us a lot of trouble.那會省去我們不少麻煩。They fined her $200.他們罰了她二百美元的款。 Careless driving cost him his life.開車馬虎使他陪了命。They forgave him his crimes.句型五： 主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓語補足語 （形容詞，名詞，介短可充當賓補） He found his new job rather boring. Sit down and make yourself comfortable. He got his clothes wet. Good food keeps you healthy. 良好的飲食使人健康。 Ill have my hair cut this evening.今晚我要把頭發(fā)剪了。The noise was driving him mad.噪音快讓我瘋了。I like my tea very strong.我喜歡喝濃點的茶。Finally they set him free.最后他們把他放了。Facts have proved these worries groundless.事實證實這些憂慮毫無根據(jù)。They call their daughter Mary.他們叫女兒瑪麗。They name the city Leningrad.他們把這座城市命名為列寧格勒。 We elected Smith our chairman. 我們選史密斯為主席。 All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只工作不玩耍，聰明小孩也變傻。The appointed him chairman of the committee. 他們?nèi)蚊麨橹魅挝瘑TWe all consider the book a master piece. 我們都認為這本書是杰作。The doctor thought that a good sign. 醫(yī)生認為這是一個好跡象。They kept their marriage a secret. 他們對結(jié)婚保密。Shelley counted this experience a part of his education. 雪萊把這段經(jīng)歷看作是他經(jīng)受的一段教育。I found her in better spirits when we met again. 再次見面時我發(fā)現(xiàn)她精神好些了。This placed her in a very difficult position. 這使她處境很困難。 They soon got the fire under control. 他們不久就控制了火勢。This will bring us all into harmony. 這回會使我們和睦起來。下面這些意義的正確表達就關(guān)系到動詞的正確用法。*計算機給我們帶來了方便. bring us convenient *我們的世界變得越來越現(xiàn)代化. change modern *這些現(xiàn)代設(shè)施使我們生活不那么悲慘. make our life was not miserable *以前我們用蠟燭照明. we light use candle *象這樣的例子有很多. As this example is a lot. 注意：a.“及物動詞+雙賓”與“及物動詞+復(fù)合賓語”的區(qū)別：“及物動詞+雙賓”句型中兩個賓語都是名詞，都是這個及物動詞的賓語；而在“及物動詞+復(fù)合賓語”句型中，賓補可以不是名詞，賓語和賓補之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如：He teaches me English. 就是“及物動詞+雙賓”結(jié)構(gòu)；He called me Jean. 就是“及物動詞+復(fù)合賓語”結(jié)構(gòu)。 b 除以上五種句型外，還有一種特殊的表示客觀存在的there be 句型。 c. 每一個陳述句都有否定和疑問形式，注意各種時態(tài)的形式變化。 d. 當表示命令或乞求時，不用陳述句形式，而用祁使句形式，即無主語，用動詞原形開頭。 2. 次要成分大家看到各種句型的句子分別有哪些句子成分了。 以上這些成分都是必要成分，也就是說，某種句型的句子必須要具備其完整的句子成分。具體用哪個句型與你表達的意義有關(guān)，與你選用的動詞也有關(guān)。比如說，你要表達“他找到了一個新工作”就可用句型3：主語+及物動詞+賓語，He found a new job；而要表達“他發(fā)現(xiàn)他的新工作相當乏味?！眲t用句型5：主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓補, He found his new job rather boring。有的動詞可以有多種用法，用于多個句型。有的動詞用在不同句型中時意義不同，如He found a new job和 He found his new job rather boring中的find, 因為動詞的用法和它的意義是相應(yīng)的。但是我們看到的英語句子為什么經(jīng)常不象我們上面說的那樣簡單呢？原因之一就是除了以上必要成分，還有兩種次要成分：定語和狀語。之所以叫次要成分是因為一個句子沒有定語狀語也是成立的。 如：The hospital is big. Everyone works. He loved poetry. They awarded her a scholarship。但事實上很少有有這樣簡單的句子。它們的信息量太少了，句意不明確。所以雖然叫次要成分其實是非常重要，非常常見的的成分。定語是修飾名詞的，狀語是修飾動詞，形容詞，副詞或整個句子的。一個名詞可以有多個定語從不同角度修飾它，一個動詞也可以有多個狀語。如：The hospital run by my father was big enough to hold 1000 patient during the anti-Japanese war period. 主要成分：句型一主語（n.）+系動詞+表語(a.，n.，介短)句型二主語+不及物動詞句型三主語+及物動詞+賓語(n.)句型四主語+及物動詞+間接賓語(n.)+直接賓語(n.)句型五主語+及物動詞+賓語(n.)+賓語補足語（n.，a.，介短）次要成分：定語 （a.，n.，介短）； 狀語（ad.，介短）定語：句中修飾名詞的成分，可以由形容詞，名詞，或介詞短語充當。A beautiful flower comes out in the garden. summer vacationThe flower in the vase is expensive. Childhood friendI have something important to do. Greenhouse effect狀語：句中修飾動詞，形容詞或整個句子的成分，可以由副詞，或介詞短語充當。Listen attentively attentively 是狀語,修飾動詞listen;He said in contempt. in contempt 是狀語,修飾動詞 said;live a comparatively wealthy life comparatively 是狀語,修飾形容詞 wealthy;Summer reading was not the innocent entertainment I had assumed it to be, not a light-hearted, instantly forgettable escape in a hammock. instantly 是狀語,修飾形容詞 forgettable 第二講 復(fù)雜句子的理解與造句在實際生活中，由于表達的需要，我們不僅需要一個詞的概念作一個句子成分，還可能需要一個動作的概念甚至一個句子的概念來作句子成分，比如：我們可能會說：藥能幫助你退燒，Medicine can help you relieve the fever; 也可能會說：洗個涼水澡能幫助你退燒， having a cool shower can help you relieve the fever. 我們可能會說：新鮮的雞蛋非常有營養(yǎng)，fresh eggs can be very nutritious; 也可能會說：煮的半生的雞蛋非常有營養(yǎng)，half-done eggs can be very nutritious; 也可能說，曾被科考隊帶到南極去的雞蛋非常有營養(yǎng)，the eggs that had been taken to the south pole by the scientific expedition are very nutritious; 還可以說：科學(xué)家們?nèi)ツ昱嘤男缕贩N的雞產(chǎn)的蛋非常有營養(yǎng)，the eggs produced by the new breed of hens the scientists produced last year are very nutritious?？梢姵嗽~類可直接作句子成分，非謂語形式和從句也是構(gòu)成句子成分的重要內(nèi)容。但要正確理解全句的關(guān)鍵是抓住句子的主干，即全句的主語和謂語。那么怎么抓全句的主謂成分呢？分清英語動詞的謂語形式和非謂語形式就顯得至關(guān)重要。一 動詞的謂語形式和非謂語形式謂語形式又叫限定形式。 什么意思呢？就是說，作謂語這個動詞的形式受時態(tài)和主語人稱限制，作相應(yīng)的形式變化，不能是原形，或非謂語形式。所以任何一個句子的謂語都有時態(tài)變化和人稱變化，如：She bought chicken and turkey. This is a strong wine. I walk for two hours every day. He walks for two hours every day. 但是，句子不可能都這樣簡短，這樣信息量太少。一個句子中動詞常常不止一個，那么除了謂語動詞，其它動詞只能用非謂語形式，作非謂語成分，如主語，賓語，賓補，定語，狀語。非謂語形式又叫非限定形式，即不受句子時態(tài)人稱限制。如：I want to buy a book.。 I wanted to buy a book.。非謂語動詞有三種形式：不定式 to do，分詞形式doing, done，動名詞形式doing。非謂語動詞在句中可以充當除了謂語之外的任何成分，具體如下：不定式的用法1 作主語To compromise appears advisable. To ignore this might have serious consequences.To stop the work now seems impossible. 但這種情況下往往用it作形式主語，而把不定式真正主語放到后面去，避免主語太長出現(xiàn)頭重腳輕的現(xiàn)象。To say which is better is difficult. It is difficult to say which is better. To know all these facts is essential. It is essential to know all these facts. Its an honour to meet you. Its a pity to waste so much money.2 作表語 His ambition was to be a film star. His goal is to be a scientist. This wall is to keep people out of the garden.3 作賓語有些動詞的承受者不一定是have a good idea, steal money 這樣的名詞概念，也可能是個動作，如“同意做某事，拒絕投降，停止抱怨，他承認犯了個錯誤”等。那么用英語怎么表達呢？在英語中這個動詞后的動詞就不可能是謂語形式，而只能是非謂語形式了。至于用哪種非謂形式，就看前面那個主要動詞的要求了。如：同意agree to do sth； 拒絕refuse to surrender；停止stop complaining；承認he admitted making a mistake。哪些動詞后面要求不定式，哪些要求動名詞，大家要記一記。但也不完全是死記，一般說來，不定式表示即將發(fā)出的動作，動名詞表示整個動作。要求不定式作賓語的動詞有：afford v.(供的起，出得起，買的起) I cant afford to buy you a car, darling! 其它用法：I cant afford your tuition. agree v. (同意，答應(yīng)，一致) He agreed to pay $4,ooo for the car. aim v.（目標是，旨在） Harry aims to become a doctor. attempt v. (試圖，企圖) They were caught when they were attempting to flee. begin （開始） He began to prepare for the dinner. bother（麻煩，take trouble） Dont bother to answer the letter personally. 我們把某些形容詞后帶的不定式也叫定語，如： She was eager to see her friends. I am afraid to tell her. I was sorry to hear that you were ill. Helen was pleased to see him. Im proud to be a Chinese. She was surprised to see George walk in. 4 作賓補 advise （建議） the doctor advised me to rest for a week. allow （允許） please allow me to introduce myself.ask （請求做；叫做） I asked Gorge to convey my best wishes to his mother.beg （乞求） He begged her to forgive him.cause （致使，導(dǎo)致） what has caused the plants to die?challenge （挑戰(zhàn)） he challenged me to mand （命令） the officer commanded his man to fire.但在某些感觀動詞(see, watch, hear, feel)使 動詞(have, make let) 及notice后的不定式須省略to.如: Did you see anyone enter the house? I heard her lock the door. She wont let me do it. Did you notice a man came in? I wont have him cheat me like that.5 作定語We have a lot of things to do today.This is not the right attitude to take.He was the second man to hear the news.He was the only one to survive the crash. 6 作狀語不定式主要作目的狀語，如：We slept together to keep warm.To do good work, one must have the proper tools.作結(jié)果狀語主要用于only to 結(jié)構(gòu)中表一種出乎意料的情況，如：He hurried to the place only to find the house empty. If you arrive so late at the airport to find the guest has gone already, whats the use of your going there?不定式的邏輯主語It wont be easy to find a new job. It wont be easy for you to find a new job. It isnt right to marry for money. It isnt right for people to marry for money.To run fast is dangerous. for an old man to run fast is dangerous. Theres no reason to doubt his words. Theres no reason for us to doubt his words.動名詞我們在前面說了，由于表達的需要，主語，賓語，表語不一定是個名詞概念，可能是個動詞或動詞短語，如：現(xiàn)在找工作不容易；散步是我唯一的運動。這里的“找工作”和“散步”既是動詞（動詞短語），又要作主語，就只能用動名詞（finding a job, walking）了。動名詞實際上就是動詞或動詞短語加上ing 后，句法作用變成了名詞。所以名詞在句中有什么功能，動名詞在句中就有什么功能，也就是說，名詞在句中可作主語，賓語（介詞賓語），表語，賓補，動名詞也可作這些成分。Her hobby is collecting stamps. (表語) Growing rose is her hobby. （主語） Gambling is forbidden in our country. （主語） There pastime is going to movies. (表語) Please stop talking. （賓語）He was arrested for smuggling.（介詞賓語）不定式在句中大致也能作這些成分，那么他們的區(qū)別是什么呢？要抓住不定式和動名詞的基本意義：不定式表示一個動作即將發(fā)出，而動名詞表示這個動作的概念。以上四個例句中的動名詞換成不定式顯然就不合適了。 不定式和動名詞作賓語的區(qū)別也基于兩者基本意義的差異，為了保險起見，大家最好記住接不定式作賓語和動名詞作賓語的動詞，以便自動使用。I suggested bring the meeting to an end. He admitted taking the money. Do you enjoy teaching?Avoid over-eating. I couldnt help laughing. He considered going to see Paul in person. He loves playing the piano. I hate lying and cheating. He kept complaining. I couldnt risk missing the train. Theyre practicing singing the new song. He denied making any statement to that effect. So you prefer living abroad?Would you mind moving your car？He didnt recall saying it. Your coat wants brushing. 動名詞的邏輯主語 Their coming up to help was a great encouragement to us. Marys grumbling annoyed him.動名詞還有一個重要的功能，就是作定語：swimming pool swimming suit speaking contest sleeping pill drawing pinwriting paper diving board filling station watering can drinking water waiting room walking stick parking lot sewing machine hearing aid operating table fishing line sleeping bag writing desk 分詞分詞在句中的主要作用是作定語和狀語，它的基本意義大家可以通過下面幾個例句來理解：現(xiàn)在分詞The manager approached us smiling He rode away whistling. Who is the woman talking to Jim?There were 220 children studying in the art school.The girl sitting next to me was my cousin. 通過分析以上例句，可見現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語是句子的主語，為了避免再用一套主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，英語采用了分詞形式。過去分詞What is the language spoken in that country?In the end the program offered by Wilson was adopted.The experience gained will be of great value to us.Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent. Judged by ordinary standards, he was reliable. They came in, followed by their wives.可見，現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的作用是一樣的，只是現(xiàn)在分詞和句子主語之間是一種主謂關(guān)系，而過去分詞和句子主語之間是一種動賓關(guān)系。從句從句共分三類：名詞性從句，形容詞性從句，狀語性從句1 名詞性從句（主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句，同位語從句）名詞性從句有三種類型：1. That 引導(dǎo)的That prices will go up is certain. it is certain that prices will go up.Its a shame that youre sick. Its said that there has been an earthquake in India. Ill call Betty and remind her that we are meeting at 8.She informed me that she was to send for it the next day.He assured the passengers that there was no danger. 2. 由連接代（副）詞引導(dǎo)的When hell be back depends much on the weather. Whether the game will be held is uncertain. its uncertain whether well be able to come. It was not clear to me why he behaved like that. How the burglars got in was a mystery. It was a mystery how the burglars got in.Its a puzzle how life began. 3. 由關(guān)系代詞what 或whatever 引導(dǎo)的What follows is the narrative of his experiences. What he saw made him tremble. They are not affected by what he said. Give it to whoever you like. 2 定語從句The man (who robbed him) has been arrested.The friend (with whom I was traveling) spoke French. The film is about a spy (whose wife betrays him). The car (which I hired) broke down. At the time (when I saw him), he was quite strong. This is the village (where I was born).3 狀語從句有些副詞， 如directly和immediately亦可引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，其意義相當于as soon as, 如：(1) I will come directly I have finished.(2) Immediately he arrived, he started telling me what to do. 下句中hardly (scarcely)when與 no sooner than的意義也相當于as soon as (3) Hardly (scarcely) had he gone when she appeared. 他一走， 她就出現(xiàn)了。(4) No sooner had I gone outside than the phone rang. 我剛出屋電話鈴就響了。有些表時間的短語亦可引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，如the instance, the minute, the moment, the day, every time, each time, by the time, next time, the first (second, third) time, etc.(5) Next time you come, please bring you composition.(6) the minute he saw her he fell in love.有些短語亦可引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，如by reason that, for fear that, now that, on the ground that , seeing that, in case, etc. (7) He took an umbrella with him, for fear it might rain.(8) I do remember, now (that) you mentioned it.(9) he resigned on the ground hta his health was failing.(10) Ill take my raincoat in case it rains.原因狀語從句也可由because of, by virtue of, in the light of, in view of, on account of, owing to, due to, etc. +the fact that 構(gòu)成。從屬連詞（that）有時亦有的含義， 尤其在與此同時連用的情況下：(11) If you dont pay us, we could take you to court- not that we would do such a thing.(12) Not that I dislike the work, but that I have no time.目的狀語從句中常用may (might); shall (should): will (would); can (could) 等情態(tài)動詞：(13)Speak clearly so that they may understand you.Lest, in case 也可以引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句，地但是是否定的意思， 意為， “以免”“以防”。lest引導(dǎo)的常用should, would, could等虛擬式, 常用于書面形式，in case 引導(dǎo)的則不用：(14) take your umbrella in case it rains.(15) Take your umbrella with you lest it should rain.結(jié)果狀語從句由 that, so that, such that, with