大學(xué)英語綜合教程course2-unit7.doc

大學(xué)英語綜合 全新版 大學(xué)英語綜合 全新版 BOOK 2 Unit 7 Pre reading Task Text A Language Sene Enhancement Language Focus Text B Comprehensive Language Practice Listening Practice Video Clip Text New Words Comprehension Language Sene Enhancement Vocabulary Synonyms in Context Collocation Comprehensive Exercises Text New Words Comprehension Check Translation Language Practice Summary of Text B Dictation Speaking Practice Group Discussion Practical Writing Glossary You have studied English for many years Yet have you ever noticed there are lots of funny things about English words themselves The short talk you re going to listen to is all about it After listening complete the following statements according to what you have heard The following words in the recording may be new to you eggplant n 茄子 pineapple n 菠蘿 hamburger n 漢堡牛肉餅 漢堡包 1 Of all languages English has the largest vocabulary perhaps as many as and one of the noblest bodies of literature 2 English muffins weren t or French fries in 3 In English overlook and oversee are while quite a lot and quite a few are in meaning 4 English was invented by people not computers and it which of course isn t a race at all hello test KeysKeys 1 one million words 2 invented in England France 3 opposites similar alike 4 reflects the creativity of the human race ScriptScript English is the most widely used language in the history of our planet One in every seven human beings can speak it More than half of the world s books and three quarters of international mail are in English Of all languages English has the largest vocabulary perhaps as many as one million words and one of the noblest bodies of literature Nonetheless let s face it English is a crazy language There is no egg in eggplant neither pine or apple in pineapple and no ham in a hamburger English muffins weren t invented in England or French fries in France Sweetmeats are candy while sweetbreads which aren t sweet are meat Sometimes I wonder if all English speakers should be sent to a madhouse In what other language do people drive on a parkway and park in a driveway Ship by truck and send cargo by ship Have noses that run and feet that smell How can a slim chance and a fat chance be the same while a wise guy and a wise man are opposites How can overlook and oversee are opposites while quite a lot and quite a few are alike How can the weather be hot as hell one day and cold as hell the next You have to marvel at the glorious messiness of a language in which your house can burn up as it burns down in which you fill in a form by filling it out and in which your alarm clock goes off by going on English was invented by people not computers and it reflects the creativity of the human race which of course isn t a race at all That is why when stars are out they a revisible but when the lights are out they are invisible And why when I wind up my watch I start it but when I wind up this speech I end it R T Some languages resist the introduction of new words Others like English seem to welcome them Robert MacNeil looks at the history of English and comes to the conclusion that its tolerance for change represents deeply rooted ideas of freedom 有些語言拒絕引入新詞 另一些語言 如英語 則似乎歡迎新詞的引入 羅伯特 麥克尼爾 回顧英語的歷史 得出結(jié)論說 英語對變化的包容性體現(xiàn)了根深蒂固的自由思想 The Glorious Messiness of English Robert MacNeil R T 1 The story of our English language is typically one of massive stealing from other languages That is why English today has an estimated vocabulary of over one million words while other major languages have far fewer 英語中絢麗多彩的雜亂無章現(xiàn)象 羅伯特 麥克尼爾 我們的英語的歷史是典型的大量竊取其他語言的歷史 正因為如此 今日英語的詞匯量據(jù) 估計超過一百萬 而其他主要語言的詞匯量都要小得多 T 2 French for example has only about 75 000 words and that includes English expressions like snack bar and hit parade The French however do not like borrowing foreign words because they think it corrupts their language The government tries to ban words from English and declares that Walkman is not desirable so they invent a word balladeur which French kids are supposed to say instead but they don t 例如 法語只有約 75 000 個單詞 其中還包括像 snack bar 快餐店 和 hit parade 流行唱片目錄 這樣的英語詞匯 但法國人不喜歡借用外來詞 因為他們認(rèn)為這樣會損害 法語的純潔性 法國政府試圖逐出英語詞匯 宣稱 Walkman 隨身聽 一詞有傷大雅 因 此他們造了個新詞 balladeur 讓法國兒童用 可他們就是不用 R T 3 Walkman is fascinating because it isn t even English Strictly speaking it was invented by the Japanese manufacturers who put two simple English words together to name their product That doesn t bother us but it does bother the French Such is the glorious messiness of English That happy tolerance that willingness to accept words from anywhere explains the richness of English and why it has become to a very real extent the first truly global language Walkman 一詞非常耐人尋味 因為這個詞連英語也不是 嚴(yán)格地說 該詞是由日本制造 商發(fā)明的 他們把兩個簡單的英語單詞拼在一起來命名他們的產(chǎn)品 這事兒我們不介意 法國人卻耿耿于懷 由此可見英語中絢麗多彩的雜亂無章現(xiàn)象 這種樂意包容的精神 這 種不管源自何方都來者不拒的精神 恰好解釋了英語為什么會這么豐富 解釋了英語緣何 在很大程度上成了第一種真正的國際語言 R T 4 How did the language of a small island off the coast of Europe become the language of the planet more widely spoken and written than any other has ever been The history of English is present in the first words a child learns about identity I me you possession mine yours the body eye nose mouth size tall short and necessities food water These words all come from Old English or Anglo Saxon English the core of our language Usually short and direct these are words we still use today for the things that really matter to us 歐洲沿海一個彈丸小島的語言何以會成為地球上的通用語言 比歷史上任何一種其他語言 都更為廣泛地被口頭和書面使用 英語的歷史體現(xiàn)在孩子最先學(xué)會用來表示身份 I me you 所屬關(guān)系 mine yours 身體部位 eye nose mouth 尺寸量度 tall short 以及生活必需品 food water 的詞匯當(dāng)中 這些詞都來自英語的核心部分 古英語或盎格魯 撒克遜英語 這些詞通常簡短明了 我們今天仍然用這些詞來表示對我 們真正至關(guān)重要的事物 5 Great speakers often use Old English to arouse our emotions For example during World War II Winston Churchill made this speech stirring the courage of his people against Hitler s armies positioned to cross the English Channel We shall fight on the beaches we shall fight on the landing grounds we shall fight in the fields and in the streets we shall fight in the hills We shall never surrender 偉大的演說家常常用古英語來激發(fā)我們的情感 例如 在二戰(zhàn)期間 溫斯頓 丘吉爾作了如 下的演講來激勵國民的勇氣以抵抗對岸準(zhǔn)備渡英吉利海峽來襲的希特勒的軍隊 我們要戰(zhàn) 斗在海灘上 我們要戰(zhàn)斗在著陸場上 我們要戰(zhàn)斗在田野和街巷 我們要戰(zhàn)斗在群山中 我們決不投降 6 Virtually every one of those words came from Old English except the last surrender which came from Norman French Churchill could have said We shall never give in but it is one of the lovely and powerful opportunities of English that a writer can mix for effect different words from different backgrounds Yet there is something direct to the heart that speaks to us from the earliest words in our language 這段文字中幾乎每個詞都來自古英語 只有最后一個詞 surrender 是個例外 來自諾 曼法語 丘吉爾原本可以說 We shall never give in 但這正是英語迷人之處和活力所 在 作家為了加強(qiáng)效果可以糅合來自不同背景的不同詞匯 而演說中使用古英語詞匯具有 直接撥動心弦的效果 R T 7 When Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 B C English did not exist The Celts who inhabited the land spoke languages that survive today mainly as Welsh Where those languages came from is still a mystery but there is a theory 尤利烏斯 凱撒在公元前 55 年入侵不列顛時 英語尚不存在 當(dāng)時不列顛的居民凱爾特人 使用的那些語言流傳下來主要成了威爾士語 這些語言的起源至今仍是個不解之謎 但有 一種理論試圖解開這個謎 R T 8 Two centuries ago an English judge in India noticed that several words in Sanskrit closely resembled some words in Greek and Latin A systematic study revealed that many modern languages descended from a common parent language lost to us because nothing was written down 兩個世紀(jì)前 在印度當(dāng)法官的一位英國人注意到 梵文中有一些詞與希臘語 拉丁語中的 一些詞極為相似 系統(tǒng)的研究顯示 許多現(xiàn)代語言起源于一個共同的母語 但由于沒有文 字記載 該母語已經(jīng)失傳 R T 9 Identifying similar words linguists have come up with what they call an Indo European parent language spoken until 3500 to 2000 B C These people had common words for snow bee and wolf but no word for sea So some scholars assume they lived somewhere in north central Europe where it was cold Traveling east some established the languages of India and Pakistan and others drifted west toward the gentler climates of Europe Some who made the earliest move westward became known as the Celts whom Caesar s armies found in Britain 語言學(xué)家找出了相似的詞 提出這些語言的源頭是他們稱之為印歐母語的語言 這種語言 使用于公元前 3500 年至公元前 2000 年 這些人使用同樣的詞表達(dá) 雪 蜜蜂 和 狼 但沒有表示 海 的詞 因此有些學(xué)者認(rèn)為 他們生活在寒冷的中北歐某個地區(qū) 一些人向 東遷徙形成了印度和巴基斯坦的各種語言 有些人則向西漂泊 來到歐洲氣候較為溫暖的 地區(qū) 最早西移的一些人后來被稱作凱爾特人 亦即凱撒的軍隊在不列顛發(fā)現(xiàn)的民族 R T 10 New words came with the Germanic tribes the Angles the Saxons etc that slipped across the North Sea to settle in Britain in the 5th century Together they formed what we call Anglo Saxon society 新的詞匯隨日爾曼部落 盎格魯 撒克遜等部落 而來 他們在 5 世紀(jì)的時候越過北 海定居在不列顛 他們共同形成了我們稱之為盎格魯 撒克遜的社會 R T 11 The Anglo Saxons passed on to us their farming vocabulary including sheep ox earth wood field and work They must have also enjoyed themselves because they gave us the word laughter 盎格魯 撒克遜人將他們的農(nóng)耕詞匯留傳給我們 包括 sheep ox earth wood field 和 work 等 他們的日子一定過得很開心 因為他們留傳給我們 laughter 一詞 12 The next big influence on English was Christianity It enriched the Anglo Saxon vocabulary with some 400 to 500 words from Greek and Latin including angel disciple and martyr 下一個對英語產(chǎn)生重大影響的是基督教 基督教以 400 至 500 個希臘語 拉丁語詞匯豐 富了盎格魯 撒克遜詞匯 如 angel 天使 disciple 門徒 和 martyr 殉難者 等 13 Then into this relatively peaceful land came the Vikings from Scandinavia They also brought to English many words that begin with sk like sky and skirt But Old Norse and English both survived and so you can rear a child English or raise a child Norse Other such pairs survive wish and want craft and skill hide and skin Each such addition gave English more richness more variety 接著北歐海盜從斯堪的納維亞來到了這塊相對和平的土地 他們也給英語帶來了許多以 sk 開頭的詞匯 如 sky 和 skirt 但古斯堪的納維亞語和英語同時留傳下來 因此你可以說 rear a child 英語 也可以說 raise a child 斯堪的納維亞語 其他留傳下來的這類同 義詞組有 wish 和 want craft 和 skill hide 和 skin 每一個類似的詞的增添都使 英語更加豐富 更加多樣化 14 Another flood of new vocabulary occurred in 1066 when the Normans conquered England The country now had three languages French for the nobles Latin for the churches and English for the common people With three languages competing there were sometimes different terms for the same thing For example Anglo Saxons had the word kingly but after the Normans royal and sovereign entered the language as alternatives The extraordinary thing was that French did not replace English Over three centuries English gradually swallowed French and by the end of the 15th century what had developed was a modified greatly enriched language Middle English with about 10 000 borrowed French words 另一次新詞的大量涌入發(fā)生在 1066 年 諾曼人征服英國的時候 這時英國三種語言并用 貴族使用法語 教會使用拉丁語 平民使用英語 由于三種語言相互競爭 有時同一事物 就出現(xiàn)了不同的名稱 例如 盎格魯 撒克遜語有 kingly 一詞 但諾曼人入侵后 royal 和 sovereign 作為替代詞進(jìn)入了英語 不同尋常的是 法語沒有取代英語 三個多世紀(jì) 后 英語逐漸吞并了法語 到 15 世紀(jì)末 發(fā)展成為一種經(jīng)過改進(jìn)的大大豐富了的擁有一 萬多個 借來 的法語詞匯的語言 中古英語 15 Around 1476 William Caxton set up a printing press in England and started a communications revolution Printing brought into English the wealth of new thinking that sprang from the European Renaissance Translations of Greek and Roman classics were poured onto the printed page and with them thousands of Latin words like capsule and habitual and Greek words like catastrophe and thermometer Today we still borrow from Latin and Greek to name new inventions like video television and cyberspace 大約在 1476 年 威廉 卡克斯頓在英國制造了一臺印刷機(jī) 由此掀起了一場信息傳播技術(shù) 的革命 印刷術(shù)把歐洲文藝復(fù)興運(yùn)動中涌現(xiàn)的大量新思想傳入英國 希臘羅馬經(jīng)典著作的 譯文紛紛印成書冊 成千上萬的拉丁詞 如 capsule 密封小容器 和 habitual 慣常的 希臘詞 如 catastrophe 大災(zāi)難 和 thermometer 溫度計 等也隨之涌入 今天我們 仍借用拉丁 希臘語命名新的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造 如 video television 和 cyberspace 虛擬空 間 等 16 As settlers landed in North America and established the United States English found itself with two sources American and British Scholars in Britain worried that the language was out of control and some wanted to set up an academy to decide which words were proper and which were not Fortunately their idea has never been put into practice 隨著移民在北美登陸并建立美國 英語出現(xiàn)了兩個源頭 美式英語和英式英語 英國的 學(xué)者擔(dān)心英語會失控 有人想成立一個有權(quán)威的學(xué)會 決定哪些詞匯合適 哪些詞匯不合 適 幸運(yùn)的是 他們的設(shè)想從未付諸實施 17 That tolerance for change also represents deeply rooted ideas of freedom Danish scholar Otto Jespersen 1860 1943 wrote in 1905 The English language would not have been what it is if the English had not been for centuries great respecters of the liberties of each individual and if everybody had not been free to strike out new paths for himself 這種對變化的包容態(tài)度也體現(xiàn)了根深蒂固的自由精神 丹麥學(xué)者奧托 葉斯柏森在 1905 年 寫道 如果不是多少世紀(jì)以來英國人一向崇尚個人自由 如果不是人人都能自由地為自己 開拓新的道路 英語就不會成為今天的英語 18 I like that idea Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and rights of man in the modern world The first shoots sprang up in England and they grew stronger in America The English speaking peoples have defeated all efforts to build fences around their language 我喜歡這一觀點(diǎn) 想想吧 孕育英語的文化土壤也同樣為現(xiàn)今的世界培育了偉大的自由精 神及人權(quán)準(zhǔn)則 最初的根芽在英國萌發(fā) 接著在美國生長壯大 英語國家的人民挫敗了種 種意欲建立樊籬保護(hù)語言的企圖 R T 19 Indeed the English language is not the special preserve of grammarians language police teachers writers or the intellectual elite English is and always has been the tongue of the common man 事實上 英語不是語法學(xué)家 語言衛(wèi)道士 教師 作家或知識精英的特殊領(lǐng)地 英語是 而且一向是 人民大眾的語言 Study the new words and expressions of Text again 黑正體表示 一般要求 四級 的詞匯 黑正體后加 表示 較高要求 六級 的詞匯 黑正體后加 表示 更高要求 的詞匯 黑色正體后加 表示 超綱詞匯 黑色正體后加 表示 專有名詞 1 messiness n 雜亂狀況 Such is the glorious messiness of the English language Working underneath the car is always a messy job messy a 2 massive a large in scale amount or degree 大量的 大規(guī)模的 The ancient temple s massive stone pillars had begun to crumble The scale of the problem is so massive that it will require all our resources to deal with it 3 snack n a small meal 快餐 點(diǎn)心 I usually have a snack of a hamburger and a glass of Coke at lunchtime The children in the kindergarten have a midmorning snack of milk and biscuits 4 snack bar 快餐柜 小吃店 My uncle opened a snack bar in the town near my university last year 5 parade n 游行 閱兵隊列 The Olympic Games began with a parade of all the competing nations 6 hit parade a weekly listing of the current best selling pop records 流行唱片目錄 Jackson rushed out another record which was climbing the hit parade very steadily 7 corrupt vt cause errors to appear in cause to act dishonestly in return for personal gains 訛用 使 語言 變得不標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 腐蝕 賄賂 The Academy ruled that such foreign expressions were not permitted as they corrupted the language Has Japanese been corrupted by the introduction of foreign words This jargon merely corrupts your good English We believe films of violence will corrupt young people To our great surprise the former mayor turned out to have been corrupted by the desire for money and power To gain more profits the businessman tried every means to corrupt the officials in the local government 8 ban vt forbid sth officially 禁止 取締 The local government will ban smoking in all offices later this year Scientists from many countries called on the international community to create an international convention to ban human cloning as soon as possible Tom was banned from driving for six months after being caught speeding again Lady Chatterley s Lover was banned when it was first published The government is considering a total ban on cigarette advertising The ban on underground nuclear tests is a vital step toward disarmament 9 Walkman n a small cassette player 隨身聽 I like having a walk after dinner with my walkman 10 fascinating a of great interest or attraction 迷人的 有極大吸引力的 The story of his adventures in the Arctic was fascinating to listen to I found the discussion about cloning absolutely fascinating It is fascinating to imagine what might have happened if the U S had not declared war against Japan in World War II 11 strictly speaking 嚴(yán)格地講 He s not strictly speaking an artist he is more of a performer Strictly speaking she was not qualified for the job But we employed her because of her honesty 12 invent vt create a thing or idea that never existed before 發(fā)明 James Watt invented the steam engine Necessity is the mother of invention invention 13 manufacturer n 制造商 The manufacturers in some countries dumped their surplus commodities abroad 14 tolerance n willingness to accept or allow behavior beliefs etc which one does not like or agree with 容忍 寬容 忍耐 School teachers have to have a great deal of tolerance in order to deal with difficult children I think tolerance between students is extremely necessary since they live and study together Human beings have limited tolerance of noise The patient had no tolerance for pain Whenever he was given an injection he would cry 15 to a very real certain etc extent to the degree specified 在 極大 某種 程度上 I agree with him to some extent but there are still some areas of sharp disagreement between us To a certain extent the failure of the restaurant was due to bad management 16 necessity n 必需品 必要 性 Water is a basic necessity of life A lot of people would consider a TV as more of a necessity than a luxury item 17 Anglo Saxon n 盎格魯 撒克遜人 18 core n the most important part of anything the hard central part of certain fruits 核心 果核 An apple core is the part of an apple left after the flesh has been eaten 19 arouse vt provoke a particular feeling or attitude 喚起 激起 These educational toys give children a feeling of self worth by arousing their interest in challenging tasks The man s strange behavior aroused the policeman s suspicions 20 channel n 海峽 渠道 頻道 Thanks to Eurostar and the Channel Tunnel the journey between London and Paris is a convenient and comfortable one Stop channel surfing and get focused on one program The problem of criminal responsibility of foreigners who enjoy diplomatic privileges is to be resolved through diplomatic channels 21 surrender v give in 投降 After several weeks of severe attacks Afghanistan s Taliban forces surrendered to the Northern Alliance We ll never surrender to terrorism despite the terrorist attacks 22 for effect in order to impress people or make people notice 為了增強(qiáng)效果 為了引起注意 Everything he says and does is calculated for effect She paused for effect then carried on speaking 23 invade vt enter with armed forces 侵入 侵略 In July 1937 the Japanese army invaded China The Germans invaded Poland in 1939 leading to the start of World War II 24 B C short for before Christ 公元前 This stadium dates from 600 B C 25 Celt n 凱爾特人 26 inhabit vt live in a place 居住于 Long before the early settlers came to America the land was inhabited by tribes and nations of people known to us to