定語從句學(xué)案.doc

定語從句講解一、定語的概念： 定語是用來修飾名詞或代詞的。比如：(先試試用橫線劃出下面短語中的定語，然后在后面的括號里注明是什么在作定語) a beautiful girl（ ）three boys （ ）a shoe factory（ ） Jims father ( ) our teacher ( )the man in the car （ ）the man standing at the door（ ）the man who is talking with Sam （ ） 二、定語從句的概念及主要特征：1定語從句：修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞；定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后；引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。請劃出下列句子中的定語從句、先行詞及關(guān)系代詞：The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.2. 定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞主要特征：（1）指代作用：關(guān)系詞（引導(dǎo)詞）指代先行詞；（2）成分作用：關(guān)系詞（引導(dǎo)詞）在從句中必須作成分；三、定語從句的基本用法：關(guān)系詞先行詞從句成分例句備注關(guān)系代詞who人主語，賓語Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?whom, which和that在限制性定語從句中做賓語時，常可以省略，但介詞提前時后面關(guān)系代詞不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人賓語Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingThe boy (whom) she loved died in the war.whose人，物定語I like those books whose topics are about history.that人，物主語，賓語A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.which物主語，賓語The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.as人，物主語，賓語He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做賓語一般不省略關(guān)系副詞where地點地點狀語引導(dǎo)詞都不能省when時間時間狀語why原因原因狀語思考：如何選定正確的關(guān)系詞（引導(dǎo)詞） （一）關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1who 指人，在定語從句中作主語，有時也作賓語。Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. 想去博物館的人必須在明晨7點到大門口集合。 分析：先行詞_ ,引導(dǎo)詞who在從句中作_。2.whom 指人，在定語從句中做賓語，?？墒÷浴r Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. 分析：先行詞_ 在從句中作_。注意：關(guān)系代詞whom 在口語或非正式文體中常可用who 來代替，也可省略。The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.3. whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語。I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 我拜訪了一個全國知名的科學(xué)家。分析：先行詞_ 在從句中作_。He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 譯成漢語：_分析：先行詞_ 在從句中作_。注意：指物時，常用下列結(jié)構(gòu)來代替：The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow? 自己總結(jié)一下：在定語從句中，whose + 名詞 _ 4.which 指物，在定語從句中做主語或賓語，做賓語時?？墒÷?。Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多數(shù)男孩所喜歡的運動。分析：先行詞_ 在從句中作_。5.that 引導(dǎo)定語從句時，既可以指人，也可以指物。指人時，相當于who 或whom；指物時，相當于which.。在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時?？墒÷?。The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 注意：關(guān)系代詞that 與 which 的區(qū)別定語從句在下列情況下只能用that，而不能用which指物。（指人時可以用who/whom）1. 當先行詞被形容詞最高級或者序數(shù)詞修飾時。如：This is the best film that I have ever seen. The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.在倫敦他們參觀的第一個地方是大本鐘。2. 當先行詞是不定代詞everything, anything, nothing ,something, all, none, few, little,much等代詞時，或當先行詞受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代詞修飾時。如：Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. All that can be done has been done. 3. 當先行詞被the very, the only, the same, the last修飾時。如：This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 這正是我要買的詞典。After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 4. 當先行詞是who,或which引導(dǎo)的主句時。如：Who is the man that is standing by the gate? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?5. 當先行詞為人與動物或人與物時。如：They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street.思考：什么時候只能which 而不能用that呢？1.在_ 中；2.在_ 之后。(二) 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1. when 指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語。?？梢杂胕n/on/at which代替。I still remember the day when I first came to this school.分析：先行詞_ 引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作_。The time when we got together finally arrived.你還記得在農(nóng)村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年嗎？翻譯：_ 2.where 指地點，在定語從句中作地點狀語。常可用in/on/at which代替。The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 我十年前住的房子已經(jīng)被拆掉了。注意：當先行詞是situation, occasion, point（地步，程度），case（情況，例子），position（職位，位置），scene（場景）等表示抽象“地點”的名詞作先行詞時，若定語從句中缺少主語、賓語或表語時應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞which, that來引導(dǎo)；若從句中缺少地點作狀語時，用關(guān)系副詞where來引導(dǎo)定語從句。Sometimes you will find yourself in a situation where you felt very embarrassed（尷尬）. He has reached a point where nobody can compare with him.Have you met with the case which is similar to this one ?即學(xué)即練： Measure must be taken to change the situation it is unfavourable to us. Can you think out a situation can agree with what he has said ? He has reached a stage he had to give up smoking. He has reached a stage is important to his whole life.3why 指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。常可用for which來代替。Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 請告訴我你誤機的原因。I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 譯成漢語：_ 注意：1) 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句經(jīng)?？梢杂谩敖樵~+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句來表示。如： From the years when (=_) he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. 自從他在農(nóng)村讀小學(xué)時，他就已經(jīng)知道長大后要做什么。I will never forget the moment when (=_) the blind students moved us. Great changes are taking place in the city where (=_) they live. 他們生活的城市正發(fā)生巨大的變化。The reason why (=_) he refused the invitation is quite clear. 他為什么拒絕接受邀請的原因是十分明了的。2) 表示時間、地點和原因的名詞來作先行詞時，定語從句可用關(guān)系代詞也可用關(guān)系副詞，具體需根據(jù)從句所缺成分。I will never forget the days _ we climbed the mountain together.I will never forget the days _ we spent together. We visited the house _ Lu Xun used to live.We visited the house _ Lu Xun used to live in.This is the reason _ he was unhappy. This is the reason _ he explained at the meeting.即學(xué)即練：There seems to be nothing seems impossible for him in the world.He prefers the apples comes from his parentsfarm.I have read all the books you give me.This is the best film has been shown this month.The pancakes you had for breakfast were made of corn.This is the only newspaper I read in the morning.From the time he was little, he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up.Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity sight matters more than hearing.Shanghai is the place I was born.we all know the reason he is so sad today.(三) 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句限制性定語從句舉例：The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. China is a country which has a long history.非限制性定語從句舉例 ：His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他媽媽十分地愛他，對他要求很嚴格。China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. Last summer I visited the Peoples Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year.注意：在非限制性定語從句中，有時which所指代的先行詞是前面的整個句子。Xiao Li came to see me off, which was very kind of her.He didnt pass the exam, which surprised us.歸納總結(jié)：區(qū)別限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句形式與主句之間不用逗號隔開與主句之間有逗號隔開功能對先行詞進行限定、修飾。如果省去從句部分剩余部分意義便不完整、不明確對先行詞作附加說明。去掉后，句子剩余部分的意思仍然完整、明確。先行詞名詞、代詞或名詞詞組名詞、名詞詞組或整個主句引導(dǎo)詞所有關(guān)系詞除that 和 why之外的關(guān)系詞翻譯先譯從句再譯先行詞主句從句分別翻譯即學(xué)即練：用正確關(guān)系詞填空并翻譯下列句子We are studying the business English, is very useful for us in the future.I hate the hotel I lived.The man was bit by my dog was bit by my dog today againAs a child, Jack studied in a village school, is named after his grandfather.Because of the financial crisis, days are gone _ local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night.Theyve won their last three matches, _ I find a bit surprising.(四)“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞賓語時，從句常常由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引出。The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾經(jīng)就讀過的學(xué)校很出名。Well go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about.Well go to hear the famous singer _we have often talked.我們將去聽那位我們經(jīng)常談?wù)摰闹璩已莩he manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.The manager _ I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.我工作的那家公司的經(jīng)理十分注意改善我們的工作條件。注意：1)含有介詞的固定短語動詞一般不拆開，介詞仍放在短語動詞的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of, give up等。This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正) This is the watch for which I am looking . (誤)2)若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時只可用whom，不可用who, that；關(guān)系代詞指物時只可用which，不可用that; 關(guān)系代詞是所有格時用whose。The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正)The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (誤)3)根據(jù)表意需要“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前還可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞。如：He loves his parents deeply, of whom are very kind to him.（父母都對他好） In the basket there are quite many apples, have gone bad.（其中的一些已經(jīng)壞了）There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. Up to now, he has written ten stories, are about country life.（其中三個是關(guān)于鄉(xiāng)村生活的） 4）介詞的確定：（1）根據(jù)定語從句中的謂語動詞或形容詞確定介詞，其動詞或介詞搭配，構(gòu)成動詞短語。例如：The man with whom you shook hands just now is our English teacher. (shake hands with sb)The two things about which Karl Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms. (be sure about)（2）根據(jù)定語從句所修飾的先行詞確定介詞，其先行詞往往是表示時間、地點、原因、方法、工具等的詞，它們與介詞之間有一定的聯(lián)系。例如：Ill never forget the day on which (=when) I joined the army.（3）表示“所屬”關(guān)系或“整體中的一部分”時，用of。The old man has three sons, two of whom are doctors.（4）根據(jù)句子的意思確定介詞。有些句子，先行詞完全一樣，定語從句中謂語動詞不是由固定的動詞短語構(gòu)成的，這時，要根據(jù)句子所要表達的意思，選用不同的介詞。例如：This is the pilot for whom I bought a camera.This is the pilot with whom my brother has worked for ten years.This is the pilot by whom my son was saved.即學(xué)即練：In the dark street, there wasnt a single person whom she could turn for help. Is this the car which you paid a high price? The teacher whom the students in our class are fond is Mr Wang, our English teacher. The factory which (=where) his father works is far away from my hometown.Water, which man cant live, is really important.(五) 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時，從句中的主謂一致關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句的謂語動詞在人稱和數(shù)上應(yīng)與先行詞一致。例如： Who is the guy that is reading over there? The number of people that are going to the exhibition is expected to be over 25,000. All that needs to be done has been done. He is one of the students who use computer a lot for study. Timmy is the only one of the pupils that has failed the exam.例中的all意為“一切”，作單數(shù)。例中沒通過考試的學(xué)生事實上只有一人，因此謂語動詞也用單數(shù)。即學(xué)即練： He is one of the students who _ never late. 譯成漢語：_ He is the only one of the students who _ never late. 譯成漢語：_（六）as引導(dǎo)定語從句時的用法 as引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句通常用于the same as, such as結(jié)構(gòu)中。 I want the same shirt as my friends. 我要一件跟我朋友一樣的襯衫。Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China. 我們車間使用的這種機器是中國制造的。 as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句代指先行詞為整個主句；既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后；另外，as有“正如，正像”的意思；通常用下列句型：as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect，as is ofen the case等。As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination. 正如我所預(yù)料的那樣，他在這次期中考試中又獲得了第一名。注意：1.as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時與which的區(qū)別當主句和從句語義一致時，用as；反之，用which來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。 He made a long speech, as we expected.He made a long speech, which was unexpected.當非限制定語從句為否定時，常用which引導(dǎo)。 Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesnt like at all.2.當先行詞受the same 修飾時，偶爾也用 that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但與as引導(dǎo)的定語從句意思有區(qū)別。如： She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿著她在瑪麗婚禮上穿過的同一條連衣裙。 She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿著跟她妹妹所穿的一樣的連衣裙。3.定語從句suchas 與結(jié)果狀語從句such that的區(qū)別：as在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中作主語，賓語；that在結(jié)果狀語從句中不做成分 He has such a good laptop as I want to buy. He has such a good laptop that I want to buy one. (七) 以the way為先行詞的限制性定語從句通常由in which或that引導(dǎo)，而且通?？梢允÷?。The way _he answered the questions was surprising. 他回答這些問題的方式令人驚奇。I dont like the way_ you laugh at her. 我不喜歡你沖她的樣子。Test yourself:1. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, , of course, made the others unhappy. A. which B. who C. this D. what2. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town he grew up as a child. A. which B. when C. that D. where 3. The gentleman you told me yesterday proved to be a thief. A. who B. about whom C. whom D. with whom 4. Please take any seat is free. A. which B. where C. in which D. that5. The old man has two sons, is a soldier. A. one of whom B. both of them C. all of whom D. none of them6. New York is famous for its sky-scrapers(摩天大樓)， has more than 100 storeys. A. the higher of them B. the highest of which C. the highest of themD. some of which7. My home village is no longer the same it used to be. A. which B. as C. where D. when8. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., many people have gone home. A. whose time B. that C. at which D. by which time9. The boy composition won the first prize is the youngest in the group. A. who B. whose C. that D. which10. The weather turned out to be very good, was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it11. Mr. Wang is a boss, factory Li Ping worked. A. in whose B. whos