初中英語名詞語法.doc

初中英語名詞語法名詞的種類英語中，名詞分為專有名詞和普通名詞。專有名詞是某個(些)人，地方，機構(gòu)等專有的名稱，這類詞的中心詞的第一個字母要大寫。常見的專有名詞有：國家名稱China, Japan, England, Cuba, Australia, Brazil, France;語言Chinese, Japanese, English, French;人名/地名(大到某個省市，小到某個房間) Zhou Enlai, Jim, New York, Shanghai由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Palace of Museum; the Peoples Hospital。普通名詞是一類人或東西或是一個抽象概念的名詞，如：book，sadness等。普通名詞又可分為下面四類： (1)個體名詞：表示某類人或東西中的個體，如：pen, student, desk, book, bike。 (2)集體名詞：表示若干個個體組成的集合體，如：family, class, people, school。 (3)物質(zhì)名詞：表示無法分為個體的實物，如：air, water, paper。 (4)抽象名詞：表示動作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念，如：work, time, news。個體名詞和集體名詞可以用數(shù)目來計算，稱為可數(shù)名詞，物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞一般無法用數(shù)目計算，稱為不可數(shù)名詞。有些名詞在一種場合下屬于這一類，在另一種場合下又屬于那一類。例如有些物質(zhì)名詞也可用作個體名詞，意思上有一定變化，這些詞需要平時多加記憶。如：glass玻璃-a glass玻璃杯 iron鐵-an iron熨斗copper銅-a copper銅幣 tin錫-a tin洋鐵罐paper紙-a paper報紙，證件 wood木頭-a wood樹林又如一些抽象名詞，當意思轉(zhuǎn)變而表示某類個體時，就成了個體名詞：youth青春-a youth青年人 relation關系-a relation親屬democracy民主-a democracy民主國家 authority權(quán)威-an authority權(quán)威人士power威力，電力-a power大國 necessity必要性-a necessity必需品beauty美-a beauty每人，美的東西練習題：1、-What would you like to drink, _ or orange?-Orange, please.A. hamburger B. chip C. tea D milk2、When we saw his face, we knew_as bad.A. some news B. a news C. the news D.news3、In England, if _ is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper.A. food B. lunch C. breakfast D. dinner4、Whats your _ for being late againA. idea B. key C. excuse D. news5、Where are the students ?Are they in _?A. the Room 406 B. Room 406 C. the 406 Room D. 406 Room6、The teacher said we needed to choose three _for the school concert.A. farmers B. doctors C. drivers D. singers7、-What class are you in_, Mike?-Im in _.A. Grade Three, Class Two B. Class Two, Grade ThreeC. class two, grade three D. grade three, class two8、Dont make _so much .The baby is sleeping.A. things B. mistakes C. voice D. noise9、All the foot of the hill you could hear nothing but the _of the running water.A. shout B. noise C. voice D. sound10、Lao She is the _ of Tea House.A. doctor B. actor C. scientist D. writer答案1-5 CCBCB 6-10 DBDDD名詞的數(shù)(名詞分為不可數(shù)和可數(shù)兩大類)1不可數(shù)名詞1）不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有單復數(shù)之分，它包括專有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞。例如：Paris, Europe, health，wood，glass ,advice，information，news, progress, fun。2）有些集合名詞用作不可數(shù)：equipment, furniture, machinery, jewellery, clothing,luggage. 3）只用作單數(shù)的復數(shù)形式的名詞有：學科名稱mathematics，physics，專有名詞the United States，the United Nations。4）抽象名詞表示具有某種特征，狀態(tài)，情感，情緒的人或事，如 aan surprise (success, beauty, honor, experience, failure, pity, pleasure )Have a delicious breakfast a heavy snow , a wonderful time A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.2可數(shù)名詞(可數(shù)名詞包括個體名詞和集體名詞)名詞復數(shù)構(gòu)成方法如下：(Formation of the plural of English nouns)1）一般情況在名詞后加-s。例如：desks，days，classes。 bath, mouth, path, truth, youth等后加s時，讀音發(fā)生了變化2）以-s，-x，-ch，-sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-es，讀作iz。例如：bus-buses watch-watches box-boxes brush-brushes 但是stomach-stomachs除外。3）以“輔音字母+o”結(jié)尾的名詞后加-es，讀作z。例如：hero, Negro, tomato, potato.但不少以-o結(jié)尾的名詞，變復數(shù)時只加-s。例如：radio-radios photo-photos piano-pianos有些以-o結(jié)尾的名詞有兩種復數(shù)形式。例如：zero-zeros (zeroes)，volcano-volcanoses但以-oo結(jié)尾的名詞只加-s。例如：bamboo-bamboos， zoo-zoos4）以“輔音+y”結(jié)尾的名詞，把y改成i再加-es，讀作iz。例如：factory factories country-countries5）以“元音+y”結(jié)尾的名詞，或?qū)Ｓ忻~以“y”結(jié)尾的，直接在詞尾加s，讀作z。例如：boys，toys，Germanys，Henrys6）以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的名詞，一般把“f”或“fe”改成“v”再加-es，讀作vz。例如：wife, life, self, leaf, wolf, shelf, knife, half. 但是roof, gulf, chief, serf, belief, proof, safe例外加s。而scarf (圍巾), hankerchief 則有兩種復數(shù)形式： scarfs和scarves, hankerchiefs和hankerchieves 字母，單詞，引語或縮略語加s s . two f s in off, many VIPs , three donts數(shù)詞的復數(shù)形式要在其末尾加s或es。three sixes and two fours 有些集體名詞用作復數(shù)：cattle, police, people, poultry。集合名詞作整體看時用作單數(shù)，而指其成員看時應用其復數(shù)形式。這樣的詞有: class, family, crowd, group, team.7）不規(guī)則變化：改變單數(shù)名詞中的元音字母，或其他形式。例如：foot-feet child-children mouse-mice單、復數(shù)形式相同。例如：a sheep-two sheep a deer-three deer（鹿）此外還有means，fish，works以及由漢語音譯表示度量衡、幣制等單位的名詞,yuan，jiao，fen，jin，mu等只有復數(shù)形式。例如：trousers，glasses（眼鏡），compasses（圓規(guī)），thanks，clothes，remains（遺物，遺體），ashes（骨灰），contents（內(nèi)容），goods（貨物）。表示“某國人”名詞的單、復數(shù)形式因習慣不同而各異。單、復數(shù)形式相同，如a Chinese-two Chinese，a Japanese-two Japanese。這類詞包括所有以-ese（或-ss）結(jié)尾的表示民族名稱的詞，如Swiss，Portuguese等。詞尾加s，如a German-three Germans，an American-two Americans，Russians變詞尾man為men的有：Frenchmanwoman，Irishman, Dutchman, Englishman等。復合名詞(Compound nouns)的復數(shù)形式因詞而異。例如：主體名詞變成復數(shù)形式film-goer(s)，looker(s)-on，sister(s)-in-law沒有主體名詞 grown-ups , go-betweens.兩個組成部分皆變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)形式 man servant-men servants woman doctor-women doctors8）有些名詞的復數(shù)形式可以表示特別的意義。例如：papers 報紙，文件manners 禮貌 goods 貨物works 工廠；著作looks 外表glasses 眼鏡 greens 青菜hairs 幾根頭發(fā)times 時代sands 沙灘，沙地 irons 腳鐐手銬drinks 飲料forces 軍隊spirits 酒精，情緒 woods 樹林 advices報道，情報9）一些物質(zhì)名詞有時以復數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)。例如：teas（各種茶），silks（各種絲綢），fruits（各種水果）, fishes, foods, three coffees兩杯咖啡The boy burst into tears at the bad news. The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops. The stone bridge broke down in heavy rains.10）word 一詞作“消息”或“通知”解時，前面不加“a”或“the”，也不用復數(shù)形式。例如：Word came that the meeting will be held on Friday. 通知說，星期五開會。 注意下列詞組中的單、復數(shù)：keep/ break ones word 守（失）信 leave word 留言 in a word 簡言之word for/ by word 逐字地 upon my word 說實在話 in other words 換句話說eat ones words 收回前言，認錯 waste ones words 白費口舌have a few words/ a word with 與-說幾句話 have words with 與某人吵嘴名詞的所有格(Genitive nouns)1表示有生命的東西的名詞 (-s genitive)這類名詞所有格一般在名詞后加“s”，其構(gòu)成形式如下：1）一般名詞后加“s”。例如：my brothers bag the childrens clothes Have you seen my sister, Kates bicycle?2）以-s或-es結(jié)尾的專有名詞的所有格，只在名詞右上方加“” 。例如：the workers club 3）以-s結(jié)尾的專有名詞的所有格，以讀音z結(jié)尾的，一般可在名詞的右上方加“”，也可加“s”，其讀音分別為z、iz。例如：Engels/ Engelss works, Dickens/ Dickenss books4）復合名詞所有格的詞尾“s”加在后面的名詞之后。例如：her son-in-laws photo5）如果一樣東西為兩個人共有，則只在后一個名詞加“s”；如果不是共有的，兩個名詞后都要加“s”。例如：Jane and Marys room （共有） Janes and Toms books （不共有）6）在表示“某人家”、“店鋪”的名詞所有格后面，一般省略它所修飾的詞。例如：at Mr Greens 在格林先生家 to my uncles 到我叔叔家at the tailors 在裁縫店 at the barbers 在理發(fā)店at the doctors 在診所7）1.起修飾作用的名詞，如不表示所有關系，通常不用“s”。例如：room number, a tooth brush, coffee cup, class meeting, student life, word order2表示無生命東西的名詞 (of genitive) 這類名詞通常采用 of+ 名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)來表示所有關系。例如：the gate of the school, the window of the room3有些表示時間、距離、國家、城市、團體、機構(gòu)等無生命東西的名詞也可以加“s”來構(gòu)成所有格。例如：todays newspaper, a ten minutes walk, Chinas industry, six dollars worth, two tons weight 等。4雙重所有格 (Double genitive)a/ any friend of mine (=one/ any of my friends) some daughters of Mrs Greens (=some of Mrs Greens daughters)a friend of my mothers 表示部分概念 a friend of my mother 只表示所屬關系of 前有一定要有a, an ,two any, some ,several, another 一般不用one；或this , that, these, those表示愛憎褒貶等感情，this (lovely) daughter of my aunts ,不用the， of 后必須是特定的人 some of pictures of the students Toms you 用于名詞化的詞：the struggle of the oppressed?？嫉目蓴?shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞1. 常考的不可數(shù)名詞furniture luggage clothing equipment poetry jewelry machinery weaponry scenery information knowledge homework evidence foliage advertising healthA : 流體 air waterB: 顆粒狀物體 rice saltC: 抽象名詞 informationD: 總稱名詞 poetry machineryE: 疾病不可數(shù) diabetes糖尿病 measles麻疹F: 自然現(xiàn)象 rain dropsG:學科不可數(shù) mathematics economics statistics physics politics mechanics genetics geology geography chemistry philosophy biology history2.常考的不規(guī)則單復數(shù)man/men woman/women tooth/teeth foot/feet goose/geesebasis/bases analysis/analyses crisis/crises hypothesis/hypotheses axis/axes alga/algae larva/larvae fungus/fungi stimulus/stimuli datum/data bacterium/bacteria medium/media spectrum/spectra mouse/mice child/children phenomenon/phenomena radius/radii3.?？嫉膯螐蛿?shù)同型的名詞aircraft spacecraft series species means sheep deer bison salmon trout carp4. ?？嫉目蓴?shù)名詞discovery cloud mineral metal substance population effort effect animal plant mammal insect tree herb shrub element function feature picture result clue star reason audience device structure human human being system fashion resource source origin pioneer automobile purpose style response number amount variety quantity type kind influence emotion change5. 即可數(shù)又不可數(shù)的名詞sugar , cloth , water , detail , paper ,work , light ,science ,form , interest , art , area ,color , disease , illness , rock , stone ,matter , food , culture ,noise , liquid , solid , gas , climate , film ,material , population , temperature , experience ,speech ,use time , life , action , activity , study rock(砂巖) rocks(塊巖) work(工作,作品) works(著作) paper(紙) papers(論文,報告,文件) area(面積) areas(地區(qū),區(qū)域) time(時間) times(次數(shù)) room(空間) rooms(房間) water(水) waters(水域)collections由同一種物品構(gòu)成,可數(shù) his three collections of short storiescollection 由不同種物品構(gòu)成,不可數(shù) his art collection當一個不可數(shù)名詞表種類時,可數(shù).可數(shù)/不可數(shù) :有無數(shù)的概念抽象/具體 advertisement 廣告 可數(shù) advertising 廣告業(yè) 不可數(shù)fish的問題：指許多條魚且不管種類時,用fish可數(shù)名詞且單復數(shù)相同；fishes 指許多種類的魚；fish指“魚肉”時是不可數(shù)名詞。如：There are many fish/kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多魚/種類的魚)/ I prefer fish to meat.(與肉相比我更喜歡魚) 注：不同國籍人的單復數(shù)國籍 總稱（謂語用復數(shù)） 單數(shù) 復數(shù) 中國人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese 瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss 澳大利亞人 the Australians an Australian two Australians 俄國人 the Russians a Russian two Russians意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians 希臘人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks 法國人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen 日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese 美國人 the Americans an American two Americans 印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians 加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians 德國人 the Germans a German two Germans 英國人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen 瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes新目標七年級名詞變復數(shù)練習題一、寫出下列名詞的復數(shù)形式1、orange 2、class 3、text 4、monkey 5、piano 6、child 7、shelf 8、bed 9、country 10、family 11、toy 12、foot 13、Japanese 14、radio 15、photo 16、army 17、tomato 18、fox 19、woman 20、knife 22、sheep 二、選擇填空1、There on the wall .They are very beautiful.A. are photoes B. are photosC. is a photo D. is photos2. This kind of car made in Shanghai.A. is B. are C .were D. has3. There are four and two in the group.A. Japanese, Germen B Japaneses, GermenC. Japanese, German D.Japanese, Germans4. Thats art book.A. an B. a C. the D. are5. The boys have got already.A. two bread B. two breadsC. two pieces of bread D. two piece of bread6. The old man wants .A. six boxes of apples B. six boxes of appleC. six box of apples D. six boxs of apples7. There some in the river.A. is ,fish B. are, fishs C. is, fishs D. are ,fish8. There two in the box.A. is watch B. are watches C. are watch D. is watches9. We should clean twice a day.A .our tooth B. our tooths C.teeth D.our teeth10.The _ meeting room is near the reading room.A.teacher B.teachers C.teachers D.teachers11. In Britain _ are all painted red.A.letter boxes B.letters boxes C.letter box D.letters box三.寫出下列各詞的復數(shù)形式am is he she it that this you pen desk key orange boy friend parent mother father sister brother son daughter cousin case box card family 按要求變換句型（把110句變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)句） 1. This is my friend. 2. This is a bike. 3.That is her brother. 4.This is a book. 5.That is an eraser.6.It is a red orange.7.He is a teacher.8. Whats this?9.This is my mother.10.He is a Chinese boy.初中英語名詞練習題二、基本型寫出下列名詞的復數(shù)形式：1. pencil-box _ 2. wife _ 3. Sunday_4. city_ 5. dress _6. Englishman _7. match _ 8. Chinese _9. zoo _10. exam_ 11. German _12. I have a lot of _(作業(yè)) to do every day.13. His _(褲子) are new, but mine are old.14. It is the best one of the _ (照片) in my family.15. Are they building any _ (圖書館) in the city?16. Can you cut this big pear into two _(半)?17. At the end of _(八月), you must get ready for the new school year.18. Trees are planted in most of the mountain v_.19. I like a_. Its neither hot nor cold.20. T_ comes after Monday.、提高型來源：1June 1st is _ Day all over the world.A. Childs B. Childs C. Childrens D. ChildrensSeptember 10th is _ Day in China, isnt it?A. Teachers B. TeachersC. Teacher D. Teacher of_ is made of _.A. Glass; glass B. A glass; glassC. Glasses; glasses D. A glass; glasses4.This is _ news.A. such a good B. a very good C. so good a D. such good5.what _ it is! Lets go swimming.A. a fine weather B. fine dayC. a fine day D. bad weather6.They like Chinese _.A. food and peoples B. foods and people C. foods and people D. food and people7.Lucy and I go to school _ every day.A. on feet B. on foot C. by foots D. by buses8. Are those _? -No, they arent. Theyre _.A. sheep; cows B. sheep; cowC. sheeps; cow D. sheeps; cows9. What are you listening to,Jane? _ or _?A. a music; a news B. music; news C. music; news D. music; a news10.How many _ and _ are there in your class?A. boy student; girl ones B. girls students; boys onesC. boys student; girl one D. girl students; boy ones11.A group of _ are talking with two _ over there.A. Frenchmen; Germans B. Frenchmen; GermenC. German; Frenchmen D. Germans; Frenchmans12. That bus driver drank two _.A. glass of water B. glasses of watersC. cups of tea D. cup of tea13. Mrs. Smith is an old friend of _.A. Bobs mother B. Bobs mothers C. mother of Bob D. Bob mothers14. The tall man with a big nose is _ teacher.A. Tom and Carl B. Toms and CarlsC. Tom and Carls D. Toms and Carl15. There is _ tree in our school.A. a 8-metres-tall B. an-8-metre-tallC. an 8 metres tall D. an 8 metres tall、綜合型1.In _ time, those mountains will be covered with trees.A. a few year B. a few yearsC. few years D. a few years2. Did you hear the _ report?A. police B. policemens C. policemans D. policemens3. We bought _ for my mothers birthday.A. some meats B. some pieces meatC. a piece of meat D. pieces of meats4. Whose is this new desk?-Its _.A. Sue and Jims B. Sue and JimC. Sues and Jims D. Sues and Jim5. Would you like _ coffee?-No, thanks. Ive drunk two _.A.any; bottles of orange B. little; bottle of orangesC. some; bottles of orange D. a few; bottle of orange6. How many _ do you want?-Two, please.A. kilos of egg B. kilo of eggsC. kilos of eggs D. kilo of bread7. The railway station is two _ from our house.A. hours drive B. hours driveC. hour-drive D. hours drive8. Where are you going, Lucy?-_.A. To my uncle B. To my unclesC. At my uncle D. At my uncles9. Ha