FDA美國食品藥物管理局工藝驗證指南(英文版)(doc 20頁).doc

GUIDELINE ON GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PROCESS VALIDATION May, 1987Prepared by: Center for Drugs and Biologics and Center for Devices and Radiological Health Food and Drug AdministrationMaintained by: Division of Manufacturing and Product Quality (HFN-320) Office of Compliance Center for Drugs and Biologics Food and Drug Administration 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, Maryland 20857General Principles of Process Validation May 1987 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PROCESS VALIDATION I. PURPOSE This guideline outlines general principles that FDA considers to be acceptable elements of process validation for the preparation of human and animal drug products and medical devices. II. SCOPE This guideline is issued under Section 10.90 (21 CFR 10.90) and is applicable to the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and medical devices. It states principles and practices of general applicability that are not legal requirements but are acceptable to the FDA. A person may rely upon this guideline with the assurance of its acceptability to FDA, or may follow different procedures. When different procedures are used, a person may, but is not required to, discuss the matter in advance with FDA to prevent the expenditure of money and effort on activities that may later be determined to be unacceptable. In short, this guideline lists principles and practices which are acceptable to the FDA for the process validation of drug products and medical devices; it does not list the principles and practices that must, in all instances, be used to comply with law. -1- This guideline may be amended from time to time. Interested persons are invited to submit comments on this document and any subsequent revisions. Written comments should be submitted to the Dockets Management Branch (HFA-305), Food and Drug Administration, Room 4-62, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20857. Received comments may be seen in that office between 9a.m. and 4p.m., Monday through Friday.III. INTRODUCTION Process validation is a requirement of the Current Good Manufacturing Practices Regulations for Finished Pharmaceuticals, 21 CFR Parts 210 and 211, and of the Good Manufacturing Practice Regulations for Medical Devices, 21 CFR Part 820, and therefore, is applicable to the manufacture of pharamaceuticals and medical devices. Several firms have asked FDA for specific guidance on what FDA expects firms to do to assure compliance with the requirements for process validation. This guideline discusses process validation elements and concepts that are considered by FDA as acceptable parts of a validation program. The constituents of validation presented in this document are not intended to be all-inclusive. FDA recognizes that, because of the great variety of medical products (drug products and medical devices), processes and -2- manufacturing facilities, it is not possible to state in one document all of the specific validation elements that are applicable. Several broad concepts, however, have general applicability which manufacturers can use successfully as a guide in validating a manufacturing process. Although the particular requirements of process validation will vary according to such factors as the nature of the medical product (e.g., sterile vs non-sterile) and the complexity of the process, the broad concepts stated in this document have general applicability and provide an acceptable framework for building a comprehensive approach to process validation. Definitions Installation qualification - Establishing confidence that process equipment and ancillary systems are capable of consistently operating within established limits and tolerances. Process performance qualification - Establishing confidence that the process is effective and reproducible. Product performance qualification - Establishing confidence through appropriate testing that the finished product produced by a specified process meets all release requirements for functionality and safety. -3- Prospective validation - Validation conducted prior to the distribution of either a new product, or product made under a revised manufacturing process, where the revisions may affect the products characteristics. Retrospective validation - Validation of a process for a product already in distribution based upon accumulated production, testing and control data. Validation - Establishing documented evidence which provides a high degree of assurance that a specific process will consistently produce a product meeting its pre-determined specifications and quality attributes. Validation protocol - A written plan stating how validation will be conducted, including test parameters, product characteristics, production equipment, and decision points on what constitutes acceptable test results. Worst case - A set of conditions encompassing upper and lower processing limits and circumstances, including those within standard operating procedures, which pose the greatest chance of process or product failure when compared to ideal conditions. Such conditions do not necessarily induce product or process failure. -4- IV. GENERAL CONCEPTS Assurance of product quality is derived from careful attention to a number of factors including selection of quality parts and materials, adequate product and process design, control of the process, and in-process and end-product testing. Due to the complexity of todays medical products, routine end-product testing alone often is not sufficient to assure product quality for several reasons. Some end-product tests have limited sensitivity.1 In some cases, destructive testing would be required to show that the manufacturing process was adequate, and in other situations end-product testing does not reveal all variations that may occur in the product that may impact on safety and effectiveness.2 The basic principles of quality assurance have as their goal the production of articles that are fit for their intended use. These 1 For example, USP XXI states: No sampling plan for applying sterility tests to a specified proportion of discrete units selected from a sterilization load is capable of demonstrating with complete assurance that all of the untested units are in fact sterile. 2 As an example, in one instance a visual inspection failed to detect a defective structural weld which resulted in the failure of an infant warmer. The defect could only have been detected by using destructive testing or expensive test equipment. -5- principles may be stated as follows: (1) quality, safety, and effectiveness must be designed and built into the product; (2) quality cannot be inspected or tested into the finished product; and (3) each step of the manufacturing process must be controlled to maximize the probability that the finished product meets all quality and design specifications. Process validation is a key element in assuring that these quality assurance goals are met. It is through careful design and validation of both the process and process controls that a manufacturer can establish a high degree of confidence that all manufactured units from successive lots will be acceptable. Successfully validating a process may reduce the dependence upon intensive in-process and finished product testing. It should be noted that in most all cases, end-product testing plays a major role in assuring that quality assurance goals are met; i.e., validation and end-product testing are not mutually exclusive. The FDA defines process validation as follows: Process validation is establishing documented evidence which provides a high degree of assurance that a specific process will consistently produce a product meeting its pre-determined specifications and quality characteristics. -6- It is important that the manufacturer prepare a written validation protocol which specifies the procedures (and tests) to be conducted and the data to be collected. The purpose for which data are collected must be clear, the data must reflect facts and be collected carefully and accurately. The protocol should specify a sufficient number of replicate process runs to demonstrate reproducibility and provide an accurate measure of variability among successive runs. The test conditions for these runs should encompass upper and lower processing limits and circumstances, including those within standard operating procedures, which pose the greatest chance of process or product failure compared to ideal conditions; such conditions have become widely known as worst case conditions. (They are sometimes called most appropriate challenge conditions.) Validation documentation should include evidence of the suitability of materials and the performance and reliability of equipment and systems. Key process variables should be monitored and documented. Analysis of the data collected from monitoring will establish the variability of process parameters for individual runs and will establish whether or not the equipment and process controls are adequate to assure that product specifications are met. -7- Finished product and in-process test data can be of value in process validation, particularly in those situations where quality attributes and variabilities can be readily measured. Where finished (or in-process) testing cannot adequately measure certain attributes, process validation should be derived primarily from qualification of each system used in production and from consideration of the interaction of the various systems. V. CGMP REGULATIONS FOR FINISHED PHARMACEUTICALS Process validation is required, in both general and specific terms, by the Current Good Manufacturing Practice Regulations for Finished Pharmaceuticals, 21 CFR Parts 210 and 211. Examples of such requirements are listed below for informational purposes, and are not all-inclusive. A requirement for process validation is set forth in general terms in section211.100 - Written procedures; deviations - which states, in part: There shall be written procedures for production and process control designed to assure that the drug products have the identity, strength, quality, and purity they purport or are represented to possess. -8- Several sections of the CGMP regulations state validation requirements in more specific terms. Excerpts from some of these sections are: Section 211.110, Sampling and testing of in-process materials and drug products. (a) .control procedures shall be established to monitor the output and VALIDATE the performance of those manufacturing processes that may be responsible for causing variability in the characteristics of in-process material and the drug product. (emphasis added) Section 211.113, Control of Microbiological Contamination. (b) Appropriate written procedures, designed to prevent microbiological contamination of drug products purporting to be sterile, shall be established and followed. Such procedures shall include VALIDATION of any sterilization process. (emphasis added) VI. GMP REGULATION FOR MEDICAL DEVICES Process validation is required by the medical device GMP Regulations, 21 CFR Part820. Section 820.5 requires every finished device manufacturer to: .prepare and implement a quality assurance program that is appropriate to the specific device manufactured. -9- Section 820.3(n) defines quality assurance as: .all activities necessary to verify confidence in the quality of the process used to manufacture a finished device. When applicable to a specific process, process validation is an essential element in establishing confidence that a process will consistently produce a product meeting the designed quality characteristics. A generally stated requirement for process validation is contained in section820.100: Written manufacturing specifications and processing procedures shall be established, implemented, and controlled to assure that the device conforms to its original design or any approved changes in that design. Validation is an essential element in the establishment and implementation of a process procedure, as well as in determining what process controls are required in order to assure conformance to specifications. Section 820.100(a)(1) states: .control measures shall be established to assure that the design basis for the device, components and packaging is correctly translated into approved specifications. -10- Validation is an essential control for assuring that the specifications for the device and manufacturing process are adequate to produce a device that will conform to the approved design characteristics.VII. PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS A manufacturer should evaluate all factors that affect product quality when designing and undertaking a process validation study. These factors may vary considerably among different products and manufacturing technologies and could include, for example, component specifications, air and water handling systems, environmental controls, equipment functions, and process control operations. No single approach to process validation will be appropriate and complete in all cases; however, the following quality activities should be undertaken in most situations. During the research and development (R&D) phase, the desired product should be carefully defined in terms of its characteristics, such as physical, chemical, electrical and -11- performance characteristics.3 It is important to translate the product characteristics into specifications as a basis for description and control of the product. Documentation of changes made during development provide traceability which can later be used to pinpoint solutions to future problems. The products end use should be a determining factor in the development of product (and component) characteristics and specifications. All pertinent aspects of the product which impact on safety and effectiveness should be considered. These aspects 3 For example, in the case of a compressed tablet, physical characteristics would include size, weight, hardness, and freedom from defects, such as capping and splitting. Chemical characteristics would include quantitative formulation/potency; performance characteristics may include bioavailability (reflected by disintegration and dissolution). In the case of blood tubing, physical attributes would include internal and external diameters, length and color. Chemical characteristics would include raw material formulation. Mechanical properties would include hardness and tensile strength; performance characteristics would include biocompatibility and durability. -12- include performance, reliability and stability. Acceptable ranges or limits should be established for each characteristic to set up allowable variations.4 These ranges should be expressed in readily measurable terms. The validity of acceptance specifications should be verified through testing and challenge of the product on a sound scientific basis during the initial development and production phase. Once a specification is demonstrated as acceptable it is important that any changes to the specification be made in accordance with documented change control procedures.VIII. ELEMENTS OF PROCESS VAL