孔子英語介紹.doc

此文檔收集于網(wǎng)絡(luò)，僅供學(xué)習(xí)與交流，如有侵權(quán)請(qǐng)聯(lián)系網(wǎng)站刪除Confucius Confucius (551 B.C479 B.C.) is one of the most famous Chinese people. As the founder of Confucianism1, his thought has exerted a deep influence on China and its people. But Confucius was not his real name. It was a courtesy title, a Latinized form of “Kong Fuzi”, meaning “Master Kong”. His family name was Kong and his given name, Qiu. And he styled himself Zhongni. He was born at Zouyi, the State of Lu2. 孔子（公元前551年公元前479年）是中國最著名的人物。作為儒家創(chuàng)始人，他的思想一直在中國有著深遠(yuǎn)的影響。但孔子不是他的原名，而是一種尊稱，是孔夫子的拉丁文?？鬃有湛酌穑种倌幔錾隰攪钜兀ń裆綎|曲阜東南）。As one of the greatest thinkers and educators in the history of China, Confucius legacy lies in the following three aspects: Firstly, he compiled and preserved the literary works, The Six Classics, including Shi3, Shu4, Li5, Yue6, Yi 7 and Chun Qiu8 , which are regarded as the classics of Confucianism. The accomplishment makes a large impact on the succession and development of the traditional Chinese culture. 作為中國歷史上偉大的思想家和教育家，他整理了詩、書、禮、樂、易、春秋六部文獻(xiàn)，被后代奉為儒家經(jīng)典，合稱“六經(jīng)”，為傳統(tǒng)文化的繼承和發(fā)展做出了巨大的貢獻(xiàn)。Secondly, Confucius built up a system of philosophical thoughts with Ren as its basic virtue. This virtue is the central theme of his Analects9. He considered Ren as the first and highest criterion of mans behavior and the core of morality. Ren meant to “l(fā)ove other men”；to help others to be established when one wished to be established oneself; and help others to be successful when one wished to be successful oneself. Confucius concept of Li refers to a set of ritual and musical systems, with the hierarchical system as its core. Ren and Li are complementary: Li is the exterior principle of Ren while Ren is Lis intrinsic guiding power. To accomplish Ren, one must abide by Li, and Ren will be naturally generated in the process of practicing Li. Fundamentally, the purpose of Confucius Li is to restore the traditional rites of the Zhou Dynasty11. 第二，建立了一套以“仁”為核心的思想體系，這集中體現(xiàn)在論語一書中。 他認(rèn)為“仁”是人的最高道德境界，是道德的核心內(nèi)容?！叭省本褪恰皭廴恕保弧胺蛉收?，己欲立而立人，己欲達(dá)而達(dá)人”。“孔子也講“禮”，禮是禮樂制度，核心內(nèi)容是等級(jí)制度。禮與仁互為表里，禮是仁的外在規(guī)則，仁是禮的內(nèi)在指導(dǎo)因素。要達(dá)到仁，必先合乎禮，在反復(fù)實(shí)踐禮的過程中自然會(huì)產(chǎn)生仁?？鬃又v“仁”的目的是維護(hù)和恢復(fù)周禮。Thirdly, Confucius established private schools, creating a scientific educational system. Confucius also held the idea that everyone should be educated regardless of his social status. In educational practice, he created flexible teaching methods, promoting the combination of learning and thinking, learning and reviewing as well as teaching and learning. He emphasized on individualized and heuristic teaching . These ideas are still of great significance in practice today. 第三，辦私學(xué)，創(chuàng)立了科學(xué)的教育思想體系。孔子提出“有教無類”。在教育實(shí)踐中創(chuàng)立了靈活多樣的教學(xué)方法，提倡“學(xué)”與“思”結(jié)合，學(xué)習(xí)與復(fù)習(xí)結(jié)合以及教與學(xué)結(jié)合，講求因材施教和啟發(fā)式教學(xué)等。這些思想，直到今天還有其現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。exert v. 運(yùn)用，施加 例句 1 He exerted all his authority to make them accept the plan. 他利用他的所有權(quán)力讓他們接受這個(gè)計(jì)劃。 例句 2 The moon exerts a force on the earth that causes the tides. 月球?qū)Φ厍虻奈σ鸪毕?。succession n. 繼承 例句 1 He became chairman in succession to Bernard Allen. 他接替伯納德艾倫任主席。例句 2 Shes third on order of succession to the throne.她在王位繼承人順序中排第三。hierarchical adj. 分層的，等級(jí)制度的 例句 Japan is a hierarchical society.日本是一個(gè)分等級(jí)社會(huì)。heuristic adj. （教學(xué)或教育）啟發(fā)式的 例句 Confucius taught his students in a heuristic way.孔子以啟發(fā)式教授他的學(xué)生。1. Confucianism: The teachings of Confucius emphasizing love for humanity; high value given to learning, family (including ancestors), peace and justice, influencing the traditional culture of China 孔子思想，儒家思想2. Shi: The Book of Songs 詩3. Shu: Collection of Ancient Texts 書4. Li: The Rites 禮5. Yue: The Music 樂6. Yi: The Book of Changes 易7. Chun Qiu: The Spring and Autumn Annuals 春秋8. Ren: Benevolence 仁 9. Analects: Also known as the Analects of Confucius, are considered a record of the words and acts of the central Chinese thinker and philosopher Confucius and his disciples, as well as the discussions they held. Written during the Spring and Autumn Period through the Warring States Period, the Analects