英語語法匯總

叮叮小文庫第一章 名 詞 一、名詞的分類： 名詞就其詞匯意義可分為專有名詞和普通名詞。普通名詞又可分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。 專有名詞：Beijing Smith the United Nations 個體名詞：man, expert, factory 可數(shù)名詞 集合名詞：audience（觀眾），class, family 普通名詞： 物質(zhì)名詞：water, coal, rice 不可數(shù)名詞 抽象名詞：surprise, honour, help 二、可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)形式 1一般情況，直接加-s。 port（港口） ports；technique（技術(shù)）techniques 2以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾發(fā)s、t、d音的詞，加es busbuses, boxboxes, bushbushes branchbranches，stomachstomachs（stomach詞尾發(fā)k，故復數(shù)直接加-s） 3輔音字母+ y，變y為i，加-es universityuniversities y前為元音字母，直接加-s boyboys 4以O(shè)結(jié)尾加-es heroheroes O前為元音字母，及部分外來詞直接加-s zoozoos radioradio pianopianos photophotos 5以f或fe結(jié)尾，變f或fe為v，再加-es leafleaves wifewives 以下f結(jié)尾單詞直接加-s beliefbeliefs（信念） roofroofs（屋頂） proofproofs（證據(jù)） safesafes（保險柜） chiefchiefs（首領(lǐng)） gulfgulfs（海灣） 6不規(guī)則名詞 manmen, womanwomen, footfeet, toothteeth, goosegeese, mousemice, childchildren, oxoxen 注1：有些可數(shù)名詞的單復數(shù)相同，要根據(jù)上下文的意義來確定其單數(shù)還是復數(shù)，例如： sheep 羊 fish 魚 deer 鹿 means手段，方法 works工廠，作品 series系列 注2：在些可數(shù)名詞，只有單數(shù)形式，但表示復數(shù)意義。如果作主語，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。 如：cattle 牛 people 人民 police 警察 注3：集合名詞既可看作單數(shù)（作為整體），也可看作復數(shù)（作為集體的各個成員）。例如：audience（觀眾） class（班級） family（家庭） group（小組） Her family is well-known in the region. 她家在該地區(qū)是名門望族。His family are quarrelling severely about the property. 她的家人正在為分財產(chǎn)激烈地爭吵。 改錯：1. Every possible means have been tried to cure the boy of his illness. A B C D2. Fish always sells well in the markets because fish contains rich protein, which can build you up. AB C D3. Is it the police who is searching the house for a wanted criminal（罪犯）? A B C D 三、不可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞均屬不可數(shù)名詞。前面不能加不定冠詞a / an，詞尾也不能加s。請牢記下列典型的不可數(shù)名詞。 news 消息 information 信息 advice 忠告，建議 progress 進步，進展 knowledge 知識 weather天氣 fun 樂趣 equipment 設(shè)備 English 英語 furniture 家具 wealth 財富 damage 損壞 traffic 交通，車輛及行人 baggage / luggage 行李 clothing 衣服，衣著 word 消息，信息 work 工作 homework 家庭作業(yè) housework 家務(wù) 改錯： 1What a fun it is to be bathed in sunlight on the beach in summer. A B C D2At the thought of gaining such great wealths by printing works of famous writers, he was full of joy A B C D 3What pleasant surprise it is to bring me such a nice gift ! A B C D 4I feel it great honour to be invited to give advice on your teaching papers. A B C D 5Word of his sudden death came as shock to us. A B C D 說明1：部分抽象名詞可與a（an）連用，此時詞義發(fā)生變化，表示某種事或人。這些詞有：surprise, pleasure, shock, honour, help, success等。 當這類詞在句中作表語（例3），作賓補（例4）及在介詞as之后，詞義發(fā)生變化，通常要加a / an。 說明2：paper表示“紙”不可數(shù)。表示“報紙、論文、書面作文、試卷、文件、有價證券”為可數(shù)名詞。 四、名詞的所有格 名詞的所有格通常在名詞后加s構(gòu)成，用于表示所屬關(guān)系。用于以下情況： 1）表示有生命的名詞 my brothers car childrens books（兒童讀物） students rooms 2）表示國家、城市、地域的名詞 Chinas population Beijings weather 3）表示天體、時間、距離、金錢的名詞 the moons surface ten years hard work 十年的辛勞 todays newspapers 20 dollars worth of a stamp 一張價值20美元的郵票 其他無生命的名詞通常用“of + 名詞”的短語表示所屬關(guān)系。 the object of the sentence 句子的賓語 the title of the film 影片的名字 五、名詞的作用 1）名詞在句中可作主語、賓語、表語、賓語補足語。 Mr. Li holds an important position in the government office. 主語 賓語 We elected him monitor of our class. 賓語 賓補 2）名詞還作其他名詞的前置定語，用于更準確說明某物的用途，性質(zhì)，組成材料等。 a tea cup 茶杯 a car number 車牌號 a shoe shop 鞋店 a stone bridge 石橋 名詞作定語必須用單數(shù)。man, woman作定語，用單數(shù)還是復數(shù)由被修飾的名詞的單復數(shù)決定。sport作定語，單復數(shù)形式均可。 a man teacher 一個男教師 ten women doctors 十個女醫(yī)生 a sport（s）shirt 運動衫 the arms race 武器競賽（特例） 選：It is said that the Air Force about $80 million a year. Really a problem, isnt it ? Abird hit cost Bbirds hit costs Cbird hits cost Dbird hit costs 本題題義：空軍每年因飛鳥撞擊飛機造成的損失達大約八千萬美元?？疾榈氖敲~作定語。名詞作定語必須用單數(shù)，故可考慮的答案為A、C。又因一年內(nèi)鳥擊飛機事件多次發(fā)生，故選C。 六、學習名詞，特別要注意的問題 1）準確把握詞義，重視近義詞的辯析 選：One of the advantage of living on the top floor of a high rise is that you can get a good .（2001年上海高考題） Asight Bscene Cview Dlook 辯析：sight 1.看見 2.視力 3.視野 4.風景 scene 1.（事件發(fā)生的）現(xiàn)場2.場面 ; 情景3.景色 4.（拍電影）場景，（舞臺）布置 view 1.眺望2.視野 3.風景，景色。 look 1.看 2.神色,表情 looks =appearance外貌 本句意為：住在高層建筑頂層的優(yōu)越之一，是能清楚眺望到一切。故本題答案為C。 近年來高考試卷非常重視對名詞的考查，是重點熱點之一。 2）正確掌握名詞前冠詞的使用規(guī)則選：1. Summer in _ south of France are for _ most part dry and sunny.A. /; aB. the, /C. /, /D. the, the 2 Most animals have little connection with animals of different kind unless they kill them for food.Athe ；a B不填 ；a Cthe ；the D不填 ；the名詞練習1. He is a man of _ and he has_ interesting_ in his life.A. much experience; a lot of; experiences B. many experiences; much; experienceC. many experience; much; experience D. many experiences; a lot of; experience2. Perhaps we need to clear away these books to make _ for our new students.A. place B. area C. room D. space3. If you are driving to the airport, can you give me a _?A. hand B. seat C. drive D. lift4. Being able to speak another language fluently is a great _ when you are looking for a job.A. chance B. importance C. assistant D. advantage5. The _ of building the Great Theater _ only one year.A. job; spent B. work; spent C. position, took D. works, took6. He had run away from home and gone to _ when he was 16 years old.A. the sea B. a sea C. seas D. sea7. Only one third of the people present at the meeting were _ the new rules.A. in favour of B. in agreement of C. in for D. wit the side of 8. Everybody thinks little of the film. In fact, there is no _ of it being tried out in the film festival.A. sign B. use C. possibility D. doubt9. Can your _ with you- money , jewellery, cameras and so on.A. gifts B. suitcase C. bags D. valuables10. Students should be encouraged to finish their homework_.A. of themselves B. of their own C. for their own D. on their own11. When he is angry, his _ stands up on end.A. head B. uniform C. hair D. skin12. His letter was so confusing that I could hardly make any _ of it.A. explanation B. meaning C. sense D. guess13. -Is Mr Smith in? - No, hes asked for _ leave. A. a two weeks B. a two-week C. a two-weeks D. a two weeks14. -_ car crashed into a tree yesterday. They must have been driving too fast.- Every boy and every girl _ to drive that fast.A. Tom and Janes; wish B. Toms and Janes ;wishes C. Tom and Janes ; likes D. Toms and Janes ; want15. _ Mr Wang has! He almost never remembers where he leaves his keys.A. What a poor memory B. What poor memory C. How good a memory D. How poor memory16. The _ change of weather may have some _ his health.A. sudden; caused B. sudden; effect on C. suddenly; bad results to D. suddenly; effect on17. Because prices of food and clothing and almost everything else in that country have steadily gone up the buying _ of the dollar has gone down.A. energy B. force C. power D. strength18. _ of English is helpful if you are devoted to _ English literature.A. A good knowledge; study B. A good knowledge ; studyingC. Good knowledge; study D. Good knowledge; studying19. -Few children are as bright as he is, and also, he works very hard.- Its no _ that he always gets the first place in any examination.A. doubt B. problem C. question D. wonder20. Marys handwriting is better than_ in her class.A. anyone else B. anyone elses C. anyones else D. other students21. It really doesnt make any _ whether to buy a laptop computer or a desktop computer.A. choice B. decision C. difference D. sense22. Many students signed up for the _ race in the sports meeting to be held next week.A. 800-meter-long B. 800-meters-long C. 800 meter length D. 800 meters length23. His behaviour at the party last night seemed rather_. Many of us were quite surprised.A. out of practice B. out of place C. out of politeness D. out of pity24. These football players had no strict _ until they joined our club.A. practice B. education C. training D. exercise25. If it was not an accident, he must have done it _.A. on purpose B. in common C. on occasion D. in time26. We must keep our room clean. Dirt and disease go _.A. from time to time B. hand in hand C. step by step D. one after another27. _ is known to us all, _ feed on grass while horses on grain.A. It , cattle B. This; cattles C. What ; cattles D. As; cattle28. _ everyone can hear the speaker there is no_ in turning up the radio.A. Now that; point B. Even if; point C. Now that, need D. Even if; need29. Shelly had prepared carefully for her English examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first _.A. intention B. attempt C. purpose D. desire30. No one has yet succeeded in explaining the _ of how life began.A. cause B. problem C. reason D. puzzle31. Jack tried hard to get a gold medal in this Winter Olympic Games but he had no _.A. luck B. time C. fate D. entrance32. The young man owes his success to many people , his parents _.A. after all B. by chance C. on purpose D. in particular33. I should like to try that coat on, for I dont know if it is my _.A. shape B. model C. design D. size34. It is important for us to employ a word or phrase to the _ in language studies.A. situation B. expression C. condition D. translation35. Flight BA 123 to Vienna is now boarding at _.A. Gate 21 B. 21st Gate C. the Gate 21 D. 21 Gate36. -Shall we take a walk before dinner? - Oh, yes, _ is my favourite time of a day. A. the early evenings B. in the early evening C. the early of the evening D. early evening37. Being poor, she had to borrow a new _ so as to attend the party.A. cloth B. clothes C. clothing D. dress38. Popular music is liked by many people, but it is not to everyones _.A. manners B. smell C. taste D. thought39. Such good _ should be made of ones spare time to study another foreign language. A. chance B. choice C. decision D. use40. She thought the painting was of little _ , so she let him have it for only $15.A. cost B. important C. price D. value41. There are three _ in our clinic.A. woman doctor B. woman doctors C. women doctor D. women doctors42. I tried every _ to make him give up smoking.A. mean B. ways C. meaning D. means43. _ will conquer nature.A. The man B. Man C. Any man D. The men44. Yesterday I was invited to the dinner at _.A. Turners B. the Turners C. Turners D. the Turners45. Jess went to a _ for some shoes.A. shoes store B. shoe store C. shoes store D. shoes store46. Standing on top of the mountain, youll get a wonderful _.A. joy B. seeing C. view D. nature47. He was chosen _ of the company.A. manager B. a manager C. the manager D. as a manager48. -What can I do for you? - Id like to have a _ of China Daily.A. piece B. sheet C. lot D. copy49. _it is to listen to music!A. How fun B. How a fun C. What a fun D. What fun50. What the expert has said and done will be _ to the department managers.A. value B. benefit C. of valuable D. of benefit 1-5 ACDDD 6-10 DACDD 11-15 CCBCA 16-20 BCBDB 21-25 CABCA 26-30 BDABA 31-35 ADDAA 36-40 DDCDD 41-45 DDBDB 6-50 CADDD第二章 主謂一致句子的謂語動詞和句子的主語應(yīng)在數(shù)方面保持一致。主謂一致的基本原則是：主語是單數(shù)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；主語是復數(shù)，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。句子的主語有以下幾種類型： 1帶后置定語型。其謂語動詞的形式依主語的單復數(shù)而定，與后置定語無關(guān)。 （together）with except / but S + besides V rather than as well as A library together with a lot of books has been given to our school as a gift.Two pilots as well as all the passengers were killed in this plane crash. 兩個飛行員連同所有旅客都死于這次空難。 2部分整體型。其謂語的單復數(shù)，由整體部分決定。 70 percent two-thirds part of the / ones + n +V half （整體） all the rest 1）About 70% of the surface of the earth is covered by water. 2）Part of the books are worth reading, but the rest（of them）are of no value. 注：all單獨作主語時，All指人謂語用復數(shù)。All指物或事情謂語用單數(shù)。 1）All are eager to reach an agreement. 所有的人都急于達成協(xié)議。 2）All is going well. 一切都進展順利。 3定語僅能修飾單數(shù)名詞型，其謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 Each / Every Either / Neither Another + n（單數(shù)）+ V Many a More than oneMore than one graduate wants to go to work in Western China. 不止一個畢業(yè)生要求去中國西部工作。 Many a day has passed since the boy was lost. 那個男孩失蹤已有許多天。4就近一致型。下列連詞連接兩個主語時，及there be句型有多個并列主語，謂語應(yīng)與最靠近的主語保持一致。 A or B 1）Either you or I am to meet them at the station. Either A or B 不是你就是我要去車站接他們。 Neither A nor B 2）Not only the teacher but also his students object to the plan. Not only A but also B 3）There is an air-conditioner and two computers in his office. There be A, B and C 在他辦公室有一臺空調(diào)和二臺電腦。 5需記住的其他規(guī)則 Either 1）Neither of + n 作主語，謂語用單數(shù)。 Each None of + n（復數(shù)）作主語，謂語用單數(shù)或復數(shù)均可。 None of + n（單數(shù)）作主語，謂語用單數(shù)。 Either of the answers is right. 兩個答案中有一個是對的。 None of the cars was / were damaged. 這些車都沒有受損。 None of the food has gone bad. 食物沒有變質(zhì)。 2）a number of + n（復數(shù)）作主語，謂語用復數(shù)。 the number of + n（復數(shù)）作主語，謂語用單數(shù)。 A large number of students are from the south. 很多學生是南方人。The number of students in our school has gone up to 3000. 我校學生數(shù)已上升到3000人。 3）關(guān)系代詞作主語，定語從句謂語動詞的形式取決于其先行詞的單復數(shù)。 He is one of the few persons who have a good knowledge of Italian. 他是精通意大利語的少數(shù)人之一。 在以上句子中，persons是who的先行詞，從句謂語動詞用復數(shù)。 （比較）He is the only one of the boys who was given a prize. 他是這些孩子中唯一受到獎勵的。 當one之前有the only修飾時，one是who的先行詞，從句謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 4）單個動名詞，不定式或主語從句作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 兩個并列的動名詞，不定式或主語從句作主語，謂語動詞用復數(shù)。 When and where to hold the meeting isnt decided yet.（一個不定式作主語）What I say and what I think are none of your business. 我說什么，想什么與你無關(guān)。（兩個并列主語從句作主語） 5）each, any, every, no構(gòu)成的復合代詞都當作單數(shù)看待。 Someone is asking you on the phone. 有人在打電話找你。 注：復合代詞作主語，反意疑問句的主語通常用they，也可用he。 Everyone was present at the meeting, werent they / wasnt he ? Someone has known the news, havent they / hasnt he ? 6）以“s”結(jié)尾的書刊名、國名、機構(gòu)名和學科名作主語，謂語用單數(shù)。 The United Nations was set up in 1942. 聯(lián)合國建于1942年。 The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer. 坎特伯雷故事集是喬叟寫的。 Economics is my major. 經(jīng)濟學是我的主修課程。 7）某些形容詞或分詞和定冠詞the連用表示某類人作主語，謂語用復數(shù)。The sick have been cured and the lost have been found. 病人得到醫(yī)治，失蹤的也已找回來了。 8）由and連接兩個單數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。 English and Chinese are quite different languages.若and并列的主語在意義上指同一個人，同一概念或?qū)α⒔y(tǒng)一的事物，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。The manager and secretary is as busy as a bee all day. 那位經(jīng)理兼秘書整天忙忙碌碌。（兩個名詞共用一個冠詞，指同一個人）War and peace is a contant theme in history. 戰(zhàn)爭與和平是歷史永恒的主題。（對立統(tǒng)一的一對事物）9）單復數(shù)同形的名詞如deer, means；集合名詞如family作主語，如何決定謂語動詞的單復數(shù)，請見第四章冠詞。Exercise 1 主謂一致 1I, who your friend, will try my best to help you. Abe Bam Cis Dare 2The United States must look out of the rights of citizens. Aits Btheir Cours Dus 3So far as I know, more than one person connected with the accident. Ais Bhas Care Dhave 4Maths as well as physics always me to much trouble. Acauses Bputs Ccause Dput 5Not only you and I but Peter, the top student in our grade, not able to solve the problem. Aare Bwere Cis Dam 6There one or two things that I have to mention. Ais Bare Chas Dhave 7 Either I or my accountant（會計） to blame for the loss ? AIs BAre CAm DDoes 8So far 70% of the poor in this area out of poverty（貧困）with the help of the local government. Ahas got Bare getting Chave got Dhad got 9Collecting stamps as a hobby increasingly popular during the past ten years. Abecame Bbecomes Chas become Dhave become 10Whether or not the new plan