初中英語語法要點.doc

說明： 請各校打印裝訂成冊，發(fā)給學(xué)生，教師認(rèn)真講解，確保落實，在后續(xù)的各個復(fù)習(xí)階段，還要拿出來逐一加一印證。確保學(xué)生熟練掌握語法知識，提高應(yīng)對中考各個難題的能力。初中英語語法知識梳理一、 英語五種基本句型 認(rèn)識它， 理解它， 掌握它，應(yīng)用它！1主語謂語（SV） It rained just now. A car runs fast. The train leaves at 8:30. Tom came to borrow my bike yesterday.2. 主語謂語賓語（SVO） We clean the classroom every day. He plays the guitar quite well.Few students like taking exams. 3. 主語謂語賓語賓語（SVOiOd） She showed me her photos just now. The tie cost me ten dollars. Mr. Wang passed him a book. Mr. Wang passed a book to him. My mother made me a birthday cake. My mother made a birthday cake for me. He always offers us help. Our head teacher told us a story in English.記?。海╝sk, answer, give, offer, send, bring, pass, tell. show, teach, promise）4主語謂語賓語賓補（SVOiOc） We all call him tiger. You keep your eyes closed. We should keep our class room clean and tidy. You d better keep the food in the fridge. I often help my mother (to) do housework My teacher asked me to work hard at English. 記?。?ask, tell, order, want, persuade, allow) You let us go home. I often hear him sing English songs. 記?。?see, watch, hear, feel, make/have, let) 比較：Listen! Can you hear him singing an English song? 記?。?see, watch, hear) I hag my hair cut yesterday. (have sth done)5. 主語系動詞表語 （SVP） The boy is a student. The woman is heavy. Im thirteen. Its me. The movies are exciting. She is interested in maths My mother is in the kitchen. My hobby is to collect stamps. Her job is washing clothes. Seeing is believing. Chinese food tastes delicious. Does Chinese food taste delicious?Your idea sounds great. Your idea doesnt sound great. She seemed happy then.記住: (be, become, get, turn, taste, sound, look, smell, feel, keep, go, seem, remain ) 注意：一個漢語句子如找不出實意動詞，就是系表結(jié)構(gòu)， 一定要加上系動詞“be”:我弟弟個子高。My brother is tall. 有些形容詞聽起來像動詞，但不能當(dāng)動詞用，是系表結(jié)構(gòu)：ill, busy, back, tired, early等。He was ill yesterday. They will be busy tomorrow. Tom can be back in an hour. Be quiet, please.6. There be 句型 與 Have/has My father has a car. A table has four legs. There is a dictionary on the table. There is a dog and two cats under the tree. 比較There are two cats and a dog under the tree. There is going to be an English movie at our school next week. 不能用have 練習(xí)：將下列漢語譯成英語，并說出是哪種句型。1我們通常進行小組學(xué)習(xí)。2我叔叔通過聽收音機學(xué)習(xí)英語。3我打算給我爸爸買件襯衣作為生日禮物。4我經(jīng)常聽到他唱英語歌曲。5我們明天會很忙。6這魚非常好吃。6明天我們學(xué)校將放一場英語電影。7一個人只要開始學(xué)習(xí)從來都不嫌晚。8高分貝音樂使人緊張。二、 句子成分 1、主語：1) 動作的發(fā)出者或句子述說的對象。 I go to school by bike. My sister is outgoing. 2) 可以作主語的詞有：名詞、人稱代詞主格、其他代詞、動名詞和動詞不定式The children study English by watching TV.They help us.Both of them does dell in English. Seeing is believing. Its no use crying. Its no good eating fast food.Playing computer games is fun. Waiting for her made me angry.To learn English well is important. It is important to learn English well.To go to school by bike takes me half an hour every day. 比較： It takes me half an hour every day to go to school by bike. (sb spend doing sth)It is wrong for us to tell lies. It is kind of you to say so. 2謂語: 由動詞充當(dāng)，I listen to the music every day. 1）分兩類： 系動詞（系表結(jié)構(gòu)的句子）和實意動詞（主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)，主謂賓賓結(jié)構(gòu)，主謂賓補結(jié)構(gòu)）。（參看上面基本句型里的句子） 2）謂語還要注意與其主語保持人稱和樹的一致，稱主謂一致原則。It often rains hard. 3）謂語還要注意時態(tài)問題。（祥見“五”）I saw the movie last Sunday. I have already seen the movie. 4）謂語還要注意語態(tài)問題。（祥見“九”）The window was broken by my partner. 3賓語: 1)動作的乘受者（實意動詞。We help them. 2) 可作賓語的詞有：名詞，人稱代詞賓格、其他代詞、動名詞、動詞不定式和賓語從句 I dislike oranges. I often help her. I know both of them. I like to play soccer. 比較 I like playing soccer. (like, begin, start, hate, love )My sister enjoys listening to light music. 記?。? finish, mind, avoid, admit, consider, give up, put off, practice, cant help dong, 又have fun/problem/difficulty doing, feel like doing) I want to go hiking this Saturday. 比較： I went to see the animals.記?。?want, need, try, learn, afford, offer, agree, manage, decide, happen, refuse, expect, plan, prepare, promise, hope, wish, would like) 口訣：要想拒絕忘記（want, refuse, forget）需要勞力學(xué)習(xí)（need, try, learn）喜歡同意幫助（like, agree, help,）希望決定開始（hope, wish, decide, begin, start）注意：stop, remember, forget, try, go on, regret, mean等接動名詞和不定式意義有區(qū)別。 3) I found it hard to remember these words in a short time. 不定式是賓語，it是形式賓語。4) 介詞賓語There are two desks in the room. And there are some books on themHe sits between you and _ (I). Thank you for _ (tell) me the news. The boy is afraid of being alone at night.5）賓語從句 （祥見“十一”） I hope that I will be a top student in my class.4定語: 修飾和限定名詞。I like the red car. (而不是其它的車) 可以作定語的詞有：名詞，形容詞， 數(shù)詞，地點副詞，介詞短語，動詞不定式，定語從句。例如：（注意觀察例句中定語的位置） These are apple trees. They are men doctors. 作定語的名詞用單數(shù)形式，但“man, woman”除外.I live in an old house.Jack has three brothers.The people here are friendly.The poor children have no food to eat.I have something important to tell you.We have enough time to do it. We have time enough to do it.The girl is old enough to babysit the babies. He listened to the teacher carefully enough to catch what he saidThe man in the car is my uncle.The man who is sitting in the car is my uncle. (定語從句祥見“十四”)5狀語：修飾形容詞，副詞，動詞。 1)可以作狀語的詞有：名詞，副詞，介詞短語，動詞不定式，現(xiàn)在分詞，狀語從句。 He is very tired. 修飾形容詞 He likes play volleyball very much. 修飾副詞 My little sister draws well. 修飾動詞 I will call you tomorrow. 名詞修飾動 I take a shower at home at six. 修飾動詞，表明動作發(fā)生的地點和時間 I listen to the teacher carefully. 副詞修飾動詞 He didnt go to school because of illness . 介詞短語修飾動詞 We go home for lunch every day. 介詞短語修飾動詞 He usually sleep with the window open. 介詞短語修飾動詞 We go home to have lunch every day. 動詞不定式修飾動詞 I went to visit my grandpa yesterday. 動詞不定式修飾動詞 He didnt go school because he was ill. He didnt go school because of his illness. I go fishing if it doesnt rain tomorrow. (狀語從句祥見“十四) He will call me after he gets to London. My cousin is so old that he can go to school. I got up early so that I could catch the early bus. 比較：I got up so early that I caught the early bus.He does much better in physics than I. 2) 頻度副詞 I usually take a walk after supper. Usually I take a walk after school. Peter is never late for school. 3)副詞的構(gòu)成 本身是副詞：here, there, now, then, already, etc. Please come here.形容詞、副詞不同形：good-well He speaks Japanese well. His Japanese is good 形容詞、副詞同形：early-early, fast-fast I got up early enough to catch the early bus. The car is fast. The car can run fast 由形容詞變?yōu)楦痹~：careful- carefully, lucky -luckily, heavyhealthilybad, slow, happy, angry, soft, quick, easy 其副詞分別為：The rain is heavy. It is raining heavily now. 有些以ly結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞而不是副詞：daily, monthly, friendly, lonely, lovely:This is a monthly magazine.We are friendly to each other.4) 副詞比較級、最高級。祥見“六”He usually listens to the more carefully than me.He runs fastest in our class.He writes _ of the three. (bad)6賓語補足語 We all call him tiger. You keep your eyes closed. We should keep our class room clean and tidy. You d better keep the food in the fridge. I often help my mother (to) do housework My teacher asked me to work hard at English. 記?。?ask, tell, order, want, persuade, allow) You let us go home. I often hear him sing English songs. 記住：(see, watch, hear, feel, make/have, let) 比較：Listen! Can you hear him singing an English song? 記住：(see, watch, hear) I had my hair cut yesterday. (have sth done)練習(xí)： 用所給詞的正確形式填空1. _ (them) were used to _ (get) up _ (early) in the morning.2. It is important for _ (we) _ (learn) English well.3. If you dont know the words, youd better look _ (it) up in a dictionary.4. Mr. Wang _ (teach) _(we) English. Each student _ (like) _(he).5. Thank you for _ (tell) _ (I) the _ (well) news.6. The teacher said _(angry) to _ (I). The Teacher was _ (angry) with _ (she).7. _ (eat) fast food is bad for our _(healthy).8. Mother always has a lot of housework _ (do).9. He came _ (visit) his grandpa last weekend. 10. He wanted _ (visit) his grandpa last weekend.11. If there are _ driving, there will be _ air pollution, and the air will be _ (fresh). A. less, less B. fewer, fewer C. fewer, less D. less, fewer12. In an, exam, the _ you are, the _ mistakes you will make. A. careful, little B. more careful, fewest C. more careful, fewer D. more careful, less13. I am looking forward to _ (be) a scientist when I grow up.14. Do you mind my _ (smoke) here?15. Im going to have MP4 _(repair) tomorrow. 16. They want me _ (sing) an English song at the party.17. Its cold, Let _ (we) _ (keep) the windows _ (close). 三、代詞 知識梳理：提綱挈領(lǐng)，抓住重點和難點！一）代詞的分類英語中常把代詞分為人稱代詞、無主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞、不定代詞和相互代詞。二） 代詞的用法1. 人稱代詞：人稱代詞是指人的代詞，有性、數(shù)、格的區(qū)別。 主格作主語：She is my English teacher.You, he and I are all the winners. I, Li lei and you are wrong. We should do more for the project1) 賓格作賓語：They dont want me to go there alone. Dont worry. I can look after her. Tom sits between you and me.2) 賓格還可以作表語。特別是在口語中：- Whos that? - Its me.注意：代詞的下列用法： We love our country, we hope shell be stronger and stronger. It is about 10 kilometres from here. Its four oclock. It is not easy to learn English well. I found it difficult to sleep.2物主代詞：1)形容詞性物主代詞在句中具有形容詞的特征。在句中作定語， 后面跟名詞。例如：To our surprise, he has passed the exam. 2) 名詞性的物主代詞具有名詞的特征, 在句中作主語、表語、賓語。例如： May I use your bike? Mine is at school. (作主語) Whose glasses are these? They are hers. (作表語) My dictionary is lost. Can I use yours? (作賓語) 3) 名詞性物主代詞可以與of 連用， 作定語。 例如：A friend of ours are waiting for us.3反身帶詞：用來表示“某人自己”的代詞稱為反身代詞。如下表所示：單 數(shù)myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitself復(fù) 數(shù)ourselvesyourselvesthemselves 1）作賓語,主語或賓語的同位語。例如： Her sister is too young to dress herself. (作賓語) He himself is always making such mistakes. (主語同位語) Youd better ask your wife herself. (賓語同位語)2) 反身代詞可與其他詞構(gòu)成固定搭配，例如：make oneself at home, teach oneself, learn by oneself, help oneself to,etc4指示代詞：this, that, these, those 指示代詞可在句中作主語、賓語、表語、定語等。例如： Those are my parents. ( 作主語) Throw it like that. (作賓語) The toys little Tom likes are those in the basket. ( 作表語) These pictures are drawn by an old blind man. ( 作定語)注意：1）前面剛剛提到過的東西， 常用that, those 表示：Im sorry to hear that.2 )下文將要提到的事情， 可用these, this 表示， 起啟下的作用。 例如：Tell the children to do like this: knock the stick into the earth first, then tie the tree to it.5疑問代詞：who, what, which, whose, whom， 在句中常作主語、賓語、定語、表語。What make you so happy? 作主語Who / Whom is your manager talking with? 作賓語Which subject do you like best? 作定語Whats your mother. 作表語6相互代詞：用于表示相互關(guān)系的代詞。 常用的有：each other, one another.作賓語、定語 We should help each other. The villagers have looked after one another these year. We put the presents in each others stocking.7連接代詞： 用來連接賓語從句、表語從句、主語從句的代詞叫連接代詞。常用的有:what, which, who, whom whose, that： I know what he said at the meeting. The problem is who will mend it. Could you tell me which is the way to the post office?8. 不定代詞：幾組不定代詞的區(qū)別 1) one, it: The shirt is too small for me. Will you please show me a bigger one? The new car is nice. I like it very much.2) some, anyThere is some water in the glass. Is there any water in the glass? There isnt any water in the glassCan I borrow some books?3) both, allMy parents both work hard.My parents are both workers.There are twenty boys in our class. They all like English.There are many trees on both sides of the street.There are trees on either side of the street.4)neither, either Neither of the answers is right. Here are two chairs. You sit on either chair.5)a few, a little, few, little We need a few strawberries to make the drink. Im lonely because I have few friends here. In winter there is little rain here, so it is very dry.6) one, the other, other, another He is always ready to help others. I have two pens, one is red, the other is black. There are 40 students here, 20 are boys, the others are girls. I dont like this skirt. Will you show me another one?9. many, few, a few修飾可數(shù)名詞，much, little, a little修飾不可數(shù)名詞。both, either, neither, each用于指兩者，all, any, none, every, another用于指三者或三者以上。 例題解析：舉一反三，學(xué)的更輕松！1. This isnt _ pencil case. I left _ at home.A. my, mine B. me, my C. I, my D. my, myself2. The English novel is quite easy for you. There are _ new words in it.A. a little B. little C. a few D. few3. - Can I come this evening or tomorrow morning?- _ is OK. Im free today and tomorrow. A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None4. The population of China is much large than _ of Asia.A. this B. those C.it D. that5 . - When shall we meet again? - Make it _day you like. Its all the same to me.A. one B. any C. another D. all6. He said _ at the meeting and just sat there silently. A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything7.- Do you know the lady _ is interviewing our headmaster?- Yes, she is a journalist from CCTV.A. which B. who C. whom D. whose8. Dont worry. We still have _ tome left. A. little B. a little C. few. D. A few練習(xí)與鞏固：熟能生巧，取得好成績！一）用適當(dāng)?shù)拇~填空Help _ to some ice cream, girls.He came up with an idea at last, the idea of _ was very good.Hurry, up, theres _ time left.There is hardly _ in the basket, its empty.Lili and Coco dont know _ address. Lili has never been to Cocos home and Coco has never been to Lilys home, either.He is _ a kind friend that _of us like him.He have two English novels, but he has read _ of them.I dont like the color of this jacket. Could you show me _ one?You may take _ of them, theyre both good.Dont worry. _ goes well here.二）選擇最佳答案填空：1. These two books are very interesting. You can choose _ of them.A. both B. each C. either D. any2. He had _milk but_ bread for breakfast.A. many; few B. much; little C. few; much D. little; many3. Is there _you want to say?A. something else B. anything else C. else anything D. else something4. A: _ are you going to visit? B: I am going to visit the Palace Museum.A. Where B. What C. Why D. When5. One should keep _ promise.A. ones own B. every C. himself D. herself三）完成句子1. Theres two apples here, you can take _（任意一個）.2. Lisa has two daughters. _(沒有一個喜歡)traveling.3. _ (所有的)girls like singing.4. To say is _ (一回事), to do is _ (另一回事).5. They keep one black cat and _ (兩只黑的).6. He has _ (許多) money, but he has _ (沒有) friends.7. Can she speak French? _ (只會一點).8. _ (他們中很少有人) can talk in Chinese.9. _ (沒人) has been reached farther than the moon.10. We looked at _ (相互) in great surprise.Key: 一)1.yourselves 2.his 3.no 4.anything 5.each others 6.such,all 7.neither 8.another 9.either 10.everything 二) CBBAA 三)1.either 2.neither 3.all 4.one thing, another thing 5.two black ones 6.a lot of/much, no 7.A little 8.Few of them 9. No one /Nobody 10.each other四、數(shù)詞 1. 數(shù)詞的一般用法略。2其他用法：1）基數(shù)詞單數(shù)名詞形容詞構(gòu)成合成形容詞。如： a five-year-old boy； an 800-metre-long bridge； girls400-metre relay race。2）具體數(shù)詞metre（s）kilometre（s）kilo（s）long high tall deep away ：。The Changjiang River is 6,300 kilometres long 3）表示幾十歲用序數(shù)詞，eg. 在他三十幾歲時 in his thirties4）倍數(shù)的表達：(一倍用once，兩倍用 twice，兩倍以上用基數(shù)詞times。如：5倍five times)：He is as tall a boy as I. He is a head taller than I . He is two years older than IChina is four times as large as Europe.I am twice as old as you. (=I am twice older than you. /I am twice the age of you.)My books are twice as many as yours.China is four times larger than Europe.(=China is four times the size of Europe.)I pay twice as much as it was worth.I pay twice as much for the house. 例題解析：舉一反三，學(xué)的更輕松！1. _ Chinese are looking for ways to learn English well before Beijing 2008 Olympic. A. Thousand B. Thousands C. Thousand of D. Thousands of2. Both of the rules are broken. I want to buy a _ one. A. three B. third C. forth D. /3. - Which is the smallest number of the four? - _. A. Two- thirds B. A half C. A quarter D. Three-fourths4. Please write down the new words in the text of _. A. Lesson Eleven B. the Lesson Eleven C. Lesson Eleventh練習(xí)與鞏固：熟能生巧，取得好成績！選擇填空：1. _ of people in the world are sending information by E-mail ever day. A. Many million B. Several million C. Several millions D. Many millions2. About _ of the surface of the earth _ covered with water. A. three quarter, is B. three quarters, has C. three quarters,