定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞的用法.doc

定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞的用法 在復(fù)合句中修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語(yǔ)從句，一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞(定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的詞)之后。定語(yǔ)從句由關(guān)系詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞之分。關(guān)系代詞有that，which，who，whom，whose，as等；關(guān)系副詞有when，where，why等。 關(guān)系詞通常有下列三個(gè)作用：1)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句；2)代替先行詞；3)在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。如：The car which my unele had just bought was destroyed in the earthquake句中which my uncle had just bought是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞the car；which是引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞，代替先行詞the car，在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)。表一：關(guān)系代詞的用法關(guān)系代詞指代對(duì)象及在從句中所作的成分使用要點(diǎn)例句that即指人又指物；作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)（作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略）只用于限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，介詞后面不能跟that。當(dāng)代替物時(shí)，可以與which通用。Yesterday Emily was wearing the new dress thatI gave her昨天艾米麗穿了我送給她的新衣服。I have a friend that likes listening to classical music我有個(gè)朋友喜歡聽(tīng)古典音樂(lè)。 which指物；作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)（作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略）在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中，只宜用which,不能用that.在限定性定語(yǔ)從句中，可用在介詞之后。My parents live in a house which is more than 100 years old 我的父母住在一座具有100多年歷史的房子里 who,whom指人；作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)（whom?？墒÷裕┫刃性~必須為人。Who可代替在從句中擔(dān)任賓語(yǔ)的whom,若前有介詞，須用whomA couch potato is a person who spends a lot oftime watching TV“A couch potato”指那種成天沉湎于電視中的人。The student(whom)I taught two years ago hasjoined the army我兩年前教的那個(gè)學(xué)生已經(jīng)參軍了。whose既指人又指物；作定語(yǔ)是代詞的所有格，代物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于ofwhich。The room whose window faces south is mine那個(gè)窗戶朝南的房間是我的。注意：whose指物時(shí)，常用of which結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)代替。如：The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired=The classroom the door of which is broken willsoon be repaired表二：用which不用that的情況which可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，that不能。He had failed in the maths exam，which made hisfather very angry他數(shù)學(xué)考試沒(méi)及格，這使他父親很生氣。which可以用在介詞后，that不可。That is the house in which Mark Twain used to live那是馬克吐溫過(guò)去住的房子。一個(gè)句子中若有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，一個(gè)用that引導(dǎo)。另一個(gè)不能再用that，而用which。He bought an American magazine that could give himso much English knowledge and which could help himto kill the time他買了一本既可以豐富他的英語(yǔ)知識(shí)又可以消磨時(shí)間的美國(guó)雜志。表三：只用that不用which的情況(先行詞是物)當(dāng)先行詞是不定代詞如：all，little，few，much，none，anything，nothing，everything等時(shí)。I have said all that I want to say我想說(shuō)的都說(shuō)了。當(dāng)先行詞被最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞以及thevery，the only修飾時(shí)。This is the very book that I want to buy .這正是我想要買的書當(dāng)先行詞被all，little，much，some，any,no,every等不定代詞修飾時(shí)。There is little work that you can do幾乎沒(méi)有你能做的工作。當(dāng)先行詞由人、物等表示并列的詞構(gòu)成時(shí)。They talked about the men and the things that they saw 他們談到了所見(jiàn)的人和事。當(dāng)主句是以which或who開頭的特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)。Which is the hotel that he stayed at last night?他昨晚住的是哪家旅館?當(dāng)關(guān)系詞在從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，用that，而且常省略。如：China isnt the country(that)it used to be中國(guó)不再是以前的中國(guó)了。當(dāng)主句是以there ishere isit is開頭時(shí)用that不用whichThere is a table in the corner that is folded away有一張桌子被折疊放在角落里。表四：關(guān)于as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句主要用于非限制性定語(yǔ)從句和the sameas，suchas 結(jié)構(gòu)中。This is the same knife as I lost yesterday這把刀子和我昨天丟的那把是一樣的。Dont talk about such things as you dont understand不要談?wù)撃悴欢氖虑椤hich和as都可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句可以放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后甚至可以分割主句。which引導(dǎo)的非限性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句之后。另外，as常有“正如”“正像”的含義。China is a developing country，as is known to all眾所周知，中國(guó)是發(fā)展中國(guó)家。Johnas you know，is a writer正如你所知，約翰是個(gè)作家。He was very rude to the customs officer，which of course made things even worse他對(duì)海關(guān)官員非常無(wú)禮，這當(dāng)然使事情更糟糕了。such后可接as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，也可接that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。We hope to get such a tool as he is using(as在從句作賓語(yǔ))我們希望得到一件正像他在使用的工具。(定語(yǔ)從句)We hope to get such a tool that we can doour work better with it(that在從句中不作成分)我們希望得到這樣一件工具以至于我們能更好地工作。(結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句)the sameas與the samethat引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：前者修飾的是與原物相似的東西；而后者修飾的就是先行詞所指的東西。This is the same watch as I lost這和我丟的那只手表一樣。(不是同一只)This is the same watch that I lost這就是我丟失的那只手表。(同一只)2有時(shí)候當(dāng)先行詞是表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)的詞時(shí)，卻不用whenwhere而用thatwhich引導(dǎo)。這時(shí)要根據(jù)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是及物的還是不及物的。如果是及物的就可用that(which)，否則可用where。例如： I will remember the days thatwhich we spent together 我會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)記住我們一起度過(guò)的日子。 This is the factory thatwhich you visited yesterday 這就足你昨天參觀的工廠。 3way作先行詞時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞的使用： I dont like the way(thatin which)he treats his parents 我不喜歡他對(duì)待父母的方式。 4. that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句與名詞性從句的不同： The news that he told us is true(定語(yǔ)從句) 他告訴我們的新聞是真的。The news that our team has won is encouraging(同位語(yǔ)從句) 我們隊(duì)勝利的消息真令人振奮。