boer war 中英對照簡介.doc

Boer WarsThe Boer Wars (known in Afrikaans as Vryheidsoorlog (lit. freedom wars) were two wars fought between the British Empire and the two independent Boer republics, the Orange Free State and the South African Republic (Transvaal Republic).Eerste Boeren OorlogThe first Boers were free dutch farmers who came around 1604 with Portuguese ships, who had a settlement at the cape and then sailed on to Asia. They came independently and were not bound to any state or land. The cape was then Portuguese. These farmers went inland to what is now Orange Free State and bought the land of the Zulus. The area was semi-desert and never plowed before. The Zulus used it as a hunting area and had just hunted it empty. They wouldnt use it for a another few decades, because they circled around leaving land unused for decades. It took the farmers three generations to make the land fertile, about a hundred years. Now it would take about 20 years to make the land fertile like in Malawi. After a few decades the Zulus wanted the land back and said they had only lent it and didnt sell it. In 1696 the first farmers war came between the farmers and the Zulus. The farmers won. It may be the grain chamber of South Africa now, but it used to be infertile desert. A few other farmers wars followed for these dutch free farmers. It is incorrect that Orange Free State came a state in around 1850. It became independent then from BritainFirst Anglo-Boer WarThe First Anglo-Boer War (1880-1881), also known as the Ohana War, was a relatively brief conflict in which Boers successfully rebelled against British rule in the Transvaal, and re-established their independenceSecond Anglo-Boer WarThe Second War (1899-1902), by contrast, was a lengthy warinvolving large numbers of troops from many British possessionswhich ended with the conversion of the Boer republics into British colonies (with a promise of limited self-government). These colonies later formed part of the Union of South Africa. The British fought directly against the Transvaal and the Orange Free State, defeating their forces first in open warfare and then in a long and bitter guerrilla campaign. British losses were high due to both disease and combat. The policies of scorched earth and civilian internment (adopted by the British to prevent support for the Boer guerrilla campaign) ravaged the civilian populations in the Transvaal and the Orange Free State.Controversy and significanceDuring the later stages of the Second Boer War, the British Empire pursued the policy of rounding up and isolating the Boer civilian population into concentration camps, one of the earliest uses of this method by modern powers. The wives and children of Boer guerrillas were sent to these camps with poor hygiene and little food, although this was remedied to some extent as time went on. Most of the children in these camps died, as did a large minority of the adults. This attracted hostility from, in particular, the Gean Empirerm.This led to a change in approach to foreign policy from the British Empire who now set about looking for more allies. To this end, the 1902 treaty with Japan in particular was a sign that the British Empire feared attack on its Far Eastern empire and saw this alliance as an opportunity to strengthen its stance in the Far East. This war led to a change from splendid isolation policy to a policy that involved looking for allies and improving world relations. Later treaties with France (Entente cordiale) and Russia, caused partially by the controversy surrounding the Boer War, were major factors in dictating how the battle lines were drawn during World War One.The Boer War also had other significance. The Army Medical Corps discovered that 80% of men presenting for service were physically unfit to fight. This was the first time in which the government was forced to take notice of how unhealthy the British population was. This strengthened the call for the liberal reforms of the first decade of the twentieth century布爾戰(zhàn)爭 布爾戰(zhàn)爭(Boer War)是英國人和布爾人之間為了爭奪南非殖民地而展開的戰(zhàn)爭。荷蘭殖民者于17世紀來到南非。他們和葡萄牙、法國殖民者的后裔被稱為布爾人。19世紀晚期，德蘭士瓦共和國和奧蘭士自由國相繼發(fā)現(xiàn)世界上最大的鉆石礦和金礦。英國殖民者覬覦這些寶藏，于1899年8月與布爾人爆發(fā)戰(zhàn)爭。戰(zhàn)爭初期，英軍在人數(shù)上處于劣勢，在輕捷靈便的布爾人面前多次遭到失敗，隨著援軍的抵達，英軍逐漸掌握主動權。 當年秋，英國宣布取得戰(zhàn)爭的勝利，但布爾人繼續(xù)襲擊英軍。英軍把布爾人強制關進集中營，兩萬婦孺致死。布爾戰(zhàn)爭中的英軍總司令基契納成為英國的民族英雄，但直到他凱旋時，英國仍然沒有完全控制稱南非。英布戰(zhàn)爭稱得上英國復興史上最長的戰(zhàn)爭。 歷史上一共有兩次布爾戰(zhàn)爭，第一次布爾戰(zhàn)爭發(fā)生在1880年至1881年，第二次布爾戰(zhàn)爭發(fā)生在1899年至1902年。 英國擁有龐大的帝國，是個勁敵，而布爾人則是勇悍的農(nóng)民，為了保衛(wèi)家園而戰(zhàn)，他們襲擊英國人用來運送士兵和補給品的道路。1899年12月10日至15日的黑色星期內(nèi)，他們?nèi)戎卮煊④姟?英國后來派更多的士兵和兩位新指揮官羅伯茨與基奇納到非洲，入侵兩個布爾共和國。布爾人躲藏在農(nóng)場里伏擊英軍，英軍燒掉農(nóng)場，并把布爾人家家戶護送到集中營。很多非洲黑人村民同樣承受沉重的苦難。 1902年，布爾人被迫投降，兩個布爾共和國成為英帝國的一部分。1910年，南非聯(lián)邦成立。雖然斯穆茨等領袖和英國人合作，但許多布爾人（現(xiàn)在稱為南非白人）對英國人仍抱敵對態(tài)度。 布爾戰(zhàn)爭同時也觸動了貴族階層，直到1914年（即世界大