中國傳統(tǒng)文化(中英對照).docVIP

八拜之交：原表示世代有交情的兩家弟子謁見對方長輩時的禮節(jié)，舊時也稱異姓結拜的兄弟姐妹。 friendship between sworn brothers or sisters friendship between very close friends who understand each other and recommend each other at the sacrifice of their own interests后來八拜之交指：管鮑之交管仲和鮑叔牙知音之交伯牙和鐘子期刎頸之交廉頗和藺相如舍命之交羊角哀和左伯桃膠漆之交陳重和雷義雞黍之交元伯和巨卿忘年之交孔融和禰衡生死之交劉備、張飛和關羽男/女朋友boyfriend/girlfriend壞/好/摯友bad/good/best friends 真正的/虛偽的朋友true/false friends 酒肉朋友fair-weather friend key pal/Internet friends 網(wǎng)友患難之交friends in need 忘年交friendship between generations / cross-generational friendship 生死之交friendship between people who are ready to die for each other 泛泛之交friendship between nodding acquaintances 莫逆之交：bosom friends總角之交：friendship between people who are friends since childhood一般作賓語，指兒時的朋友。總角：古代未成年的人把頭發(fā)扎成髻。借指童年時期，幼年?？偨鞘前司艢q至十三四歲的少年，古代兒童將頭發(fā)分作左右兩半，在頭頂各扎成一個結，形如兩個羊角，故稱“總角”。貧賤之交：friendship between people who are poverty-stricken and from humble circumstances杵臼之交：friendship between people who do not care about the financial condition and social status of each other杵：舂米的木棒；臼：石臼。比喻交朋友不計較貧富和身分。君子之交：friendship between gentlemen小人之交：friendship between villains狐朋狗友：people who often gather together doing something meaningless and even illegal棋友/牌友/球友：people who often meet to play chess, poker, ball. etc.戰(zhàn)友：people who get to know each other while serving in the same army unit普通老百姓交的朋友 謂“布衣之交”；有錢人與沒錢人交朋友 謂“車笠之交”；在逆境中結交的朋友 稱“患難之交”；吃喝玩樂結交的朋友 稱“酒肉之交”；年歲差別大，行輩不同而交情深厚的朋友 稱“忘年之交”；幼年相交的朋友 稱“竹馬之交”；交情深厚的朋友 謂“肺腑之交”；親密無間的朋友 謂“膠漆之交”；生死與共的朋友 謂“生死之交”；情投意合的朋友 稱“莫逆之交”；哪怕砍頭也不改變友誼的朋友 稱“刎頸之交”；無意中相遇而結成的朋友 稱“邂逅之交”；在道義上互相支持的朋友 稱“君子之交”；只見過一次面，交情不深的朋友 稱“一面之交”；僅點頭打招呼，感情不深的朋友 稱“點頭之交”；平淡而浮泛交往的朋友 稱“泛泛之交”；見過面但不熟悉的人 稱“半面之交”；舊時結拜的兄弟姊妹 稱“八拜之交”；交友不嫌貧賤 稱“杵逆之交”；寶貴而有價值的交往 稱“金玉之交”。儒家思想 Confucianism 儒家文化 Confucian culture 道教 Taoism 墨家 Mohism 法家 Legalism 佛教 Buddhism 孔子 Confucius 孟子 Mencius 老子 Lao Tzu 莊子 Chuang Tzu 墨子 Mo Tzu 孫子 Sun Tzu 象形文字 pictographic characters 大學 The Great Learning 中庸 The Doctrine of the Mean 論語 The Analects of Confucius 孟子 The Mencius 孫子兵法 The Art of War 三國演義 Three Kingdoms 西游記 Journey to the West 文房四寶 the Four Treasures of the Study （筆墨紙硯） ( brush ,ink Stick ,paper , and ink stone ) 紅樓夢 Dream of Red Mansions 水滸傳 Heroes of the Marshes 山海經(jīng) The Classic of Mountains and Rivers 資治通鑒 History as a Mirror 春秋 The Spring and Autumn Annals 史記 Historical Records 詩經(jīng) The Book of Songs 易經(jīng) The Book of Changes 禮記 The Book of Rites 三字經(jīng) Three-character Scriptures八股文 eight-part essay 五言絕句 five-character quatrain 七言律詩 seven-character octave （一）Chinese characters were initially meant to be simple pictures used to help people remember things. After a long period of development, it finally became a unique character system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhyme at the same time. The writing system, which was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells, and these are regarded as the original forms of Chinese characters. Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous calligraphic styles: bronze inscriptions, official script, regular script, cursive script, running script, etc. Chinese characters are usually round outside and square inside, which is rooted in ancient Chinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth. The five basic strokes of Chinese characters are “-“ (the horizontal stroke) “” (the vertical stroke), “”( the left-falling stroke), “” (the right-falling stroke), and “乙” (the turning stroke).漢字是從原始人用以記事的簡單圖畫，經(jīng)過不斷演變發(fā)展最終成為一種兼具音、形、意韻的獨特文字?，F(xiàn)存中國古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被認為是現(xiàn)代漢字的初形。此后，漢字又經(jīng)歷了金文、隸書、楷書、草書、行書等不同的階段。漢字結構“外圓內(nèi)方“， 源于古人”天圓地方“的觀念。漢字有五種基本筆畫，即：橫、豎、撇、捺、折。（二）Chinese Taoism Taoism first originated in China. The founder of Taoism is Laozi, a philosopher and thinker who lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period (770BC-476BC). Tao Te Ching whose authorship has been attributed to Laozi, is considered to be the main Taoist classic. Taoism advocates the value of a human beings life, recommends the discarding of all desires and worries from ones mind, and encourages the cultivation of moral character and the nourishment of human nature. The following is an example of Laozis golden saying: The way that can be told of is not an unvarying way; the names that can be named are not unvarying names. It was from the nameless that Heaven and Earth sprang; The named is but the mother that rears the ten thousand creatures, each after its kind. Truly, only he that rids himself forever of desire can see the secret essences; He that has never rid himself of desire can see only the outcomes.道教是中國土生土長長的宗教。創(chuàng)始人是春秋末期的哲學家、思想家老子。道教以老子所著的道德經(jīng)為主要經(jīng)典。道教主張“重人貴生”。崇尚清靜無為，修身養(yǎng)性?！暗揽傻溃浅５?。名可名，非常名。無名天地之始；有名萬物之母。故常無，欲以觀其妙；常有，欲以觀其徼”便是老子的至理名言。（三）The Four Treasures of the Study The writing brush, ink stick, ink stone, and paper were requisite treasures in the study of the scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the “Four Treasures of the Study.” The writing brush and ink stick have been used by the Chinese to write and paint since 5,000 years ago. In the Qin Dynasty (221BC-206BC), people already used feathers of different hardness and bamboo trunks to make brushes. During the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink. After paper was invented by the Chinese, bamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which originally functioned as writing surfaces, gradually faded out. The ink stone was first developed with the use of writing brushes and ink. After the Song Dynasty (960AD-1279AD), the “Four Treasure of the Study” particularly referred to hubi, the writing brush produced in Huzhou, Zhejiang province; huimo, the ink stick produced in Huizhou, Anhui province; xuan paper, a kind of paper produced in Xuanzhou, Anhui province; and duanyan, the ink stone made in Zhaoqing, Guangdong province (Zhaoqing was earlier called Duanzhou). Indeed, the Four Treasures of the Study” have written the whole Chinese civilization, as it is.筆墨紙硯是中國古代文人書房當中必備的寶貝，被稱為“文房四寶”。用筆墨書寫繪畫在中國可追溯到五千年前。秦時已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制筆；漢代以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了紙張以后，簡牘錦帛逐失其用；硯臺則隨筆墨的使用而發(fā)展。 “文房四寶”到宋朝以后特指湖筆、徽墨、宣紙、端硯?？梢哉f文房四寶書寫了整個中華文明。（四）Chinese Idioms Chinese idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed phrases and expressions. Idioms are established and accepted by constant usage and common practice. An idiom is a language unit that is larger than a word, but has the same grammatical function as a word. Most Chinese idioms consist of four characters. For example, ziqiangbuxi (make unremitting efforts to improve oneself), qingchuyulan(bluer than indigo), and houjibofa (success comes with time and effort). Idioms are extracted from folk proverbs, ancient works of literature, poems, fables, allusions, and well-known sayings. Idioms are a part of the Chinese language that are concise and have great vitality.中國成語是漢語中意義完整的表示一般概念的固定詞組或短語?！俺烧Z”中的“成”既是約定俗成。成語是比詞大而語法功能又相當于詞的語言單位。絕大多數(shù)的中國成語由四個漢字組成，例如：自強不息、青出于藍、厚積薄發(fā)。成語主要從民間諺語、古代文學作品、詩歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提煉而成，是漢語語言中精煉而又富有生命力的一部分。（五）Chinese Seal A seal can also be defined as a stamp. Both the Chinese official and private seal of various dynasties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note,