四級語法(各類從句).doc

英語四級語法講解從句根據(jù)英語從句在句子中的作用，從句可分為三類：名詞性從句 Nominal Clauses形容詞性從句 Adjectival Clauses副詞性從句 Adverbial Clauses 名詞性從句 Including: 主語從句 Subject Clause 賓語從句 Object Clause表語從句 Predicative Clause同位語從句Appositive Clause形容詞性從句 Attributive Clause定語從句 Restrictive 限制性定語從句 Non-restrictive 非限制性定語從句副詞性從句 Adverbial Clause狀語從句 1 of Time （時(shí)間） 2 of Place（地點(diǎn)） 3 of Cause（原因） 4 of Result（結(jié)果）5 of Purpose（目的） 6of Condition（條件） 7 of Concession（讓步） 8 of Manner（方式） 9 of Comparison（比較） 10 of Analogy（類比）從句類型的判定： 看從句在整個(gè)句子中處在什么位置上、作什么句子成分。 通常位于句子開頭的從句是主語從句；動(dòng)詞后面的從句是賓語從句；系動(dòng)詞后面的從句是表語從句；名詞后面的從句只能是同位語從句或定語從句；其它情況則都是狀語從句。主語從句引導(dǎo)詞從屬連詞: that, whether連接代詞: what, which, who, whom連接副詞: when, where, why, how1 That he is always ready to help others is known to all. 2 In some countries, B is called “equality” doesnt really mean equal right for equal people. A which B what C that D one 賓語從句引導(dǎo)詞：屬連詞: that, whether, if連接代詞: what, which, who, whom (詞尾加-ever加強(qiáng)語氣)連接副詞: when, where, why, how表語從句引導(dǎo)詞：從屬連詞: that, whether, if連接代詞: what, which, who, whom連接副詞: when, where, why, howThe question is whether we shall stay or not. / how we can get there. / whom he is looking for. / who he is.The reason is (that) he is ill.Thats what they did. / why I didnt come.同位語從句引導(dǎo)詞：從屬連詞: that, whether連接副詞:when, where, why, howthat: 無意義,不做成分,但不能省略.同位語從句所修飾的名詞被稱為先行詞. 常見先行詞有： idea, fact, news, hope, belief, thought, doubt, question,sign, suspect,（以及表示“建議、命令、請求”的詞 (后者句中要用虛擬語氣). The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the results. There was the question where we were to go. / what we were to do. / when we were to start. / how we could get there. / why we should help them.定語從句引導(dǎo)詞：關(guān)系代詞: who, whom, whose that, which, as 關(guān)系副詞: when, where, why = 介詞+關(guān)系代詞 1.定語從句引導(dǎo)詞在句中起三個(gè)作用:引導(dǎo)和連接主、從句在從句中作某種成分替代先行詞（因此從句中不能再有先行詞或其代詞）that, which: 先行詞為事、物, 在句中可作主語、賓語；who, whom: 先行詞為人, 在句中可作主語、賓語；whose: 先行詞為人、事、物, 在句中作定語；as: 先行詞被 the same, such修飾或先行詞本身就是 the same, such;引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句, 代替整個(gè)句子, 在從句中作主語或賓語.It wasnt such a good dinner as she had promised us. As is well known, Rome is not built in a day.As we all know, Rome is not built in a day. This is the city BA I like to visit it most B I like to visit mostC I most like to visit D I most like to visit it Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers, A overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women. A whose B which C that D what The hours C the children spend in their one-way relationship with TV people undoubtedly affect their relationships with real-life people. A when B on which C that D in which2 只用which引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況:引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句;在介詞后面;句中已有連詞that為避免重復(fù)；He told me that the radio which he had bought was defective.3 只用that引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況:先行詞既包括人又包括物;先行詞前有不定代詞修飾或本身為指物不定代詞or復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí);先行詞前有表示唯一概念的詞修飾;先行詞被序數(shù)詞、adj.最高級修飾;先行詞本身為疑問pron.時(shí)；or句中有疑問代詞；關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作表語時(shí),多用that ;Eg. He talked loudly of the men and the books that attracted him. You can take any seat that is free. All that glitters is not gold. There is little / nothing that I can do.Nothing is difficult for one who sets his mind to it. He is the only person that is reliable. These are the very points that interest me. The first step that we are to take is very difficult. She has become one of the best actresses that appear on Chinese screens. Who that have studied with him do not admire him?Who is the man that you were talking to when I saw you yesterday? She is not the girl that she was three years ago. Mary is no longer the girl that she used to be. 介詞+關(guān)系代詞 不定pron. / 數(shù)詞 + 介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞which / whom / whose + n.介詞判定依據(jù)：介詞與關(guān)系代詞 (即先行詞)為固定搭配介詞與從句中某一詞為固定搭配This is the room where / in which they lived for ten years.This is the room that / which they lived in for ten years.It is useful to be able to predict the extent to which a price change will affect supply and demand. Agriculture was a step in human progress A which subsequently there was nothing comparable until our own machine age. A to B for C in D from I bought a dozen eggs, D broke when I dropped the box at the door. A six eggs B six eggs of them C six of them D six of which He introduced me to his students, C offered to go with me as a guide. A one of them B one student C one of whom D one of which The residents, D had been damaged by the fire, were given help by the Red Cross. A all of their homes B all their homes C whose all homes D all of whose homes This is the theory C which his experiment is based. A from B to C on D for時(shí)狀常見引導(dǎo)詞： when, while, until / till, as, before, after, since, whenever, as soon as, once, n.短語：the moment / each time / every time / the distance + clause no soonerthan hardly/ scarcelywhen 考點(diǎn)：1 when “正在這時(shí)”2 It is a long time before / after 3 It is / was since （完成時(shí)）4 no soonerthan hardly/ scarcelywhen時(shí)態(tài):主句用過去完成時(shí); 從句用過去時(shí).否定副詞提到句首, 句子要部分倒裝.5 until / till not until 強(qiáng)調(diào)句式: It is/was not until +從句 + that +主句 not提到句首,句子倒裝Not until +時(shí)間狀語（從句）+部分倒裝的主句1. I had just started back for the house to change my clothes B I heard voices. A as B when C after D while2 .No sooner had we reached the top of the hill C we all sat down to rest. A when B then C than D until3. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true A it comes to classroom tests. A when B since C before D after4. A man escaped from the prison last night. It was a long time A the guards discovered what had happened. A before B until C since D after5 You see the lightning A it happens, but you hear the thunder later. A the instant B for an instant C on the instant D in an instant6 It was almost 10 years D I had seen her last time. A before B after C when D since 地點(diǎn)狀語從句常見引導(dǎo)詞：where, whereverBoys always go to swim where the water is deep.Where there is a will, there is a way.原因狀語從句常見引導(dǎo)詞： because, as, for（并列句）, since, that, in that, now that,seeing (that); given (that)She was disappointed that her services had been overlooked by her superiors.Seeing (that) he was better, they didnt send for the doctor.Given (that) she is interested in children, Im sure teaching is the right career for her. = Given her interest in children, Im sure teaching is the right career for her.結(jié)果狀語從句常見的引導(dǎo)詞： so(并列句), that, so that; sothat; suchthat;So much so that表示程度，引導(dǎo)結(jié)果分句-Does Allen like hamburgers?-Yes. So much so that he eats them almost every day.It was so cold that the river had frozen.It was such an interesting story that I couldnt stop reading it. 目的狀語從句常見引導(dǎo)詞： that, so that; in order that;lest, for fear that (虛擬語氣); in case (虛擬語氣)Man does not live that he may eat, but eats that he may live.Here is my telephone number so that you can call me when you arrive here next time.The driver looked at the engine carefully lest it (should) go wrong on the way.條件狀語從句常見引導(dǎo)詞： if, unless, as /so long as, in case (虛擬條件句用虛擬語氣), on condition that; providing / provided (that) suppose / supposing (that)You cant pass the exam unless you work harder.If it rains tomorrow, I will go to school by taxi.I can lend you my dictionary as long as you can keep it clean.Please let me know in case he comes.She would be prepared to come to the party, provided /providing that she could bring her daughter.Supposing / Suppose all the doors were locked, how would you get into the house?讓步狀語從句常見引導(dǎo)詞: though, although, as, even if/ though, while for all that.（盡管)； whetheror（省略倒裝）; no matter + 特殊疑問詞 / 特殊疑問詞+-everEven if it is raining very hard, he would still go to take care of the young trees in the schoolyard.He is a good comrade for all that he may have shortcomings and faults.1.as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,必須用倒裝語序;though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句可倒裝可不倒裝;although引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句不能倒裝. 倒裝情況：a 把從句中作表語的adj./n.提到句首；若表語為單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，提前時(shí)要省略（即去掉）不定冠詞.b 把從句中作狀語的adv.提到句首.c 有時(shí)把從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞原形提到句首.Air exists everywhere although we cant see it. Though it was very late, they went on working.Child as he is ,he can speak English fluently.Much though he likes her, he doesnt love her.Fail as he did, he would try again.2. no matter+特殊疑問詞or特殊疑問詞+-ever引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句注意詞序： no matter how / however + adj./adv. no matter what / whatever + n. +從句中有時(shí)要用虛擬語氣: may+動(dòng)詞原形或直接用動(dòng)詞原形；有時(shí)還要用倒裝語序;However rich people are, they always seem anxious to make money.No matter what difficulties we may have, we have confidence in ourselves.Whatever may come, we wont leave the work half done.Come what may, we wont leave the work half done.Whoever you be, you have no right to do such a thing.3 whetheror引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，常省略whether,且把動(dòng)詞原形be提到句首.Be rich or poor, he is kind to everybody. (Whether he is rich or poor)Be friend or foe, the law regards him as criminal. (Whether he is a friend or a foe, )方式狀語從句常見引導(dǎo)詞：as, as if / though (虛擬句用虛擬語氣)When in Rome, do as the Romans do.He looks as if he is ill. He talks as if he were a scholar.He speaks as if he had seen it with his own eyes. It looks as if it might rain.比較狀語從句常見引導(dǎo)詞： as /soas; than ; The more, the more; the same as; suchas no less than no more than =not any more than not so much as Eg no lessthan 表示“在方面不比差”John is no less hardworking than his sister, but he failed in the exam. Anotany more than B Ano morethan B “正如A不能, B也不能” “A和B一樣都不”He is no more able to read Spanish than I am.= He is not able to read Spanish any more than I am. It is not so much A as B“與其說A, 毋寧說B”It is not so much the language as the cultural background that makes the book difficult to understand.He knew about the newcomer as much as I did.He finished the exam earlier than his classmates did.She is the same age as you. We are not such fools as to believe him.The harder you work, the more achie