狀語及狀語從句解析

狀語(adverbial)是句子的重要修飾成分。狀語是謂語里的另一個附加成分，它附加在謂語中心語的前面，從情況、時間、處所、方式、條件、對象、肯定、否定、范圍和程度等方面對謂語中心進行修飾或限制。在英語中，狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞等的句子成分。狀語的功用：狀語說明地點、時間、原因、目的、結果、條件、方向、程度、方式和伴隨狀況等。狀語一般由副詞、介詞短語、分詞和分詞短語、不定式或相當于副詞的詞或短語來擔當。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。副詞是一種用來修飾動詞,形容詞,副詞或全句的詞,說明時間,地點,程度,方式等概念。1.副詞一般在句子中做狀語He speaks English very well. 他英語說得非常好.中的very是程度副詞，用來修飾well。very well是修飾speak的程度狀語。2. 不定式在句子中可以作目的狀語。I come specially to see you.我專門來看你.3.介詞短語Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian.十年前,她開始住在大連。The boy was praised for his bravery.4.從句作狀語When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian.If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you.5.分詞作狀語Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper。Inhibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another.狀語簡介概述狀語與定語相同的地方是,都是前者附加成分;不同的地方是,它是謂語里的附加成分,而定語是主語或賓語里的附加成分.從句子的層次上看,狀語是在第二個層次和第三個層次里的成分,有時甚至是更低層次的成分.狀語的構成狀語的構成經(jīng)常充當狀語的有形容詞,副詞,時間處所名詞,能愿動詞,指示代詞,以及方位短語,介詞短語,動賓短語,謂詞性聯(lián)合短語,謂詞性偏正短語,謂詞性主謂短語等.含有動量詞的數(shù)量短語以及重疊式的數(shù)量短語(不論動量,物量)也可以充當狀語.此外,少數(shù)名詞帶上表比況的助詞也可以作狀語.狀語的書面標志地狀語的書面標志是結構助詞地.狀語后面帶或者是不帶地,情況比較復雜.一般講來,數(shù)量短語,主謂短語,動賓短語等作狀語時,大都帶地;而介詞短語,方位短語,能愿動詞,時間處所名詞作狀語時不能帶地,副詞,單音節(jié)形容詞作狀語一般也不帶地.多層狀語如果一個中心語前面有好幾個狀語(多層狀語),那就應當注意它們的語序.多層狀語的狀語個數(shù)一般比多層定語的定語個數(shù)要少些,其語序也比多層定語的語序要靈活一些.多層狀語的一般語序:a.表時間的名詞或方位短語,介詞短語;b.副詞.c.表處所的介詞短語或名詞,方位短語;d.表情態(tài)的形容詞或謂詞短語;e.表對象的介詞短語.其中副詞的位置較為靈活,也可放置在第三項之后.一般狀語和句首狀語狀語在句子中有兩種位置:一種是在主語之后,謂語中心之前,如上文所舉各例,這是狀語的一般位置;另一種是放在主語的前面的,這是狀語的特殊位置,這種狀語可稱句首狀語.狀語的分類狀語按其修飾的功能不同可分為八大類：時間狀語，地點狀語，條件狀語，原因狀語，目的狀語，結果狀語，讓步狀語和比較狀語時間狀語從句要點: 時間狀語從句，由以下連詞引導：when ，while， as， after ，before， as soon as， since ，till /until by the time 在時間狀語從句中，要注意時態(tài)一致。一般情況下主句是將來時的時候，從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時。1.when當.的時候Mozart started writing music when he was four years old.2.while當.時He visited a lot of places while he was traveling.3. as在.的同時；一邊.一邊.He smiled as he stood up.4.after在.之后He left the classroom after he had finished his homework the other day.5.before 在.之前Mr. Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here.6. as soon as 一.就（scarcely/hardly.when,no sooner than,the minute/moment,on/upon,directly等等）We began to work as soon as we got there.I will write to you as soon as I get home.7.since 自.以來到現(xiàn)在表示自過去的一個起點時間到目前(說話時間)為止的一段持續(xù)時間。主句一般用現(xiàn)在完成時，從句用一般過去時。Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to China three years ago.(還可以用作介詞，本句從句還可以用短語：since three years ago(自三年前以來)表示。)8 till /until都可以作連詞，連接時間狀語，也可以作介詞，與其它詞構成介詞短語，在句中作狀語。They walked till /until it was dark.Xiao Ming didnt leave home till / until his father came back.9. by the time 到.為止 (所在句子的主句應用現(xiàn)在或過去完成時)By the time he gets there , his father has already gone.By the time I got to school, the class had already began.一 .由when, while, as引導的時間狀語從句。例如：When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.當你以為自己一無所知的時候，你就是在開始知道一些事物了。When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with it.當真理被埋在地下的時候，它在生長，它感到壓抑，它蓄存著這么一種爆炸性力量，一旦冒出，它就會炸破一切！Strike while the iron is hot. 趁熱打鐵。Will you watch my clothes while I have a swim. 我游泳的時候，請你照看一下我的衣服。You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it. 當你的手在空氣中揮動的時候，你就能感覺到空氣在流動。Our headmaster laughed as she spoke.我們的校長邊談邊笑。a .when, while和as的區(qū)別when引導的從句的謂語動詞可以是延續(xù)性的動詞，又可以是瞬時動詞。并且when有時表示“就在那時”。When she came in, I was eating.(瞬時動詞)When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.（延續(xù)性的動詞）While引導的從句的謂語動作必須是延續(xù)性的，并強調主句和從句的動作同時發(fā)生（或者相對應）。并且while有時還可以表示對比。例如：While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延續(xù)性的動詞，was reading和was watching同時發(fā)生)I like playing football while you like playing basketball.（對比）b, As表示“一邊一邊”，as引導的動作是延續(xù)性的動作，一般用于主句和從句動作同時發(fā)生；as也可以強調“一先一后。例如：We always sing as we walk.（as表示“一邊一邊”）As we was going out, it began to snow.（as強調句中兩個動作緊接著先后發(fā)生，而不強調開始下雪的特定時間）c, as when while的辨析as when while都表示主、從句動作同時發(fā)生，三者差異如下：表示“一邊。一邊的意思as 強調兩個動作同時進行，并表示對比時用于發(fā)生時間較段時d when1、還可以表示從句動詞的動作在主幾句動詞的動作之前 或之后發(fā)生。2、when=and then; at that moment (正在那個時候)3.常用于常見搭配中e while1、用于時間較長時2、 強調兩個動作同時進行，并表示對比時有時這三個連詞可以互換，有時不可以。lt was raining hard when (as) I got there. ( 動作同時發(fā)生，when可換為as, 但不能換為while，因為get是點動詞.)When I had read the article, he called me.( 從句動作發(fā)生在主句之前，注意時態(tài)表達，只能用when )When I got to the cinema, the film had begun.(從句的動作發(fā)生在主句之后，只能用when,并要注意時態(tài))He was about to leave, when the telephone rang.( 此時不能放在句首。主句動詞一般表達 “正在” “即將”.while, as不能代替She thought I was talking about her daughter, while, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.(表轉折，對比，when, as都不能代替它)While the alien was buying a souvenir, the girl called the police.(表示主句，從句的動作同時發(fā)生，while后引導的狀語從句的動詞必須是延續(xù)動詞不能是點動詞，因為它表示較長時間)Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as (when/ while) father was away.(此時as ,when, while可通用)二 .由before和after引導的時間狀語從句。注意before引導的從句不再用否定式的謂語，并且當before引導的從句位于主句之后，有時譯成“就，才”。還要注意主句和從句之間的時間關系。當主句用將來時，從句總是用現(xiàn)在時；如果before引導的從句謂語用的是過去時，則主句動詞多用過去完成時，這樣以便體現(xiàn)動作發(fā)生的先后。After表示主句動作發(fā)生在從句動作之后。主句和從句的動作的時間關系正好與before引導的從句相反。例如：It will be four days before they come back. Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.They had not been married four months before they were divorced. After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.After we had finished the work, we went home.（從句用過去完成時，主句用一般過去時）三 .由till或until引導的時間狀語從句。till和until一般情況下兩者可以互換，但是在強調句型中多用until。并且要注意的是：如果主句中的謂語動詞是瞬時動詞時，必須用否定形式；如果主句中的謂語動詞是延續(xù)性動詞時，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但表達的意思不同。例如：I didnt go to bed until（till） my father came back.直到我父親回來我才上床睡覺。It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散會之后他才開始教我英語。I worked until he came back.我工作到他回來為止。I didnt work until he came back.他回來我這才開始工作。Please wait until I arrived.在我到達之前請等我。四 .由since引導的時間狀語從句。since引導的從句的謂語動詞可以是延續(xù)性的動詞，又可以是瞬時動詞。一般情況下，從句謂語動詞用一般過去時，而主句的謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時。但在It is +時間+since從句的句型中，主句多用一般現(xiàn)在時。例如：I have been in Beijing since you left. Where have you been since I last saw you? It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我們老板離開北京有五個月了。五 知識擴展1. It is since從。以來多長時間了(因為since +從句或名詞，表示一段時間)It is five years since we met last time.從我們上次見面已經(jīng)五年了。2. It is +before(。才)It was a long time before I went to sleep again.It was an hour before(=until) the police arrived.3. 由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引導的時間狀語從句。這些連詞都表示“一就”。例如：I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早飯，我立即到那里去。The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一聽到消息，馬上趕到了出事地點。As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大，就給你來電話?！咀⒁狻縣ardly(scarcely, rarely)when / before, no soonerthan相當于as soon as之意。主句用過去完成時，從句用一般過去時。當hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首時，主句應用倒裝語序。例如：He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他剛到家，就被邀請開始另一旅程。No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.太陽剛從地平線上升起，他就起床勞動去了。Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我剛坐下，他就進來了。He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.這個阿拉伯人剛要入睡就感到肩膀上被輕輕一觸。六 .由by the time引導的時間狀語從句。注意時態(tài)的變化：在一般情況下，如果從句的謂語動詞用一般過去時，主句的謂語動詞用過去完成時；如果從句的謂語動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時，主句的謂語動詞用將來完成時。例如：By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回來時，我已經(jīng)寫完這本書了。By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 你明天來這兒的時候，我將已經(jīng)完成此工作了。七 由each time, every time和whenever引導的時間狀語從句。例如：Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me. 他每次來哈爾濱，總是來看我。Whenever that man says“To tell the truth”, I suspect that hes about to tell a lie.每當那個人說“說實在話”的時候，我猜想他就要說謊了。You grow younger every time I see you. 每次遇到你，見你更年輕了。八 .由as long as和so long as引導的時間狀語從句。這兩個連詞表示“有多久就多久”。例如：You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark. 你可以隨意到哪里去，只要在天黑以前回來就行。I will fight against these conditions as long as there is a breath in my body! 只要我一息尚存，我就要反對這種境況。地點狀語從句一 地點狀語從句 (adverbial clause of place)地點狀語從句一般由連接副詞where, wherever等引導，已經(jīng)形成了固定的句型，要點: 由連詞where和復合關系詞wherever (=no matter where )引導.例如：句型1：Where+地點從句，（there）+主句?！咀⒁狻看司湫屯ǔＷg成“哪里哪里就”；主句在從句后面時，there可用可不用；如果主句在從句的前面時，一般都不用there。例如：Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在沒有雨水的地方，耕作是困難的，或根本不可能的。They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. 他們都是好人。因此他們走到哪里都受到熱烈歡迎。You should have put the book where you found it. 你本來應該把書放回原來的地方。Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.哪里有了中國共產(chǎn)黨，哪里人民得解放。句型2：Anywhere/ wherever+地點從句，+主句?！咀⒁狻縜nywhere本身是個副詞，但是，常可以引導從句，相當于連詞，意思相似于wherever, anywhere引導的從句可位于主句之前，也可以位于主句之后。 而wherever本身就是個連詞，表示“在何處，無論何處”。例如：Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海員。二 知識擴展1.Where there is a will , there is a way.有志者事竟成。(諺語)1. It will be mixed school where not all the children are disabled.他將是一所混合式學校，那里的兒童并不都是殘疾。(在限定性定語從句中對先行詞起著限定作用。)2.Wherever you go , I go too.無論你到什么地方，我都去。(wherever=no matter where)無論何處，多用于句首。3.Wherever there is smoke , there is fire.無風不起浪。(諺語)4. While she was wondering where to go , she met a policeman.疑問副詞where后跟不定式,構成不定式短語.條件狀語從句要點： 表示狀語從句由連詞if, unless (=if not) 意思為除非引導。(讓步)1.If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.如果明天不下雨, 我們就去遠足.2.You will get good grades if you study hard.如果你努力學習,就會取得好成績.3.I wont/ will not go to the party unless he goes there too.我不會去參加聚會的, 除非他也去.(如果他不去,我也不去.)4.You will be late unless you leave immediately.如果你不馬上走,你將會遲到的.(=If you dont leave immediately, you will be late.)難點提示：用條件狀語從句時要注意時態(tài)的正確使用,當主句是將來時的時候,從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時.lHe will not leave if it isnt fine tomorrow.一般將來時， 一般現(xiàn)在時lThey are going to have a picnic if it doesnt rain next week.一般將來時, 一般現(xiàn)在時原因狀語從句要點: 由連詞because, since, as引導, 也可由for, now that 等詞引導目的、結果狀語從句要點： 目的狀語從句由連詞that, so that, sothat , in order that 引導。結果狀語從句由連詞( so )that, sothat, suchthat, so much/manythat引導。1. sothat 如此以至于2. so that 以至于, 以便于I opened the window so that fresh air might come in. (目的)我把窗戶打開以便于使新鮮空氣可以進來。3. suchthat 如此。以至Its such nice weather that all of us want to go to the park.天氣是如此的好，我們大家都想去公園玩。4. in order that=so that:為了We shall let you know the details soon in order that you can/may make your arrangements.不久我們將會讓你知道詳情,以便你們能夠做出安排。(目的)5.比較：so和 such其規(guī)律由so與such的不同詞性決定。such 是形容詞，修飾名詞或名詞詞組，so 是副詞，只能修飾形容詞或副詞。 so 還可與表示數(shù)量的形容詞many, few, much, little連用，形成固定搭配。so foolishsuch a foolso nice a flowersuch a nice flowerso many / few flowerssuch nice flowersso much / little money. such rapid progressso many peoplesuch a lot of people（ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 雖相當于 many，但 a lot of 為名詞性的，只能用such搭配。）sothat與suchthat之間的轉換既為 so與such之間的轉換。The boy is so young that he cant go to school.He is such a young boy that he cant go to school難點+形容詞或副詞+形+a(an)+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞so +many 或few+復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 +that+much或 little+不可數(shù)名詞so that ,suchthat 都可以in order that兩者皆可引導目的地狀語從句和結果狀語從句，當他們引導目的狀語從句時，從句的謂語里常常有can, could, may, might, will, would等次。so +adj或adv.+ that， such +n.+ that 以上兩種句型都表示結果,其中so為副詞,后接形容詞，副詞原型，當可數(shù)名詞前有many, few；不可數(shù)名詞前有much, little修飾時，應采用句型：so many (few, much, little )+n. 。 such為形容詞, 后只能接名詞。這名詞既可以地可數(shù)的，也可以是不可數(shù)的。如果這名詞是可數(shù)的,則必須在名詞前加不定冠詞a(an). 常見的形式是:such a (beautiful)garden, such(nice)people.1。Ive had so many falls that Im black and blue all over.2。there are so few notebooks that I cant give you any.3。It is such nice weather that Id like to take a walk.4。Mike is so honest a man that we all believe him.(=Mike is such an honest man that we all believe him.)5。The weather is so nice that Id like to take a walk.讓步狀語從句要點: 表示讓步的狀語從句由連詞 though, although引導.難點：though, although當雖然講, 都不能和but連用. Although,(though)but的格式是不對的.但是他們都可以同yet (still) 連用. 所以thought (although)yet(still)的格式是正確的.Wrong: Although he is rich but he is not happy.Right : Although he is rich, yet he is not happy.雖然他很富有, 然而他并不快樂.although, though 辨析although 不能though 那樣用作副詞, 放在句末表示強調時要用even though.1。He is looking fit, though.2。Even though I did not understand a word, I kept smiling.3。He is quite experienced, he is young, though.2)as, though 引導的倒裝句as / though引導的讓步從句必須表語或狀語提前（形容詞、副詞、分詞、實義動詞提前）。Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.【注意】a.句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。b.句首是實義動詞，其他助動詞放在主語后。如果實義動詞有賓語和狀語，隨實義動詞一起放在主語之前。Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.= Though he tries hard, he never seems雖然他盡了努力，但他的工作總做的不盡人意。c ever if, even though.即使Well make a trip even though the weather is bad.d whetheror-不管都Whether you believe it or not, it is true.e no matter +疑問詞 或疑問詞+后綴everNo matter what happened, he would not mind.Whatever happened, he would not mind.替換：no matter what = whateverno matter who = whoeverno matter when = wheneverno matter where = whereverno matter which = whicheverno matter how = however注意：no matter 不能引導主語從句和賓語從句。（錯）No matter what you say is of no use now.（對）Whatever you say is of no use now.你現(xiàn)在說什么也沒用了。(Whatever you say是主語從句)（錯）Prisoners have to eat no matter what theyre given,（對）Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given.囚犯們只能給什么吃什么。比較狀語從句要點：比較狀語從句主要運用于形容詞和副詞