GRE寫作Arguemnt中英文超詳細(xì)提綱.doc

一、1.The fact that the Brim River is very deep and broad now does not necessarily indicate that the ancient Paleans could only crossed it by boat.現(xiàn)在又寬又深不代表過去也這樣；即使又寬又深，也不一定只能坐船過去：干旱、結(jié)冰2. The author treat lack of evidence that there is Palean boats as there is not.可能是木頭做的，容易腐爛3. Even if the Brim River was deep and broad and Paleans had no boats, the Palean baskets found in the Lithos cant be definitely assumed to be made by people in Lithos.可能Lithos的人有船，是他們?nèi)alea把籃子帶回了Lithos；也可能是偶然的機(jī)遇使得某個(gè)Paleans使用的籃子被河水沖到了對(duì)岸，然后被某個(gè)Lithos的人發(fā)現(xiàn)并帶回家使用。二、1.The arguer assumes that the birth order is responsible for the firstborn monkeys larger amount of the hormone.However,this might not be the case,for there are a host of alternative explanations.可能是大猴子需要保護(hù)younger siblings，或者僅僅是由于大猴子比小猴子發(fā)育更加完全2. In similar fashion, the arguer unconvincingly concludes that the firstborn humans relatively high levels of cortisol is attributed to birth order.可能是獨(dú)生子女比較依賴有父母，而如果有幾個(gè)兄弟姐妹就不應(yīng)是這樣：有玩伴比較容易獨(dú)立3. The fact that the first-time mother monkeys have higher levels of cortisol does not necessarily result from the birth rate of the mother monkey. Furthermore, even assuming that the point is true, it does not indicate the same condition when apply to that of firstborn monkeys.可能是因?yàn)榈谝淮紊容^緊張，而生過幾次后有經(jīng)驗(yàn)了就不害怕了(4)Even the birth rate has effect on individuals levels of stimulation, the argument is flawed since it concludes that its true for all the animals besides human and monkeys.人和猴子都屬于靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物，可能具有相同的特征，而其他動(dòng)物如獅子、鳥類就不一定 三、1.The author assumes that the decrease in number of shoppers owes to the increasing popularity of skateboarding.However, this might not be the case.可能是經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退，人們本來就不太愿意消費(fèi)。也可能是Central Plaza 的商場(chǎng)outdated，吸引不了消費(fèi)者。2. The author also make the unsubstantiated assumption that people who go skateboarding are responsible for the increasing amount of litter and vandalism.可能是Plaza市民素質(zhì)變差，也可能是警衛(wèi)人員不足3. Whats more, the author fails to take into consideration the negative effect of prohibiting skateboarding.可能進(jìn)一步減少shopper，因?yàn)楹芏鄟韘kateboarding的人會(huì)消費(fèi)；四、1.The arguer makes unsubstantiated assumption that large number of estate agents indicates better quality of the estate firm.可能Fitch的經(jīng)理比Adams的經(jīng)驗(yàn)更加豐富，做事更加認(rèn)真有效率。2. The arguer makes a false analogy between the revenue of the two firms,所賣房屋不同，可能Adams賣的都是大型的豪華的房子，而Fitch賣的都是小型經(jīng)濟(jì)型的房屋，而相對(duì)房子的真實(shí)價(jià)值，Adams的價(jià)格可能并不比Fitch高。3. The argument is invalid also in the inappropriate comparison between the sale of the arguers two homes.時(shí)間不同，所以經(jīng)濟(jì)情況可能不同，可能十年前經(jīng)濟(jì)比去年差，房子賣出去的時(shí)間普遍長(zhǎng)。而且房子也不相同。4. The arguer also fails to provide complete information about the two estate firms.可能Adams的收費(fèi)比Fitch要貴，凈收益Adams比Fitch可能少。五、1.The arguer unfairly indicate that the increasing population would result in larger number of the accidents.不知道人口增加的比例，可能車更多了人們就更小心了。2. The arguer assumes that the limitation of moped rental in Seaville brings about the reduction in moped accidents based on the facts that the decline happens after the policy.可能人口減少，道路變寬，司機(jī)技術(shù)變好3. The argument makes a false analogy in the effect of the policy in Seaville and Balmer.可能Balmer 車禍的原因大部分是司機(jī)或行人不守規(guī)則，所以即使路上車和人都很少，車禍數(shù)仍不會(huì)減少。可能S城本來車禍少，所以政策效果明，而B城車禍量較多，所以減少一般很難六、1.The author provide no evidence that the local hunters observation that the deer population is declining is accurate.北極鹿更加敏捷，躲避獵人，所以獵人認(rèn)為數(shù)量變少了；可能數(shù)量的減少在正常的季節(jié)波動(dòng)范圍內(nèi)。2. The author unconvincingly assumes that the global warming would result in the failure of deers migration.可能冰融化的不多，北極鹿進(jìn)化跳躍能力變得更強(qiáng)。3. The author fails to consider other possible explanations of the reduction of arctic deers population.捕獵者變多，疾病七、1.The arguers assumption is unwarranted that the national census indicate fewer children in the region Monarch located.總?cè)丝谧兓粗赡鼙壤倭说倲?shù)多了；全國(guó)少了，該區(qū)域不一定少2. The arguer concludes too hastily that the decline in childrens number would bring about reduction in sales of childrens book.可能經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況變好，父母愿意為孩子買更多的書3. Even if the childrens book section does earn less profit,its unwarranted to conclude that opening a cafe would bring Monarch more profit.可能咖啡廳吸引的顧客帶來的利潤(rùn)少于停止兒童書部分減少的利潤(rùn)；人們更多地只看書而不買書，減少其他書的銷量4. The arguer does not provide evidence to support that the Regal is comparable to Monarch.R賣的書大部分是小說等適合在公共場(chǎng)合看的書，而M賣的很多書，如參考書、菜譜等不適合在書店看，所以咖啡廳能使R營(yíng)利但不一定能使M賺錢。R與M的距離未知，可能離得很遠(yuǎn)不需要相互競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。八、1.The director unconvincingly assumes that the current trends of increasing enrollment would continue in the future.可能將來高中生報(bào)考大學(xué)總?cè)藬?shù)會(huì)減少，可能今年本大學(xué)就業(yè)情況不好或者出現(xiàn)丑聞導(dǎo)致明年招生狀況不好2. The argument is invalid as it unwarrantedly indicates the rising rent of apartments outside college would result in studentss failure to afford those housing.沒有說學(xué)校公寓的費(fèi)用，可能并不比外面的便宜很多；可能上該大學(xué)的學(xué)生都比較有錢，比起價(jià)錢更在乎公寓的舒適度等其他因素。3. The director fails to consider the possible negative effect of construction of new dormitory.噪音大，影響學(xué)?，F(xiàn)在的學(xué)生，從而影響學(xué)校名聲；成本大，減少教學(xué)方面的花銷（教師工資，科研費(fèi)用），影響學(xué)校教學(xué)質(zhì)量九、1.The arguers assumption is flawed by treating the high sales of running shoes and exercise clothing as large number of people who love sports.可能只是喜歡他們的樣式，或者可能以前銷量特別少，最近變多了但其實(shí)并不多2. The arguer fails to provide sufficient information about the local health club to show that there are large part of people in Plainsville who joined the club. Even assuming club members takes a large part of the population, the arguer assumes too hastily that they love sports and exercises regularly.可能以前很少，最近變多了但還是很少；課程招的人少，很容易就招滿了，并不代表參加的人多;可能只是想學(xué)會(huì)某種運(yùn)動(dòng)3. The arguer unconvincingly assumes that people who loving doing sports also necessarily lead a healthy life.熱愛運(yùn)動(dòng)不代表飲食健康。有的人正是因?yàn)轱嬍巢唤】祵?dǎo)致身材走形所以需要運(yùn)動(dòng)。十、1.The arguers assumption that Dr.Karps study was accurate was flawed in two ways.調(diào)查的小孩中，Tertia島孩子比例未知；調(diào)查結(jié)果不一定符合Tertia島的情況。說的多不代表只由生父母撫養(yǎng)，可能只是與生父母一起居住，故說的比較多。2. The arguer unwarrantedly concludes that Dr.Karps studys result was in contrast with Dr.Fields studys,thus only one of them can be correct.調(diào)查時(shí)間不同，可能Dr.Field調(diào)查完不久，Tertia由于跟隨社會(huì)進(jìn)步就改變了習(xí)俗。3. Even if the result of Dr.Field is wrong while that of Dr.Karp is correct, its unsubstantiated to attribute the successfulness of Dr.Karps study simply to the method in which the study was conducted.可能是Karp選取的樣本比較多，樣本比較具有代表性 十一、1.The arguer fails to provide sufficient evidence to show that the limitation of the supply of new housing have little influence in Chestnut Countys housing prices.可能經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退，所有物價(jià)都下降，人們的收入也減少，房?jī)r(jià)本來應(yīng)該降低很多，現(xiàn)在反而增加了 2.The author concludes that the restrictions on the development of new residential housing is responsible for the rising housing price in Pine County based on the merely fact that the rising happens after the policy.However,its unconvincing since there are several alternative explanations.可能是人們收入增加，人口增長(zhǎng)，家庭規(guī)模變小3.The author makes false analogies in the effect of the policy on the three different cities.可能Chestnut人少大房子之前太多，而Pine人多房子之前就很緊張。而我們不知道Maple的相關(guān)信息，故不能判斷十二、1.The arguer fails to provide sufficient information to show that Omega graduates job condition become worse after the policy implemented. 可能之前就業(yè)狀況就比Alpha差，而實(shí)行該措施后就業(yè)情況實(shí)際上變好了但是還是比Alpha差。本身學(xué)生的素質(zhì)沒有Alpha好，老師沒有A經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富，科研經(jīng)費(fèi)沒有A多。2. Even if Omega graduates become more difficult finding a good job, it is unwarrantedly to attribute it to the policy simply based on the fact that it happens after the policy.可能經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況變差，所有學(xué)生找工作都變困難；可能該屆畢業(yè)生自身素質(zhì)整體不高3. The argument fails to weigh the benefits and defects of the implement of the procedure.提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量，使老師花更多的時(shí)間在課前準(zhǔn)備課程，在課后位同學(xué)解答疑問十三、1.The author unwarrantedly assumes that the transportational condition becomes better in Butler County.事故輕重未知，可能以前車禍數(shù)量就很少，其實(shí)沒降低多少；不一定所有的車禍都報(bào)道了，可能是因?yàn)檠簿瘮?shù)量變少，私了的車禍變多2. The author unconvincingly concludes that the decline of traffic accidents in Butler result in the road improvement project based on the fact that the decline happens after the project.可能車的數(shù)量減少，司機(jī)技術(shù)變得更好，車輛更先進(jìn)容易操作且安全3. Even assuming that the project brings about decreasing traffic accident in Butler,the authors inference that the project will surely be of equal benefit in Prunty rests on the poor assumption that all the conditions upon which the effectiveness depends is similar in the two different cities.可能Prunty路況本來就好，寬敞平坦有交通標(biāo)志而Butler沒有4. The arguer assumes too hastily that road ameliorate is both necessary and sufficient for improve highway safety. 加大超速的懲罰力度，增加巡警數(shù)量十四、(1).The argument is flawed since the study adduced is inaccurate.樣本數(shù)量少，男女比例未知，回應(yīng)者不一定誠(chéng)實(shí)2. Even if the firms that has executives needing less amount of sleep is more successful than others,the arguer concludes too hastily the success owes to the less amount of sleep the executives need.可能員工能力更強(qiáng)，經(jīng)營(yíng)策略更好：與更多的知名品牌合作3. Another problem with the argument is that it assumes that the phenomenon which happens in advertising firms applies equally to other kind of industry.可能廣告公司工作量大，而其他類型的工作不一定，如商店店員、作家等4.The arguer fails to take into account the probable negative effects of hire only people who need less than 6 hours of sleep per night.錯(cuò)過有能力的人，不利與員工的身體健康因此不利于公司長(zhǎng)期發(fā)展十五、1.The manager fails to provide adequate evidence to show that there are few customer complaints about the change.不知道抱怨的比例，服務(wù)員匯報(bào)的比例 2. The author interprets the fact that only about 2 percent of customers have complained about the replacement as the fact that an average of 98 people out of 100 are happy with it.However, this might not be the case.可能顧客通過不來消費(fèi)表示抗議3. The author s explanation about small amount of complaints is that either these customers do not distinguish butter from margarine or they use the term butter to refer to either butter or margarine. Actually, there are several alternative explanations about this.可能是嫌麻煩不愿意換，可能兩個(gè)都可以接受但并不是不知道兩個(gè)的區(qū)別十六、1.The arguers assumption that Mason City residents s favorite recreational activities is water sports is flawed as the surveys are inaccurate.不知道調(diào)查問題是什么，可能給的非水上運(yùn)動(dòng)選擇少；不知道調(diào)查的人是否具有代表性；不知道樣本數(shù)量是否足夠。2.The arguer unwarrantedly assumes that a river clean up will result in a clean river.如果河水臟是因?yàn)榫用駚y扔垃圾或者工廠排污水，可以清理；如果是natural mineral deposits或者其他geographical因素就不一定能清理干凈3. Even assuming that Mason City residents love water sports most and the river can be cleaned, the arguer still concludes too hastily that use of the river for water sports will increase after that.Complain的人數(shù)未知，不一定很多人抱怨；可能河流位置偏遠(yuǎn)，太淺或太深導(dǎo)致不適合水上運(yùn)動(dòng)，或者大家都喜歡在室內(nèi)進(jìn)行水上運(yùn)動(dòng)，所以去專門的水上運(yùn)動(dòng)室內(nèi)場(chǎng)所十七、1.The arguer s assumption is substantiated that decline in local sales of recorded music suggests limited interest in rock music.唱片總銷量變差，搖滾類唱片銷量可能好；即使唱片賣的少了，聽radio的不一定少，可能正因?yàn)槁爎adio 的多了買唱片的才少了2.The argument assumes too hastily that decreasing popularity of rock music is responsible for the decline in listener numbers.可能是由于有更好的搖滾樂電臺(tái)；可能社會(huì)進(jìn)步，新媒體如電視、網(wǎng)絡(luò)等的發(fā)展導(dǎo)致總體電臺(tái)聽眾減少3.The arguer unconvincingly concludes that changing the radio format can increase listeners.老年人不一定不愛聽搖滾樂；新增人口相比原來人口比例未知，可能轉(zhuǎn)換形式吸引的聽眾數(shù)少于減少的。十八、1.The author fails to provide sufficient evidence to show that much complaints have been received concerned with the coverage of weather and local news.可能收到的抱怨總數(shù)少，應(yīng)該與改變前的抱怨數(shù)量比較2. The author assumes that the cancel of the local businesses advertising contracts is attributed to the decreasing viewers of program.可能該公司遇到了經(jīng)濟(jì)困難，無法支付廣告費(fèi)用；可能該公司已經(jīng)不再生產(chǎn)廣告中的產(chǎn)品3. Even if our viewers has declined, the author concludes too hastily that the decline owes to the change in coverage of weather and local news.可能是有更好的國(guó)際新聞節(jié)目，可能是網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)展導(dǎo)致電視觀眾數(shù)量整體下降(4).The author also incorrectly applies the importance of weather and local news in late-night program to all the news program. 其他時(shí)段的人可能更想聽國(guó)際新聞十九、1.The author assumes that the increasing share of audience attributed to the call-in advice program based on the fact that the increase happened after the policy.However, this might not be the case.可能新增了其他吸引人的項(xiàng)目（講故事，國(guó)際新聞），可能換了新的吸引人的主持人（聲音好聽，幽默）2. The argument is flawed as it treats the result of the nationwide survey as the indication that radio listeners in Medway are quite interested in the call-in program.比例未知，全國(guó)不代表Medway3. The author makes a false analogy between the effect of increasing the call-in advice program to KICK and WCQP.WCQP之前該項(xiàng)目設(shè)置太少，而KICK之前就已經(jīng)有足夠的該項(xiàng)目；Rockville的電臺(tái)中有該項(xiàng)目的很少，而Medway的電臺(tái)幾乎都有該項(xiàng)目；可能還取決于建議的好壞。二十二、1.The author unwarrantedly assumes that the actual rate of cheating has dropped based on the decreasing reported cases of cheating.考試總?cè)藬?shù)未知，比例不一定減少；不一定報(bào)告了所有的作弊，可能真實(shí)的作弊率增加；調(diào)查的回應(yīng)著不一定誠(chéng)實(shí)2. The argument is flawed by the unconvincing assumption that the decline in cheating rate owes to the honor code.可能是學(xué)生素質(zhì)變好，可能考試變?nèi)菀撞恍枰鞅?. The author concludes too hastily that the honor code which decrease cheating in Groveton will work well when applied to all the other colleges and universities.可能Groveton學(xué)生比較自覺conscientious，所以honor code對(duì)他們有作用；有的學(xué)校的學(xué)生不遵守規(guī)則，應(yīng)該通過加大懲罰力度來減少作弊；二十四、1.The arguer assumes that the rise rise in the use of salicylates as preservatives is responsible for the decline in the average number of headaches based on the fact that the latter happens after the former.The assumption is invalid that the salicylates can treat headaches since they are members of the same chemical family as aspirin.不知道兩者的其他關(guān)系，可能有很多不同性質(zhì)。可能市民鍛煉更加頻繁，生活習(xí)慣更好。2. Even assuming that the salicylates can be used to treat headaches, the argument relies on the additional assumption that residents ingestion of it will increase since use of it will further increase in commercials as food additives.相關(guān)的食物未知，可能日常食用不多；添加的多少未知，可能inconsequent3. The arguer fails to consider other factors that can influence the condition of the residents headache.環(huán)境污染，工作壓力二十五、1.The arguer fails to provide substantiated evidence to show that jazz is extraordinarily popular in Monroe.不知道當(dāng)?shù)厝嗽趨⒓右魳窌?huì)的100000人中的比例；最近的jazz club在65 miles外可能正說明了jazz在當(dāng)?shù)夭惶餍?. The argument depends on the unconvincing assumption that people who highly rate the Jazz Nightly will also interested in joining a jazz club.該節(jié)目收聽率高可能是因?yàn)闀r(shí)段好,可能聽電臺(tái)的人多反而導(dǎo)致參加俱樂部的人少3. Even assuming that a majority of people in Monroe are jazz fans, the arguer unwarrantedly concludes that they will spend much money in joining jazz club based on the nationwide study.全國(guó)不代表Monroe也這樣，可能Monroe的經(jīng)濟(jì)不景氣；1000中用在club的費(fèi)用比例未知，可能大部分中來買唱片、參加演唱會(huì)二十七、1.The arguer assumes that the worsening of traffic jams owes to the addition of the motor lane based on the mere fact that the former happens after the latter.However, it might not be the case.可能總體車流量變多，可能本來交通會(huì)更擁堵，增加車道減少了擁堵狀況只是還是比以前擁堵了2. The arguer lies on the unappropriate analogy between the effect of adding a motor lane in Blue Highway and the Green Highway.可能Blue高速附近有摩托的人占比例很大，更加充分的利用摩托車道3. The arguer fails to provide substantiated information to show that addition of a bicycle lane is sufficient to solve the traffic jam in Blue Highway.Keen bicyclists占經(jīng)常使用道路者比例未知，也不一定愿意騎自行車上下班：自行車太慢，不堵車省下的時(shí)間可能少于由于騎自行車增加的時(shí)間三十、1.The arguer assumes that the decline of birthrate would result in decrease of students number in the next ten years.人口總數(shù)未知，可能變多從而小孩總數(shù)也比變多；小孩總數(shù)變少不代表學(xué)生數(shù)下降，孩子數(shù)減少的效果不會(huì)那么快反映到學(xué)生數(shù)量上，經(jīng)濟(jì)變好更多的孩子能上學(xué)，父母更加重視孩子的教育，以前很多孩子不讀書直接工作2. Even assuming that the amount of students would decline, the argument is flawed since it relies on the assumption that the amount of education funds depends directly on the number of students.還取決于科研項(xiàng)目所需經(jīng)費(fèi)的多少；學(xué)生少了要維持學(xué)校的正常運(yùn)行可能反而需要更多的經(jīng)費(fèi)3. The arguer unwarrantedly assumes that citizens need more facilities and programs used primarily by adults and less athletic playing fields and other recreational facilities in the next ten years.成年人數(shù)不一定增加；成年人也要用娛樂設(shè)施與田徑場(chǎng)三十一、1.The arguer unconvincingly assert that Parson City spend more resources in education than Blue City. However,it might not be the case.總?cè)藬?shù)相同不代表學(xué)生比例相同，可能Parson學(xué)生更多，人均花銷反而少；占總稅收比例未知，可能Blue經(jīng)濟(jì)沒有Parson好，然而教育費(fèi)用占總稅收比例更大2.The arguer fails to provide information about other resources of money spent on the public school in Parson City and Blue City.可能Blue的私人捐助等非政府稅收教育投入已經(jīng)很高，不需要更多地政府教育經(jīng)費(fèi)3. Even assuming that the education investment of Parson City is larger than the Blue City,the argument is unsubstantiated to treat the amount of money spent on school as the indication of importance of education valued by residents.經(jīng)費(fèi)用途未知，可能更多的用來建設(shè)校園等表面工作，而較少部分用到了科研、教師培訓(xùn)、獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金等有助于提高教育水平的方面政策由政府決定而不是居民決定三十二、1.The arguer assumes that the larger number of on-the-job accident owes to the longer work shifts since the former coincides with the latter.可能工人技術(shù)素質(zhì)不同；可能是因?yàn)楣ぷ黝愋筒煌?，Quiot工廠可能從事更危險(xiǎn)的工作如金屬處理，而Panoply工廠的工作可能更加安全如衣服制造2. The argument bases on the unwarranted assumption that reduction of work shifts would necessarily result in remission of workers fatigue.可能把更多的空閑時(shí)間用來娛樂，睡覺的時(shí)間反而少了3. The arguer concludes that decrease of on-the-job accidents leads to increase of productivity.其他可能影響產(chǎn)量的因素沒有考慮：工作時(shí)間：可能減少工作時(shí)間減少的產(chǎn)量多于減少事故增加的產(chǎn)量；工人技術(shù)熟練度：工作時(shí)間少了導(dǎo)致不熟練三十三、1.The author assumes that homeowners who are willing to conserve energy would buy energy efficient home appliances.省電只是為了省錢，購買省電電器多花的錢可能多余省電剩下的錢2. The arguer provides no evidence to show that the new technologies mentioned in the argument is practically applicable.可能成本太高，可能有未考慮到的安全隱患：容易著火、污染3.Even assuming that energy efficient appliances help to conserve energy, the arguer fails to consider other factors that will probably effect the total energy consumption.十年前節(jié)電效率低，即使翻倍還是不高，所以節(jié)省的電不一定多；人口增多，除了用來取暖的之外，電器種類增多，使用時(shí)間增多4.Even assuming that the energy consumption of family use reduce, the arguer overlooked other entities that play a part in the using energy.經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，企業(yè)、工廠供電增多三十四、1.The argument depends on the unwarranted assumption that there are no negative effects of the implements of the electronic monitoring system.安裝、維護(hù)費(fèi)用可能很多，安裝后電腦運(yùn)行慢、易出故障，降低員工士氣2. The arguer assumes that reduction in times spent on personal or recreational activities on the Internet would lead to increase in productivity.員工可能會(huì)做其他與工作無關(guān)的事：閑聊，玩手機(jī)，看小說3. The feasibility of the software can be cast doubt on.無法判斷是在工作還是在娛樂，上新聞網(wǎng)站可能是在閑逛也可能是在搜集數(shù)據(jù)三十五、1.The arguer unconvincingly assumes that reduction of maximum water flow would lead to decline in total water consumption