沖壓模具外文翻譯/中國的模具和模具工業(yè)技術(shù)的發(fā)展課程畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯/中英文翻譯

中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)長城學(xué)院 2015 屆畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯  中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)長城學(xué)院  本科畢業(yè)論文外文資料翻譯  系     別：          工程技術(shù)系         專    業(yè)：    機械設(shè)計制造及其自動化             姓     名：            王逸君            學(xué)     號：           05211631          2015 年 03 月 20 日  中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)長城學(xué)院 2015 屆畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯  中國的 模具和模具工業(yè)技術(shù)的發(fā)展  摘要  近年來，模具工業(yè)和技術(shù)已在中國快速發(fā)展 , 尤其是沖壓模具、塑料模具、模具 CAD/CAE/ CAM，快速原型和快速模具制造領(lǐng)域和其他一些特殊的技術(shù)。 在本文中，所有這些領(lǐng)域的改進(jìn)和模具技術(shù)也進(jìn)行了簡要的總結(jié)，根據(jù)分析和總結(jié)，本文還指出了發(fā)展的前景和目標(biāo)是為了滿足當(dāng)前和未來在中國市場的需求。  關(guān)鍵詞： 模具工業(yè)和技術(shù)；  快速原型和快速模具制造；  發(fā)展前景  1  中國模具工業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀  自 1980，模具工業(yè)已在中國發(fā)展很快， 國民經(jīng)濟的高速發(fā)展也對模具工業(yè)提出了更高的要求。 近年來，在中國生產(chǎn)模具行業(yè)增幅約 15% 。  目前，中國擁有 17000 多家模具生產(chǎn)工廠， 1998 年 大約 500000 的人關(guān)注這個領(lǐng)域 ， 中國模具行業(yè)總產(chǎn)量達(dá)到 245 億元人民幣。  模具行業(yè)中，沖壓模具占 50%，塑料模具占 33%，壓鑄模具約占 6%與其他模具約 11%。  由于開放政策的實施，模具工業(yè)企業(yè)的所有權(quán)已經(jīng)發(fā)生了顯著的變化。不僅只與國有企業(yè)和私營企業(yè)，除了國有專業(yè)模具廠，還有許多模具廠不同所有制，如合資企業(yè)，他們都發(fā)展很快。此外，集體和民營企業(yè)在廣東和浙江兩省很受歡迎，例如，有在浙江省黃巖地區(qū)有數(shù)百家模具制造集體和民營企業(yè)，這就是中國著名的 “ 土地模具 ” 。在廣東省，為了提高產(chǎn)品競爭力一些大集團公司和其他新出現(xiàn)的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)投入大量資金用于模具制 造業(yè)。例如，包括科龍，美的，康佳和威力等在內(nèi)的許多公司，建立了自己的模具制造中心。此外，這些模具廠擁有先進(jìn)的設(shè)備和高素質(zhì)、高水平的技術(shù)人員。此外，先進(jìn)的 CAD/CAM 技術(shù)，電火花加工技術(shù)，熱流道和氣體輔助注射技術(shù)在這些工廠采用。到目前為止，有數(shù)以千計的合資企業(yè)，專門為模具制造自己的投資的外資企業(yè)，都分布在經(jīng)濟發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)沿海岸。例如，無錫微研有限公司。在江蘇有超過 200 名員工，是一個日本的企業(yè)。同時，有超過 60 套精密數(shù)控設(shè)備，模具制造。 1998 年，其模具年產(chǎn)值超過200000000 元人民幣。  中國模具行業(yè)的技術(shù) 水平在近幾年得到了改善。目前，用 0.2 毫米的精度精密多級進(jìn)模可以在中國國內(nèi)工廠生產(chǎn)，通過 160 個階段可以使模具的壽命提高100 150 萬倍  在國內(nèi)工廠 48 英寸電視機塑料外殼的大型注塑模具，以 6.5 公斤容量洗衣機，保險杠和汽車的整體儀表板可以產(chǎn)生。用于照相機塑料件的精密塑膠模具，中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)長城學(xué)院 2015 屆畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯  塑料模具、多型腔齒輪低模塊也可以產(chǎn)生。大型精密復(fù)雜的壓鑄模具的自動扶梯踏板和汽車的后軸變速箱、覆蓋新型汽車零件可制造模具也可以制造。同時，模具的其他類型，如對子午線輪胎活絡(luò)模具，擠壓模具及異形鋁合金制造，塑料門窗可以制造的，他們可以取代國外進(jìn)口的。  通過對中國模具工業(yè)的許多優(yōu)秀的發(fā)展在過去的二十年中已經(jīng)實現(xiàn)，但與發(fā)達(dá)工業(yè)國家相比存在明顯的差距。例如， CAD / CAE / CAM 技術(shù)設(shè)備生產(chǎn)的精密模具比較缺乏，許多先進(jìn)的模具技 術(shù)沒有被廣泛的應(yīng)用在中國。特別是，用于生產(chǎn)大型，精密技術(shù)的模具，復(fù)雜和長壽命模具明顯落后于發(fā)達(dá)國家。所有這些模具制造能力不能滿足國內(nèi)企業(yè)的需求，所以很多模具必須依靠進(jìn)口。  2  中國模具技術(shù)的改進(jìn)  人們都知道，模具制造業(yè)在中國工業(yè)中的重要地位。同時，模具技術(shù)制造水平是評價一些國家的制造業(yè)水平的重要標(biāo)記。與模具技術(shù)直接測定產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，經(jīng)濟效益，及開發(fā)能力有重要關(guān)系。  現(xiàn)在，許多模具制造企業(yè)注重技術(shù)的改進(jìn)，和投入多少資金到技術(shù)的改進(jìn)。同時，技術(shù)進(jìn)步是企業(yè)發(fā)展的重要動力。此外，許多研究機構(gòu)和大學(xué)開始做研究和發(fā)展模具技術(shù) 。目前， 30 多個研究機構(gòu)和大學(xué)工作的模具技術(shù)，研究，超過40 所大學(xué)都注重模具技術(shù)的教育和培訓(xùn)。其中，國家模具技術(shù)和華中科技大學(xué)是國家重點實驗室，模具 CAD 國家工程研究中心在上海交通大學(xué)，精密沖裁技術(shù)工程研究中心在北京機電研究所，國家橡膠和塑料模具及模具工程技術(shù)研究中心，鄭州大學(xué)的技術(shù)是關(guān)鍵的支持和在中國建立 institutu。多年的積累后，對模具的 CAD / CAE / CAM 技術(shù)領(lǐng)域，模具電火花加工、數(shù)控加工技術(shù)，快速原型和快速制造技術(shù)和新型模具材料等取得了許多成就。這些研究成果有助于提高模具質(zhì)量，縮短模 具設(shè)計制造周期。  2.1 沖壓模具工藝的改進(jìn)  大型沖壓模具的制造技術(shù)，如汽車覆蓋件模具得到了明顯的改善。東風(fēng)汽車公司的模具制造廠和第一汽車集團公司模具中心可以制造汽車覆蓋件模具。隨著設(shè)計和制造方法和技術(shù)的持續(xù)改進(jìn)，中國制造的汽車得到了一些幫助。  多工位級進(jìn)模和多功能精密模具是中國模具發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵。目前，核心自動打樁功能模自動沖孔，鉚壓樁的功能，計數(shù)和安全保護(hù)，可以在中國生產(chǎn)。生產(chǎn)的定子和電機轉(zhuǎn)子雙回轉(zhuǎn)式打樁硬質(zhì)合金級進(jìn)模的步距精度可達(dá) 0.2 毫米，其壽命可達(dá) 100000000 年。多工位級進(jìn)模等，如 20-30 階段級進(jìn)模線領(lǐng)先的集成電路結(jié)構(gòu)，硬質(zhì)合金級進(jìn)模生產(chǎn)空調(diào)器散熱片生產(chǎn)電子槍和級進(jìn)模件，可高精度生產(chǎn)。  中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)長城學(xué)院 2015 屆畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯  2.2 塑料模具技術(shù)的改進(jìn)  近年來，塑料模具技術(shù)發(fā)展很快。占有率相對于國內(nèi)模具工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值不斷增加。所有的塑料模具在家用電器，如：電視，空調(diào)和洗衣機，幾乎都已可以在國內(nèi)工廠生產(chǎn)。我國工廠也可以制造 10 20 噸汽車的整個儀表板保險杠的塑料模具。關(guān)于模具精度，塑件的尺寸精度可達(dá)到 it 6-7，表面粗糙度可達(dá)Ra 0.05-0.025，并且模具的價值可以達(dá)到一百萬以上。  用于制造塑膠模具設(shè)計的 CAD / CAM 技術(shù)迅速 推廣，  CAE 軟件和熱流道技術(shù)也被一些工廠廣泛應(yīng)用。并且氣體輔助注射技術(shù)和高效多色注射技術(shù)開始成功應(yīng)用。  2.3 改進(jìn)模具 CAD / CAE / CAM 技術(shù)  現(xiàn)在，計算機輔助繪圖在許多國內(nèi)模具企業(yè)得到廣泛應(yīng)用，許多先進(jìn)的 CAD / CAE / CAM 軟件也在進(jìn)口。許多著名的 CAD / CAM 軟件，如 UG -， Pro/Engineer，I-DEAS 和歐幾里得等，已廣泛應(yīng)用于中國模具工業(yè)。有些工廠還進(jìn)口了一些 CAE軟件，例如，歐普士，和 MAGMA SOFT 等，并成功地應(yīng)用于塑料模具設(shè)計，沖壓模具，壓鑄模具。  近年來，一些 CAD / CAE / CAM 具有自主版權(quán)的軟件得到開發(fā)。例如，的CAD /對塑料模具設(shè)計的 CAE / CAM 軟件，汽車覆蓋件模具和級進(jìn)模是由國家模具和華中科技大學(xué)模具技術(shù)重點實驗室開發(fā)。對冷鍛、精沖設(shè)計的 CAD 軟件進(jìn)行模具是上海交通大學(xué)的 CAD 國家工程研究中心開發(fā)的。 CAD / CAE / CAM 軟件的鍛造是由北京機電研究所研制的。 CAXA 軟件采用軟件工程化研究所研制的。板材成形 CAE 軟件是由吉林大學(xué)開發(fā)的技術(shù)。此外，所有的軟件都有很多中國用戶。  2.4 快速原型和快速模具制造的改進(jìn)  我國也非常 重視快速原型和快速模具制造的發(fā)展。許多研究機構(gòu)的工作，對這個領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展都做出了貢獻(xiàn)，并取得了一定的成績。許多機構(gòu)，包括清華大學(xué)，華中科技大學(xué)，西安交通大學(xué)和隆源自動成形系統(tǒng)有限公司，已經(jīng)開發(fā)出自己的快速原型技術(shù)和設(shè)備，他們已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了許多快速原型機器，包括 LOM， SLA， FDM和 SL 等。此外，所有這些機器已經(jīng)被廣泛應(yīng)用于新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)，精密鑄造和快速模具制造。  在國內(nèi)研究機構(gòu)也進(jìn)行了快速模具制造技術(shù)。廣泛的研究采用電弧噴涂成形和等離子噴涂成形的模具制造技術(shù)。模具制造技術(shù)的合金模具中、低熔點、樹脂沖壓模具已被成功地 應(yīng)用。同時，硅橡膠模具已被應(yīng)用到新產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)。  2.5 其他相關(guān)技術(shù)的改進(jìn)  中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)長城學(xué)院 2015 屆畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯  近年來，一些先進(jìn)的技術(shù)和設(shè)備已在國內(nèi)一些鋼鐵企業(yè)進(jìn)口，明顯提高和規(guī)范鋼模具的質(zhì)量。同時，許多新的鋼也被應(yīng)用在模具制造，如熱作工具鋼， H10，H13， h21,4cr 5mo V1， 45Cr2Ni Mo V Si 等，和塑料模具鋼 P20， 3Cr 2Mo， PMS，SMI 和 SMII 等模具材料的應(yīng)用能明顯提高模具質(zhì)量和壽命。  模具的拋光技術(shù)以及一些特殊的拋光工具和機器已經(jīng)開發(fā)已在一些國內(nèi)機構(gòu)的研究。特別是刻蝕技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展，已被廣泛應(yīng)用于糧食加工模具。  高速銑削加工是一種快速模具制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展。幾家公司已經(jīng)本地化，用高速銑床。與此同時，一些國內(nèi)機床廠還開發(fā)了一些準(zhǔn)高速銑床，他們正在開發(fā)的高速銑床。然而，高速銑削還未在中國廣泛使用。  3  中國模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展前景  3.1 市場需求  每年在中國國內(nèi)模具制造業(yè)總的市場需求約 330 億人民幣，同時也增加了在最近幾年有 10%增長。此外，為大型模具精度的要求不斷提高，復(fù)雜程度和模具壽命增加超過 10%。  汽車、摩托車模具占中國總需求的 50%。目前，中國約有二百萬的汽車產(chǎn)量，總累積量約為一千五百萬。據(jù)估計，汽車總產(chǎn)量 2005 將達(dá)到 3000000。同時，汽車工業(yè)的快速發(fā)展和電動自行車產(chǎn)業(yè)將推動模具工業(yè)的快速增長，特別是汽車覆蓋件的大型模具，塑料模具，壓鑄模具。例如， 2005 年汽車行業(yè)將需要 360000噸的塑料部件。然而，在中國目前的生產(chǎn)能力僅為 200000 噸，因此在這一領(lǐng)域有著廣闊的發(fā)展空間。  其他快速發(fā)展的行業(yè)，如電子，通訊和建筑材料，促進(jìn)模具行業(yè)在中國的發(fā)展。  1989，中國國務(wù)院“確定當(dāng)前生產(chǎn)政策”發(fā)布模具工業(yè)作為第一必要改革工業(yè)機械行業(yè)。自 1997 年以來，模具和設(shè)備及相關(guān)的制造技術(shù)已成為當(dāng)前產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的必要內(nèi)容，中國鼓勵產(chǎn)品技術(shù)的革新和外商投資鼓勵。自 1997 年國務(wù)院已經(jīng)返回一些模具企業(yè)稅收的 70%。這些優(yōu)惠政策將提供強有力的支持，推動模具行業(yè)的發(fā)展。  3.2 國內(nèi)模具技術(shù)發(fā)展方向  模具工業(yè)和技術(shù)的發(fā)展在過去的十年里加速發(fā)展，但是與工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家相比還存在較大的差距，還不能完全滿足高速發(fā)展的國民經(jīng)濟的要求。  在未來的十年，中國模具工業(yè)和技術(shù)的主要發(fā)展方向?qū)? 中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)長城學(xué)院 2015 屆畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯  （ 1）提高 大型，復(fù)雜，精密模具的制造水平和使用壽命；  （ 2）模具設(shè)計制造廣泛使用的 CAD / CAE / CAM 技術(shù)；  （ 3）研究與發(fā)展快速原型和快速制造技術(shù)；  （ 4）推廣應(yīng)用熱流道技術(shù)，氣體輔助注射技術(shù)和高壓注射成型技術(shù)的塑料模具設(shè)計。  （ 5）提高模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的使用和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化；  （ 6）開發(fā)優(yōu)質(zhì)模具材料和先進(jìn)的表面處理技術(shù)；  （ 7）在模具制造傳播高速銑削；  （ 8）開發(fā)拋光技術(shù)和拋光機；  （ 9）采用高速測量技術(shù)和逆向工程的模具；  （ 10）開發(fā)新的成型工藝及模具。  參考文獻(xiàn)  1 國家機械工業(yè)局。輝煌 50 年機械行業(yè)。 1999。  2 周云湖。對汽車覆蓋件在中國大規(guī)模死亡情況。中國模具工業(yè)協(xié)會技術(shù)交流。8 號， 1997。  3 張佳麗。對技術(shù)的模具，中國模具材料的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展。中國模具工業(yè)協(xié)會技術(shù)交流。 71997 號。  4 周永泰。在中國模具市場預(yù)測分析。中國模具工業(yè)協(xié)會技術(shù)交流。 11997 號。  5 中國的技術(shù)委員會專家組；模具工業(yè)協(xié)會。第七的模具展綜述。中國模具工業(yè)協(xié)會技術(shù)交流。 91998 號  中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)長城學(xué)院 2015 屆畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯  外文原文：  THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIES AND MOLD INDUSTRY AND TECHNOLOGY IN CHINA Abstract: In recent years, the die and mold industry and technology have been developed very fast in China, especially about the stamping die, plastic mold, die and mold CAD/CAE/CAM, rapid prototype/rapid die manufacturing and some other special technologies. In this paper, all the improvements about die and mold technology in these fields are briefly summarized. According to the analysis and summarization, this paper also points out the development prospects and goals in order to satisfy the current and future market requirement in China. Keywords; Die and Mold Industry and Technology; CAD/CAE/CAM; Rapid Prototype/Rapid Die Manufacturing; Development Prospect 1. THE SITUATION OF DIE AND MOLD INDUSTRY IN CHINA Since 1980, die and mold industry has been developed very fast in China. The high-speed development of national economy also provides much higher requirement to die and mold industry. In recent years, the production of die and mold industry always increases at about 15% in China.  At present, China has more than 17,000 factories for producing the die and mold, and about 500,000 persons focus on this field. In 1998, the total output in die and mold industry reached 24.5 billion RMB in China. Among the output of die and mold industry, 50% is from the stamping die, 33% from plastic mold, about 6% from die-casting die and 11 % from other die and mold. Since the opening policy are implemented, the ownership of die and mold industrial enterprises has changed remarkably. Besides the national owned special die and mold factories, there are many die and mold factories with different ownership, joint ventures, ventutee exclusively with one's own investment and private enterprises, and they all developed very fast. Moreover， the collective and private enterprises are very popular in Guangdong and Zhejiang Provinces. For example, there are hundreds of collective and civil enterprises for die and mold manufacturing in Huangyan area of Zhejiang province, which is called the famous "a land of die and mold" in China. In Guangdong province, some big group companies and other new -appeared town and township enterprises invest much fund for the die and mold manufacturing in order to 中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)長城學(xué)院 2015 屆畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯  improve the competition of their products. For instance, many group companies, including Kelong,Meide, Kangka and Weili etc, established their own die and mold manufacturing center. Moreover, these die and mold factories owned the advanced equipment and the technical personnel with high quality and ability. Furthermore, advanced CAD/CAM technologies, EDM   technologies, hot-runner and gas-aided injection technologies are adopted in these factories. So far, there are thousands of joint ventures, and foreign ventures exclusively with one's own investment for the die and mold manufacturing， which are all distributed in the economic developed area along coast. For example, Wuxi Weiyan Company Ltd. in Jiangsu with more than 200 stuff, is a Japan venture exclusively with its own investment. Meantime, there are more  than 60 precision numerical control equipment for die and mold manufacturing. In 1998, its annual output of die and mold is over 200 million RMB. The technology level of China die and mold industry has been improved in the recent years. At present, precision multi-stage progressive die with 0.2 millimeters precision can be produced in home factories in China, and 160 stages can reached at the most and the life of die and mold can reach 100 150 million times. For example, the large-scale plastic injection mold for the plastic shell of 48 inches television, the washer with the capacity of 6.5 kilograms, the bumper and the whole instrument panel of cars can be produced. The precision plastic molds for plastic parts of camera, and the multi-cavity plastic mold for the gear with low module can also be produced. The large-scale precision complicate die-casting dies for the footboard of automatic staircase and the gearbox of the car real axle can also be manufactured in home factories. The die and mold for the covering parts of new type automobile can be manufactured. Meanwhile, the other type of dies and molds, such as the loose die for meridian tire, and the special-shaped extrusion die for aluminum alloy manufacturing and plastic door and window can be manufactured, and they can substituted the foreign imported ones. Through many outstanding developments of China die and mold industry have been achieved in the past twenty years, there exists obvious gap compared with the developed industry countries. For example, the equipment to produce the precision die is scare. CAD/CAE/CAM technologies are not very popular and many advanced die and mold technologies have not been widely applied in china. Especially, the die and mold technologies for producing the large-scale, precision, complicate and long life die and mold obviously lag behind the developed countries. The manufacturing capacity for all these die and mold can not satisfy the requirements of home enterprises, so a lot of dies and molds must be imparted from other countries. 2. THE IMPROVEMENT OF CHINA DIE AND MOLD TECHNOLOGIES In China, people have known the important position of die and mold industry in 中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)長城學(xué)院 2015 屆畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯  manufacturing industry. Meanwhile, the manufacturing level of die and mold technologies is the important mark to evaluate the level of some country's manufacturing industry. And the die and mold technologies directly determined the. production quality, economic benefits, and the development ability.  Now, many die and mold manufacturing enterprises pay much attention to the technology improvement, and much fund is invested to the technology improvement. Meantime, the technology improvement is regarded as the important motive force of development of enterprises. In addition, many research institutes and universities began to do the research and development of die and mold technologies. At present, more than 30 research institutes and universities are working on the research of die and mold technologies， and， than 40 universities are focusing on the education and training of die and mold technology. Among them, National Die and Mold Technology Key Laboratory in Huazhong University of Science Technology, National Die and Mold CAD Engineering Research Center in Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Precision Blanking Technology Engineering Research Center in Beijing Mechatronics Research Institute, National Rubber and Plastic Die and Mold Engineering Research Center in Zhengzhou University of Technology are the key supported and constructed institutu in China. After many years' accumulation, many achievements are obtained on the field of die and mold CAD/CAE/CAM technology, die and mold electric discharge manufacturing and numerical control manufacturing technology， rapid prototype and rapid manufacturing technology and new type die and mold material, etc. Then. these achievements contribute to improve the die and mold quality and shorten die and mold design and manufacturing cycle. 2.1 The Improvement of Stamping Die Technology The obvious improvements are obtained on. the manufacturing technology of large-scale stamping dies, such as the dies for auto covering parts. The Die and Mold Manufacturing Factory in Dongfeng Automobile Company and the Die and Mold Center in First Automobile Group Company can manufacture some dies for auto covering parts. With the help of continual improvement of design and manufacturing methods and technologies， some achievements on the automobile made in China are obtained. Multi-stage progressive die and multi-function die are the key developed precision dies in China. Currently， the core automatic piling multi-function die with the function of automatic punching, pile pressing, riveting， counting and safety protection can produced in China. The precision of step distance of double rotary piling hard alloy progressive die for producing the stators and rotors of electrical machinery can reach 0.2 millimeters， and its life can reach 100 million times. Other multistage progressive dies, such as 20-30 stages progressive dies for line-leading frame of 中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)長城學(xué)院 2015 屆畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯  integrated circuit， the hard alloy progressive die for producing the parts of electron gun and the progressive die for producing the cooling fin of air conditioner, can be produced with high precision. 2.2 The Improvement of Plastic Mold Technology In the recent years， plastic mold technologies developed very fast. And the occupation ratio relative to the total output of domestic die and mold industry is continuously increased. All the plastic molds for the household appliances， such. television, air conditioner and washer, can almost be produced in domestic factories. The home factories can also produce the plastic molds for producing the bumper with 10 20 tons and the whole instrument panel of automobiles. About the die precision，the dimension precision of plastic parts can come up to IT6-7, the roughness of the surface can reach Ra 0.05-0.025, and the die life can reach more than one million. CAD/CAM technologies used in the design and manufacturing of plastic molds are quickly popularized. And CAE software is also used in some factories. Hot runner technologies are widely used. And gas-aided injection technologies and high efficient and multi colors injection technologies begin to successfully be used. 2.3 The Improvement of Die and Mold CAD/CAE/CAM Technology Now， computer aided drawing is widely used by many domestic die and mold enterprises， and many advanced CAD/CAE/CAM software are also imported. Many famous CAD/CAM software， such as Unigraphics - , Pro/Engineer， I-DEAS and Euclid-IS etc.， have been widely applied in China die and mold industry. Some factories have also imported some CAE software， such as DYNAFORM， Optris, and MAGMA SOFT etc.， which are successfully applied into the design of plastic die, stamping die and die-casting die. In recent years, some CAD/CAE/CAM software with our own copyright are also developed. For example， the CAD/CAE/CAM software for the design of the design of plastic mold, auto covering part dies and progressive dies are developed by National Die and Mold Technology Key Laboratory in Huazhong University of Science & Technology. The CAD software for the design of cold forging and fine blanking are developed by National Die and Mold CAD Engineering Research Center in Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The CAD/CAE/CAM software for forging is developed by Beijing Mechatronics Research Institute. CAXA software is developed by Huazheng Research Institute of Software Engineering. The CAE software for sheet forming is developed by Jilin University of Technology. Furthermore, all the software has many users in China. 2.4 The Improvement of Rapid Prototype/Rapid Die Manufacturing 中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)長城學(xué)院 2015 屆畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯  Our country also paid more attention to the development of rapid prototype/rapid die manufacturing. Many institutes work on the development in this field, and they have obtained some achievements. Many institutes, including Tsinghua University，Huazhong University of Science & Technology， Xi'an Jiao Tong University and Longyuan Automatic Forming System Company, have developed their own rapid prototype technology and equipment, and they have produced many rapid prototype machines, including LOM， SLA， FDM and SLS. Furthermore, all these machines have been widely used in the development of new products， precision casting and rapid die manufacturing. Rapid die manufacturing technology is also studied in many domestic institutes. The die manufacturing technologies using the electric arc spraying forming and plasma spraying forming are widely studied. The die manufacturing technologies of the alloy die with middle or low melting point and resin stamping die have successfully been applied. Meanwhile， silicon rubber dies have been applied into the development of new products. 2.5 The Improvement of Other Relevant Technologies In recent years， some advanced technologies and equipment have been imported in some domestic steel enterprises， which obviously improved the specification and quality of die and mold steel. Meanwhile， many new steels have also been applied in the die manufacturing， such as the hot-working tool steels, H10, H13， H21， 4Cr 5Mo V1 Si, 45Cr 2Ni Mo V Si etc.， and the plastic die steels, P20, 3Cr 2Mo, PMS, SMI and SMII etc. The application of these die materials can obviously increase the die quality and life. Polishing technology of dies and moldy has been studied in some domestic institutes, and some special polishing tools and machines have been developed. Especially the grain etching technology has quickly been developed， which has been used to manufacture the die grain. High-speed milling is one of the rap