英語議論文要求及常用短語.doc

1 議論文的格式：議論文的格式應(yīng)由三個(gè)部分組成： 立論部分； 論證部分； 結(jié)論部分。一般說來，議論文可分三個(gè)基本段落來寫：第一段引出話題；第二段立論且加以論證；第三段給出明確的結(jié)論。第二段是中心段落，應(yīng)試者應(yīng)將主要的內(nèi)容放在第二段中，同時(shí)也要注意開篇及結(jié)尾段落的完整性，且應(yīng)盡量做到首尾呼應(yīng)，切忌前后矛盾。2 段落的統(tǒng)一性及語篇的連貫性（1） 段落的統(tǒng)一性英語段落有一大特點(diǎn)，即一個(gè)段落只涉及一個(gè)主題（甚至只是一個(gè)主題的某個(gè)方面）。段落中的一個(gè)句子點(diǎn)出主題并說明作者對該主題的看法，而其它所有句子都是為展開該主題而給出的事實(shí)、例證、推理，它們與主題緊密相關(guān)。段落中不應(yīng)有一個(gè)與主題無關(guān)的句子。英文段落的這種各個(gè)句子與主題的關(guān)聯(lián)性被稱作段落的統(tǒng)一性。請看以下兩例：(1)Birds build their nests in all kinds of places. Some are high in trees, on the sides of buildings or on the top of hills while others on the ground, in fields or by stream banks. Birds also use various nesting materials to build their nests, including sticks, mud, stones, grass and so on. Some birds are able to change to be suitable for different conditions. Theyll build their nests wherever they can find a spot and use whatever materials they can find. But other birds will build their nests only in certain places and use only certain materials.(2)Culture shock occurs as a result of lack of understanding in a new culture. It happens to people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Newcomers may be anxious because they do not speak the language, know the customs, or understand peoples behavior in daily life. The visitor finds that yes may not necessarily mean yes, that friendliness does not always mean friendship, or that statements that appear to be serious are really intended as jokes. The foreigner may be unsure as to when to shake hands or embrace, when to initiate conversations, or how to approach a stranger. The notion of “culture shock” helps explain feelings of bewilderment and disorientation. Language problems do not account for all the frustrations that people feel. When one is deprived of everything that was once familiar, such as understanding a transportation system, knowing how to register for university classes, or knowing how to make friends, difficulties in coping with the new society may arise.（2） 語篇的連貫性英語議論文的段落多采取直線展開式，即段落開始直接切入主題，并給出事實(shí)、例證、推理等。英語議論文段落這種展開方式是形成其語篇連貫的基礎(chǔ)。語篇的連貫是指段落中各句的意義通過某種有序的排列（如時(shí)間順序、因果順序、邏輯順序等）而相互關(guān)聯(lián)。在論述該段落主題的時(shí)候，每后一個(gè)句子都是建立在前面一個(gè)句子的基礎(chǔ)之上的。如果去掉段落中的一個(gè)句子，這種連貫便會受到影響，就會造成讀者在理解上的困難。3 議論文中心段落的主題句及其論據(jù)、議論文中常用的詞句與短語（1） 議論文中心段落的主題句及其論據(jù)一篇議論文能否獲得高分與其中心段落主題句的質(zhì)量不無關(guān)聯(lián)，而主題句質(zhì)量的高低則又取決于審題的好壞和論據(jù)的選擇（即所選的論據(jù)在邏輯性、說理性、準(zhǔn)確性及與主題內(nèi)容的關(guān)聯(lián)性等方面是否都經(jīng)得起推敲）。需要明確的是，中心段落只應(yīng)有兩個(gè)組成部分：段落的主題句和支持主題句的論據(jù)。段落的主題句也應(yīng)有兩個(gè)部分組成，即：主題句=主題+作者對主題的看法或態(tài)度，兩者缺一不可。假設(shè)應(yīng)試者被要求寫一篇有關(guān)吸煙的議論文，那么 SMOKING 就是中心段落的主題。請看下面這個(gè)主題句： Smoking is a habit of many men.該主題句暴露出兩個(gè)問題：（1）作者審題不清；（2）作者沒有表明對主題的看法或態(tài)度。一般說來，議論文要求應(yīng)試者闡明自己對某問題的看法或態(tài)度。因此當(dāng)我們拿到議論文的題目以后，要認(rèn)真審題，權(quán)衡某事的利與弊，然后確定我們的立場。如何構(gòu)建段落的主題句呢？拿到議論文的題目以后，經(jīng)認(rèn)真審題后，用英文列出你所能想起的與主題有關(guān)的例證。我們還用吸煙這個(gè)話題為例：SMOKING1 Smoking can cause such a disease as lung cancer.2 Reports say that merely 3 grams of nicotine can kill a large animal.3 Experts say that smoking one cigarette can reduce ones life by about 15 minutes and that chain smoking is even more hazardous.4 Smoking after a meal can also disturb ones digestive system.5 Heavy smoking can seriously affect an adults sexuality.6 Smoking does harm to second-hand smokers as well.7 Smoking makes ones mouth smell.8 The life expectancy of smokers is shorter than that of nonsmokers.9 Smoking in bed may cause fire.根據(jù)上面所列出的七個(gè)句子，我們可以選擇以下兩個(gè)主題句，即： Smoking is a bad habit. Smoking is a bad habit that does a lot of harm to human health.第一個(gè)主題句表明了作者的態(tài)度，但不如第二個(gè)具體，因此在展開中心段落時(shí)不僅要談吸煙對人體健康的不良影響，還要涉及吸煙在其它方面造成的危害。這樣的段落考生較難掌握。因此主題句越是相對地具體段落就越好展開。但這并不等于說第一個(gè)主題句不好；如果主題句太過具體，段落可展開的范圍就會過窄。如果范圍較窄，有些考生所能列出的例證就會相對較少，整篇文章寫下來后可能達(dá)不到所要求的字?jǐn)?shù)。因此選擇哪一個(gè)主題句要視具體情況而定。用于支持段落主題句的論據(jù)其實(shí)就是我們開始列出的那些例證，但應(yīng)視主題句所涉及范圍的大小而有所取舍。下面我們就上面的兩個(gè)主題句分別構(gòu)建兩個(gè)不同的中心段落：(1)Smoking is a bad habit. For one thing, smoking in bed may cause a terrible fire. For another, regular smoking makes ones mouth smell bad. And worst of all, cigarette smoking does great harm to human health. In many cases, cigarette has proved to be the direct cause of such a fatal disease as cancer-hence its nickname, Cancer Stick. Experts say that smoking one cigarette can reduce ones life by about 15 minutes and that chain smoking is far more hazardous. Recent findings of medical research show that even a tiny drop of nicotine (about 3 grams in weight) can kill a large animal like a horse. Some medical reports have also proved that heavy smoking would seriously affect an adults sexuality, and smoking after a meal also disturbs ones digestive system. Cigarette smoking not only jeopardizes the physical health of a smoker, it also affects the health of a nonsmoker who passively inhales the polluted air into his or her lungs when he or she is exposed to a winding shroud of cigarette smoke. The impact on such passive smokers (also called second-hand smokers), according to the experts in the medical field, can be even more damaging, and that is why smoking is usually prohibited in most public places. (211 words)(2)Smoking is a bad habit that does a lot of harm to human health. Cigarette smoking does great harm to human health. In many cases, cigarette has proved to be the direct cause of such a fatal disease as cancer-hence its nickname, Cancer Stick. Experts say that smoking one cigarette can reduce ones life by about 15 minutes and that chain smoking is far more hazardous. Recent findings of medical research show that even a tiny drop of nicotine (about 3 grams in weight) can kill a large animal like a horse. Some medical reports have also proved that heavy smoking would seriously affect an adults sexuality, and smoking after a meal also disturbs ones digestive system. Cigarette smoking not only jeopardizes the physical health of a smoker, it also affects the health of a nonsmoker who passively inhales the polluted air into his or her lungs when he or she is exposed to a winding shroud of cigarette smoke. The impact on such passive smokers (also called second-hand smokers), according to the experts in the medical field, can be even more damaging, and that is why smoking is usually prohibited in most public places. (196 words)（2）議論文中常用的詞句與短語一數(shù)據(jù)對比用語：1. are similar in their range of indicators2. cause / lead to a rapid / slow increase / decrease in the number / amount of3. cause to drop4. climb dramatically fromto5. constitutes aboutpercent 6. continue to rise / fall7. continue to widen / shorten8. declines to less than percent.9. drop / fall to as many / much / little as10. fall / rise / increase / decrease dramatically11. fluctuates between12. grow only marginally fromto13. increase / decrease slowly14. increase/ decrease lightly15. is doubled16. is inversely proportional to17. is significantly lower / higher than18. lead to an increased number / amount of19. level off / remain constant at20. lower the percentage of 21. maintain approximately the same number of22. narrow down to23. occupy a greater percentage of24. peak / top at25. range fromto26. remain below27. rise / fall / increase / decrease sharply28. rise above29. rise to approximately30. take up one third of31. times smaller / larger than32. totals / amounts to / reaches / arrives at / stays at33. varies greatly / slightly betweenand34. A very noticeable trend is the steady increase / decrease in35. As is shown in / As can be seen from / According to -the table / table / graph / pie chart / bar chart / figure / statistics /diagram shows / illustrates /describes / indicates / reveals that36. It is clear / apparent from- the table / graph / pie chart / bar chart / figure / 37. it reached a peak ofstatistics / diagram that38. the number / amount ofconsumed per head/ per person39. The number ofremains stable.40. The number ofremains unchanged.41. The number tapers off.42. The percentage has been falling steadily.43. The percentage is less than that of 44. The table / graph / pie chart / bar chart(column graph) / figure / statistics shows.45. There are many variations in numbers of46. There is a gradual increase / decrease 47. There is a large increase / decrease in48. There is a reduction in49. There is a significant increase/ rise in50. There is a smaller percentage of 51. There is an obvious increase / decrease in52. There is not a great deal of difference between the percentage of二獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)的比較用語：1. As compared to2. By comparing3. Compared with4. in comparison5. in contrast6. likewise7. similarly8. whereas9. while三連詞：1. accordingly2. additionally3. also4. besides5. but6. furthermore7. however8. in addition9. moreover10. nevertheless11. on the contrary12. so13. therefore14. thus15. whats more16. yet17. despite18. in spite of19. otherwise20. instead of21. alternatively四歸納用語:1. above all2. all in all3. most importantly4. worst of all5. as a result6. briefly7. consequently8. eventually9. finally10. generally11. in conclusion12. in general13. in summary14. to end with15. to sum up16. in brief五表示順序用語：1.first / second / third/ fourth2.first of all3.firstly / secondly / thirdly/ fourthly4.for one thing / for another10.in the first / second / third place11.last / last of all12.last but not least13.lastly14.next15.on the one hand/ on the other hand16.then17.to conclude19.to end with20.to start with / to begin with六表示個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)用語：1.I think2.In my opinion,3.I personally think4.I am for the opinion that5.To my knowledge6.To my understanding7.As I see it,8.For my own part,9. My opinion is that10. As for me11. As far as I am concerned12. From where I stand13. I believe14. I consider15. I hold the opinion16. I maintain that17. Id like to point out that18. in my point of view19. My feeling is that20. personally I agree / disagree七表示理由用語：1. for the simple reason that2. As is the case3. As4. Because because of5. Due to6. Owing to7. Since8. Thats why9. The point is that10. The reason is that八預(yù)測用語：1. According to the estimate / prediction2. Base on the estimate / prediction3. I can foresee that4. In the long run,5. It can be imagined that6. It is assumed that7. It is estimated that8. It is expected that9. It is predicted that10. It is supposed to be4 針對有關(guān)話題持正、反論點(diǎn)的議論文范文對照Should Women be Regarded as Inferior to Men?(1)I never think that women should be treated as the second-class citizens. Observing objectively, youll find that women have succeeded in virtually any existing occupation you care to name: politicians, soldiers, doctors, university professors, lawyers, business executives, scientists and even presidents of countries. Todays intense competition in jobs is not only between men, but also between men and the weaker sex, who have often put men to shame in almost every field. Yet men refuse to acknowledge them and give women their due, and their attitude towards women becomes even more hostile. The only sound explanation for this is that men shun (回避，躲避) real competition-they are afraid of being beaten at the games that they consider to be their own. If there is anything that men are better than women, it is their physical strength. No other things that men claim to excel in are borne out by statistics. Physical strength excluded, the fact is that men and women are basically equal in all kinds of abilities except when it comes to language art and negotiation skills, at which women are better. You can be sure that if negotiation tasks were left to women who are gentler, more graceful and levelheaded, they would succeed brilliantly, where men have failed for centuries, and therefore war has been a frequent scene on this planet. Believe it or not, it is women who could turn those filthy and bloody battlefields into lands of joy. So some things are too important to be left to men! (252 words)(2)It sounds pretty ridiculous to claim that men and women are equal and have the same abilities. Men have excelled in every field of work. Plato, Freud, Beethoven, Einstein, Pavarotti and Li Ning are the names of great men in different fields, to name just a few. Can you effortlessly think up a womans name that can match those brilliant names? You may argue that you can name a dozen of great women athletes. Well, yes. However, they look great simply because they have never run or played against men. See what happens if you group men and women together in the same race. Women are justifiably called the weaker sex not only because they are physically weak, they are mentally fragile as well. They depend too little on cool reasoning and too much on intuition and instinct to arrive at decisions. Sometimes they are not even capable of thinking clearly. That is why they often gossip and chatter and scream whenever they talk, which men seldom do, and that is also why there are embarrassingly few women politicians in any country you can think of. Big decisions are always left for men to make, for th