動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)氣(陳述語(yǔ)氣與虛擬語(yǔ)氣、祈使語(yǔ)氣).doc

動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)氣-陳述語(yǔ)氣、祈使語(yǔ)氣與虛擬語(yǔ)氣語(yǔ)氣是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)說(shuō)話內(nèi)容的看法和態(tài)度。一、 語(yǔ)氣的種類1、 陳述語(yǔ)氣：表示說(shuō)話人認(rèn)為他說(shuō)的話是事實(shí) They went to visit the Great Wall Yesterday. He likes chemistry.What a clever boy he is!2、 祈使語(yǔ)氣：表示說(shuō)話人提出請(qǐng)求、命令、勸告、警告、號(hào)召等Dont leave todays work for tomorrow.Be more careful next time. Work hard and you will succeed.Be quick or youll be late. 3、虛擬語(yǔ)氣：表示說(shuō)話人認(rèn)為他所說(shuō)的話是和事實(shí)相反的主觀設(shè)想或主觀愿望。If I were you, I would study hard. I wish she had taken my advice. 試比較：I hope he comes to Beijing. (陳述語(yǔ)氣)我希望他能來(lái)北京。（很可能來(lái)）I wish he came to Beijing. (虛擬語(yǔ)氣)我真希望他能來(lái)北京。（不可能來(lái)，只是表示愿望）I suggest he come to Beijing. (虛擬語(yǔ)氣)我建議他來(lái)北京。（可能來(lái)也可能不來(lái)，只表示建議）If I am a president, I will make all the people rich.（陳述語(yǔ)氣，可能是候選人說(shuō)）If I were a president, I would make all the people rich.（虛擬語(yǔ)氣，可能是小學(xué)生說(shuō)）If I win the race, I will buy a car. （陳述語(yǔ)氣，得過(guò)第一名的人說(shuō)）If I won the race, I would buy a car. （虛擬語(yǔ)氣，最后一名說(shuō)）在陳述語(yǔ)氣中，主、從句時(shí)間一般要取得一致；而在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中，主、從句時(shí)間經(jīng)常不一致，不互相制約，因?yàn)楸硎驹竿⒓僭O(shè)等。如：If it rains tomorrow, I will not go out. （時(shí)間一致，都表示將來(lái)）如果明天下雨，我就不出門了。If it had rained last night, the ground would be wet now.（時(shí)間不一致，主句表示現(xiàn)在，從句表示過(guò)去） 如果昨晚下雨的話，現(xiàn)在地上就會(huì)是濕的。二、 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件句中的用法1、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在if條件句中的使用。（表示根本不存在的情況或?qū)崿F(xiàn)可能性很小的假設(shè)）1） 表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的情況if條件句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式（be用were）would / should / could / might +動(dòng)詞原形If the weather were fine, they would go for a swim. （would用于各種人稱）如果天氣好，他們就去游泳了。（事實(shí)天氣不好）If we had time now, we should/ would read it again. （should主要用于第一人稱）要是現(xiàn)在我們有空，我們就把它再看一遍。（事實(shí)我們現(xiàn)在沒(méi)空）If I were rich, I would buy that car.If I had a car , I should be very happy.If you took his advice, you might be well soon. (might表示“或許”、“可能”之意) 2）表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的情況if條件句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式had + 過(guò)去分詞would / should / could / might + have +過(guò)去分詞If I had taken his advice, I would not have made such a mistake. 如果我聽(tīng)了他的忠告，就不會(huì)犯這樣的錯(cuò)誤了。（事實(shí)上當(dāng)初我沒(méi)有聽(tīng)他的忠告）He wouldnt have been able to write such a good novel if he hadnt lived among the workers for so many years. 假如他不是和工人一起生活這么多年，他不可能寫出這樣好的小說(shuō)。（事實(shí)上當(dāng)時(shí)他和工人生活在一起了）If I had known her telephone number, I could have called her. （could表示“能夠”）If you had told him that thing yesterday, he might have made some suggestions.If I had had enough money, I should have bought that car.If he had hurried, he could have caught the train. 3) 表示與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的情況if條件句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式1、 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式（be用were）2、 should + 動(dòng)詞原形3、 were to + 動(dòng)詞原形would / should / could / might +動(dòng)詞原形If she should come, I would ask her for help. (“should+ 動(dòng)詞原形”表示對(duì)將來(lái)的極大懷疑，意思是“萬(wàn)一”，表示可能性極小。)萬(wàn)一她來(lái)的話，我就請(qǐng)她幫忙。（事實(shí)上她來(lái)的可能性很?。㊣f you should drop the glass, it would break. 杯子摔下來(lái)會(huì)打碎的。（事實(shí)上杯子沒(méi)有摔下來(lái)）If I were to go to abroad, I would go to America.If it should rain tomorrow, I might get lost. 注意如果說(shuō)話人認(rèn)為if條件句所表示的是事實(shí)（客觀存在的情況或?qū)崿F(xiàn)性很大的假設(shè)），全句就可以用陳述句語(yǔ)氣。 If you do it once more, you will do it better. 如果你再做一遍，你就會(huì)做得更好。（事實(shí)上完全可以再做一遍）4)混合虛擬語(yǔ)氣 有時(shí)從句和主句分別表示發(fā)生在不同時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，這時(shí)，動(dòng)詞的形式根據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間加以調(diào)整。 If he had followed the doctors advice, he would be quite all right now. 他當(dāng)時(shí)若是聽(tīng)從醫(yī)生的話，現(xiàn)在就會(huì)痊愈了。（從句說(shuō)明過(guò)去，主句說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在） If you were to master English, you should have worked hard. 如果你要掌握英語(yǔ)，你本來(lái)應(yīng)該下苦功的。（從句說(shuō)明將來(lái)，主句說(shuō)明過(guò)去） You could answer most of the questions now if you had reviewed the lesson last night. 如果你昨晚復(fù)習(xí)功課，現(xiàn)在你就能回答大部分問(wèn)題。 If he had died in the accident, he couldnt stand in front of you now. 如果他在那次事故中死去，他現(xiàn)在就不會(huì)站在你面前了。5）在if虛擬條件句句中，如果從句中含有should, had 或were，可以省去if，把should, had 或were移到主語(yǔ)之前。 Should it happen (=If it should happen), what would you do? 如果真發(fā)生這樣的事，你怎么辦呢？ Were I you (=If I were you), I would go. 如果我是你，我就去。 Had he recognized me (= If he had recognized me), he would have come over. 如果他認(rèn)出了我，早就走過(guò)來(lái)了。 Were I to go home (=If I were to go home), I would do a lot of homework. Had he hurried (=If he had hurried), he couldnt have been late for school. Should he fail(=If he should fail), he would leave school. I would have called you had I known your telephone number (=If I had known your telephone number) .6) If it were not for + 短語(yǔ). 和 If it had not been for + 短語(yǔ).也是一種條件虛擬語(yǔ)氣從句，意思是“如果不是”。 If it were not for the guidance of the Party Committee, we should fail. 如果不是黨委的指導(dǎo)，我們會(huì)失敗的。（現(xiàn)在情況） If it had not been for the help of our teacher, we should not have made so much progress. 如果不是老師的幫助，我們就不會(huì)取得這么大的進(jìn)步。（已發(fā)生的情況）2、 if only.與only if. 1) if only 作“只要”講，引出真實(shí)條件句，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用陳述語(yǔ)氣。 If only you work hard, youll learn English well. If only it clear up, well go for a picnic.2) if only 作“如果就好了”“要是就好了”講，引出虛擬條件句，用來(lái)表示強(qiáng)烈的愿望或遺憾，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。通常省略主句。 If only she had known where to find you! If only I could speak several foreign languages! If only I were you! If only I were a bird! If only you had known about it! If only the alarm clock had rung! If only I hadnt lost it! 要是沒(méi)丟掉它就好了！ 注意 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。 3）only if 表示“只有在情況下才能”，“只有在條件下才能”。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用陳述語(yǔ)氣。 I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有鬧鐘響了，我才會(huì)醒。 I told him he would succeed only if he tried hard. 注意 only if從句如果放在主句前，則主句用倒裝語(yǔ)序。Only if my teacher helps me can I succeed.三、 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在賓語(yǔ)從句中的用法1、 在動(dòng)詞一個(gè)堅(jiān)持寧愿慫恿打算安排（insist, prefer, urge, intend, arrange）；兩個(gè)命令（order, command）；四個(gè)建議（suggest, advise, propose, recommend）；五個(gè)要求（ask, require, request, demand, desire）等動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)從句，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用“（should）+ 動(dòng)詞原形”。She insisted that we (should) help her.He urged that we (should) leave.Tom ordered that all the people (should) go to the front.We suggest that the meeting (should) be put off.The chairman proposed that we (should) not discuss the question.I asked that he (should) come to my office.The workers demanded that their wages (should) be raised.I required that the work be done tomorrow.注意suggest作“表明、暗示”“認(rèn)為”講時(shí)，從句不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。Mr. Smiths oral English suggests that he is from Canada.Tom came home quickly, which suggested that she has passed the final exam.Are you suggesting that I am too old for the job. （認(rèn)為）I suggest that he is lying.insist 作“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為、堅(jiān)持說(shuō)”講時(shí)，后面跟一種事實(shí)或客觀情況，從句不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。He insisted that he had seen the film. (堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為)The young man insisted that he had done nothing wrong and be set free.表示此類動(dòng)詞相關(guān)內(nèi)容的從句（如主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句），也使用“（should）+ 動(dòng)詞原形”。It was suggested that we (should) put the match off.His suggestion was that we (should) put the match off.It is requested that Mr. Li (should) give a performance at the party.2、 動(dòng)詞wish 后的賓語(yǔ)從句必須用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。其結(jié)構(gòu)如下： 主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去式 （表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反）主語(yǔ)+wish+(that) + 主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去完成式或could have done （表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反） 主語(yǔ)+could / would /might+動(dòng)詞原形（表示將來(lái)不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望） I wish I were as strong as you. I wish I had never met him before. I wish I could help him. I wished that I had known that earlier. I wish now that I had known that yesterday I wish I could have gone to the movies with you last night. I wish you would go with us tomorrow.3、would rather/had rather/ would sooner(寧愿)+從句時(shí)，從句須用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。表示現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)，用一般過(guò)去時(shí) Id rather you came tomorrow.表示過(guò)去，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。 Id rather I hadnt done that.4、在“I am surprised /sorry + that從句”和“I regret + that從句” 時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用should，其中should不可省略，意思是“竟然”，表示說(shuō)話人的驚異、懊悔、失望等情感。須用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 I am surprised that he should have been so rude to you.四、 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在主語(yǔ)從句中的用法1、在“It is + adj. /n. + that 從句”中，that 從句常常用 “(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”。這些形容詞或名詞有：strange, surprising, amazing, astonishing, wrong, important, necessary, essential, natural, natural, possible, probable, ridiculous, desirable, advisable, preferable, urgent, insistent, better, funny, pitiful, eager(熱切的)，anxious（急切的），unthinkable(不可想象的) ， a pity, a shame, a thousand pities，no wonder, no right等。It is necessary that some immediate effort (should) be made. 必須立即采取行動(dòng)。It is necessary we (should) read English should every morning.It is important that the program (should) be loaded into computer. 把程序輸入計(jì)算機(jī)非常重要注意 在“It is strange (surprising, amazing, astonishing, wrong, a pity, a shame, a thousand pities) that從句”等結(jié)構(gòu)后的that 從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用should，其中should不可省略，意思是“竟然”，表示說(shuō)話人的驚異、懊悔、失望等情感。 It is quite wrong that the children should be given so much homework to do. It is a pity that Henry should be so careless. It is a shame that he should have done such a thing.2、在It is + 過(guò)去分詞 + that 從句”中，that 從句須用 “(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”。這些過(guò)去分詞有：一個(gè)堅(jiān)持寧愿慫恿打算安排（insist, prefer, urge, intend, arrange）；兩個(gè)命令（order, command）；四個(gè)建議（suggest, advise, propose, recommend）；五個(gè)要求（ask, require, request, demand, desire）等動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞。 It is desired that we (should) arrive there before dark. It was proposed that the matter (should) be discussed at the next meeting. It was arranged that the party should be conducted in English.五、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在表語(yǔ)從句中和同位語(yǔ)從句中的用法1、在insistence, order, command, advice, suggestion, proposal, recommendation, demand , desire, requirement, request, motion, plan, idea, decision等詞后的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”。 The demand is that we (should) work hard. （表語(yǔ)從句） The order is that the troops (should) withdraw at once. （表語(yǔ)從句） The requirement is that we (should) keep the rules. （表語(yǔ)從句） He gave me a suggestion that I (should) leave Chengdu for shanghai at once.（同位語(yǔ)從句） The professor gave orders that the test be finished before 5:30. （同位語(yǔ)從句） He made the request that the problem should be settled at once （同位語(yǔ)從句）2、as if / as though 引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句或方式狀語(yǔ)從句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容如果與事實(shí)情況相反或發(fā)生的可能性不大，則從句中需使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 如從句表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí) 如從句表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí) 如從句表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的可能性不大，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用would/ might/ could +動(dòng)詞原形 She looks as though she were sick. （表語(yǔ)從句） It looks as if it might rain. （表語(yǔ)從句） He looks as if he had just met a ghost. （表語(yǔ)從句） It seems as if it were winter already. （表語(yǔ)從句） He talks as if he knew all about it. (方式狀語(yǔ)從句) She acts as though she were an expert. (方式狀語(yǔ)從句) He remained calm as if nothing had happened. (方式狀語(yǔ)從句) He talks about pyramids as though he had seen them himself. (方式狀語(yǔ)從句) She looks after him as if he were her own child. (方式狀語(yǔ)從句) 但as if / as though后面的從句有時(shí)也可以用陳述語(yǔ)氣，表示從句中的情況往往是可能發(fā)生的。 It looks as if it is going to rain. It looks as if our side is going to win. He walks as if he is drunk. (= He is probably drunk) （真實(shí)情況） He walks as if he were drunk. ( but he is not drunk) （虛擬語(yǔ)氣）五、 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在狀語(yǔ)從句中的用法1、so that和in order that引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用“can/could/may/might/will/would 等+ 動(dòng)詞原形”。Ask her to hurry up with the letters so that I can sign them.I did this so that I might have a couple of weeks to prepare my paper.I have come all the way here in order that you should understand me.2、in case, for fear that 和lest引導(dǎo)的目的從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用“(should) +動(dòng)詞原形”。 She took her raincoat with her in case / for fear that / lest she (should) be caught in the rain. 她帶了雨衣，以免遭雨淋。 Remind me in case I (should) forget. We rushed out of the house lest it should collapse. Be quiet please in case you should wake the baby. He handled the computer carefully for fear that it should be damaged. 注意 in case 后也可用陳述語(yǔ)氣（即一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)）。Youd better take an umbrella in case it rains.3、even if / even though引導(dǎo)的.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，可用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 Even if he had much money now, he cant save his wifes life.六、 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在定語(yǔ)從句中的用法在“It is (high, about) time (that)從句”中從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)或“should+動(dòng)詞原形”。其中should不能省略。It is high time that we were off.It is time that we went to bed.It is time that somebody taught you to behave yourself.It is about time we should go to bed.七、 用在由某些介詞短語(yǔ)，連詞，副詞或上下文引起的含蓄條件句的主句中有時(shí)假設(shè)的情況并不以條件句表示出來(lái)，而是通過(guò)一個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)，連詞，副詞或上下文表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。這樣的詞常見(jiàn)的有：with, without, but for（要不是），but, in, under, or, or else, otherwise, in case of, what if, but that-clause等。But for your help we couldnt have succeed. 要不是你的幫助，我們是不會(huì)成功的。They wouldnt have reached the agreement so easily without that common ground. 沒(méi)有共同立場(chǎng)，他們是不會(huì)那么容易達(dá)成協(xié)議的。She wasnt feeling very well. Otherwise she wouldnt have left the meeting so early. 她感到不舒服，不然她不會(huì)那么早離開(kāi)會(huì)場(chǎng)的。I would do so in your place. 假如我處于你的位子，我會(huì)那樣做的。With better equipment, we could have done it better. But for her guidance, we should fail. （同現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反）But for her guidance, we should have failed. （同過(guò)去事實(shí)相反）I would have lost my head in that position.But that you had helped me, I would not have succeeded.Under the leadership of a less experienced person, the experiment would have failed.注意分詞短語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞不定式，名詞+and, 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)等都可以表示條件。 United, they wouldnt have been defeated. (分詞) Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. (分詞) It would be only partly right to answer in this way. (動(dòng)詞不定式) One step further and you would be head. (名詞+and) All things considered, the price would be reasonable. (獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu))十一、虛擬語(yǔ)氣常用于某些祝愿的句子中。Long live the people! 人民萬(wàn)歲！God bless you. 愿上帝保佑你。God save me.May you succeed! 祝你成功！May you be happy. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣練習(xí)題1. Mikes father, as well as his mother, insisted that he _ home.A. stayed B. could stay C. has stayed D. stay2. Mr. Smith insisted that he _ the work all by himself, but nobody believed him.A. had done B. have done C. did D. so3. Jane would never have gone to the party_ that Mary would come to see her.A. has she known B. had she knownC. if she know D. if she has known4. If you had enough money, what_?A. will you buy B. would you buyC. would you have bought D. will you have bought5. If you _ that late film last night, you wouldnt be so sleepy.A. didnt see B. havent seen C. wouldnt have seen D. hadnt seen6. Our monitor requested that _.A. all the class studied more carefully the problemB. the problem was more carefully studiedC. with great care the problem could be studiedD. all the class study the problem more carefully7. “Would you have called her up had it been possible?”“Yes, but I _busy doing my homework.”A. was B. were C. had been D. would be8. His tired face suggested that he _ really tired after the long walk.A. had been B. was C. be D. should be9. It is important that we _.A. shall close the window before we leaveB. will close the window before we leaveC. must close the window before we leaveD. close the window before we leave10. I didnt know his telephone number, otherwise I _ him.A. had telephoned B. would telephoneC. would have telephoned D. telephone11. How I wish I _ that to him last night!A. didnt say B. hadnt said C. wouldnt say D. couldnt say12. “ Why didnt you buy the book?”“ I _, but mother _ allow me.”A. would, didnt B. would have, didnt C. had had, wouldnt D. had bought, hadnt13. _I would go there myself.A. Were I you B. I were you C. If I had been you D. Had I been you14. “Do you mind if I leave the window open?”“Well, Id rather you _”A. dont B. didnt C. wont D. mustnt15. Its time that you_ the whole book.A. must go over B. can go over C. went over D. have gone over16. If only my grandpa _ this together with us now!A. had seen B. could see C. must see D. should see17. Our chairman hasnt come yet. If he _ on time, we would have to put off the meeting.A. should come B. would come C. shouldnt come D. doesnt come18. But for Mr. Dong, we _ such a happy life now.A. wouldnt be living B. wont be livingC. couldnt live D. are not able to19. If there were no homework to do, we should have _.A. much happier time B. a much happier timeC. a more happier time D. much happy time20. His new job required that he _ at the office before 7:00.A. be B. was C. is D. would be21. He remained very calm, otherwise he _. A. would be found out B. would have be found outC. would find out D. would have found out22. _ today, he would get to Beijing in three days.A. If he was leaving B. Were he to leaveC. If he leaves D. If he is leaving23. If Della hadnt sold her hair, she _ the gold watch chain for Jim.A. wouldnt buy B. would have boughtC. shouldnt have bought D. couldnt have bought24. If your uncle _ fixing the radio, he would have brought it back to you.A. was able to finish B. could finishC. had been able to finish D. would be able to finish25. “Im going to Paris for my holidays.”“I _ a good time.”A. hope you enjoy B. wish you will haveC. hope you will have D. wish you would have26. I wish I _busy yesterday and _ with the recorder.A. wasnt, could finish B. hadnt been, could finishC. hadnt been, could have finished D. wasnt, could have fini