地質(zhì)專業(yè)英語.docx

1我們研究地區(qū)位于距離重慶市大約60公里的一個叫做小張村的地方 Our study area is located in xiaozhang village , which is about 60 kilometers southwest from the chongqing city .2 關(guān)于海相中生代地層和火山作用的地址調(diào)查早在1959年就曾在該地進(jìn)行過Geological survey on Mesozoic marine strata and volcanism was conducted as in 1959.3 在這個地區(qū)，除了在小張村北面很小的一片地區(qū)侏羅系被白堊系玄武巖大量侵入以外，侏羅紀(jì)地層露頭幾乎是連續(xù)的。In this region, Jurassic strata is nearly continuous except that in local place of xiaozhang village the strata was intruded by massive cretaceous basalts .4 2005年夏季，在王教授的率領(lǐng)下，我們在這里進(jìn)行了為期30天的野外地質(zhì)工作。In the summer of 2005, led by prof , wang ,we carried out 30 days”field work .5昨天下午我們在教室里成功召開了關(guān)于如何組織下一次野外考察的會議。We successfully held the meeting on how to organize the next field survey yesterday afternoon .1 在所有的沉積層序的野外資料收集到之后，就要解釋這些資料。All field data of sedimentary successions have to be interpreted after collected .2 由于這種研究的目的是判斷沉積過程和當(dāng)時的環(huán)境，所以就要運(yùn)用所有的野外資料來確定層序中的沉積相。Since this study aims decide deposition process and environment , all field data have to be applied to determine the sedimentary facies of the succession .3 盡管近期研究中仍然存在一些不大的分歧，但是涉及古生代岡瓦納大陸的形態(tài)和構(gòu)造的觀點(diǎn)卻大致相同。Although there are still some small differences in recent research, the viewpoints as to the from and structure of the Gondwana continent in the paleozoic remain roughly same.4 板塊構(gòu)造理論被大多數(shù)地質(zhì)學(xué)家普遍接受，因?yàn)樗峁┝艘粋€可以解釋地球內(nèi)部運(yùn)動以及解釋許多似乎不相關(guān)的地質(zhì)現(xiàn)象之間的相互關(guān)系的綜合模式，The theory of plate tectonics is generally accepted by most geologists , because it offers an integrated model which can interpret the movements of earths interior and explain interactions of many seemingly irrelative geologic phenomena.5 2006年11月27日上午6點(diǎn)到11點(diǎn)，要求地質(zhì)系全體新生到古生物實(shí)驗(yàn)室參觀。All new students of department of geology , please visit the paleontology at 8am to 11am, November 27 ,2006.1 晚二疊世末期標(biāo)志著海退高峰期一直是大多數(shù)地質(zhì)學(xué)家接受的傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)Most geologists the traditional idea that the end of the late permian marks the peak of regression .2 許多地質(zhì)學(xué)家因此很自然地同意了他得觀點(diǎn)，即重要的環(huán)境變化分別是在晚二疊世末期和三疊紀(jì)早期。Therefore , many geologists naturally agreed to his viewpoint that the important environmental changes occurred in late permian and early Triassic, respectively.3 盡管張教授的論文中多次提及王教授在其他學(xué)科方面的研究，但是沒有一處提及他的大地構(gòu)造學(xué)說論點(diǎn)。Professor zhang didnt mention prof. Wangs geotectonic model at all ., although he repeatedly mentioned his work in other disciplines in his paper.4 讓我最感興趣的是一群中國古生物學(xué)家在煤山的同一著名剖面所做的工作。What interested me most was the work conducted by a group of chines paleontologists in the same famous section in Meishan.5生物與環(huán)境的相互關(guān)系為我們認(rèn)識地質(zhì)歷史中的生物圈演化提供了可能性。The interrelation between biology and environment provides possibility for understanding the evolution of the biosphere in the geological history.6 沒有足夠菊石資料的中生代地層的全球年代地層對比是難以被信賴的。Global chronostratigraphic correlation of Mesozoic strata is unreliable without sufficient data of ammonites.1至于東南亞的古地磁數(shù)據(jù)，由于年代控制很差，古生代的資料為有限，其結(jié)果也十分可疑；中生代的數(shù)據(jù)總體上雖然更加可以信賴，但是依然處于認(rèn)識階段。The paleomagnetic data of the Southeast Asia quite doubtable due to the poor geochronological constraint by the limited paleozoic data .Although the Mesozoic data may be relatively more reliable, it is still being investigated.2 這篇論文試圖在當(dāng)前獲知的地質(zhì)物理?xiàng)l件下評估這些地塊的起源以及它們在古生代和中生代運(yùn)移歷史的證據(jù)。This paper attempted to evaluate the origin of these blocks and evidences of their movements in the paleozoic and Mesozoic based on the currently available geological and geophysical conditions .3 基于最近該區(qū)古地磁的研究進(jìn)展，可以建立從三疊紀(jì)至白堊紀(jì)的古地磁地層學(xué)層序。Based on the recent progress of paleomagnetism in this area, the paleomagnetostratigraphic sequence from the Triassic to Cretaceous can be established .4 晚三疊紀(jì)末期，華南沿秦嶺合線和華北拼接，特提斯北支沿它的西部閉合，從而使脊椎動物可以在新生的東南亞和勞亞大陸之間進(jìn)行陸上交往。In the end of the Late Triassic, the South china Block collided with the North china Block along the Qinling suture zone , and the north branch of the Tethys collided along the western Qinling suture , therefore, the vertebrates were allowed to ashore exchange between the newborn Southeast Asia and Laurasia.5 數(shù)年前由于資料匱乏，對于地球和其他新球之間關(guān)系的研究了無成效There was no significant achievement on the relationship between the Earth and planets due to the lack of data several years ago .1 ，200多年以前，地質(zhì)學(xué)家得出結(jié)論，古代的玄武巖也是火山成因的。Geologists drew a conclusion two hundred years ago that ancient basalt was of volcanic origin.2 證明花崗巖是由炙熱的，熔融的物質(zhì)通過結(jié)晶作用形成的巖石可不容易。Its not easy to prove that granite is formed by hot and molten materials through crystallization .3因?yàn)槲覀円呀?jīng)得到的資料告訴我們直到地核界面的數(shù)千公里的地球都是固態(tài)的，所以我們必須拒絕那種陳舊的觀點(diǎn)，它認(rèn)為地球內(nèi)部全部都是熔融的。Available data suggest the Earth be solid from the surface to the core-mantle boundary,and it is against the old viewpoint that the interior of the Earth is almost molten .4 由此，無論古地磁和大地構(gòu)造學(xué)說能夠說什么，我的觀點(diǎn)是在晚三疊世至早侏羅世期間拉薩地塊之間的特提斯海從未像有些作者期盼的那樣遼闊。Therefore, no matter what suggested in paleomagnetism and geotectonics, I believe that Tethyan ocean between the Lhasa block and the Qingtang block from the Late Triassic to the Early Jurassic was never as vast as some authors suggested .1 大多數(shù)科學(xué)家認(rèn)為，均變論是研究地球歷史唯一可靠而合理的途徑。Most scientists hold that uniformitarianism is the only dependable and rational approach to a study of the history of the Earth.2 他注意到不同的組含有不同的化石，由此他 能通過這些化石的差別把一個組合另一個組區(qū)分開。He noticed that fossil content varied from formation to formation , and he could distinguish different formation by differences between these fossils .3 基巖通常隱伏在地表以下，也有許多的基巖是暴漏在外的，沒有被土壤和松散礫石覆蓋。Bedrocks are usually buried below the surface , while many are also exposed and uncovered by soil and loose gravel.4 北美非海相地層層序的世界性領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人物Paul Olsen 相信，他能依據(jù)孢粉確定三疊系、侏羅系Paul Olsen ; worldwide leader of nonmarine stratigraphic sequence of North America , believed that the Triassic and Jurassic could be delimited by sporopollen .5 這一點(diǎn)應(yīng)該是很明顯的，即海洋生物的大滅絕與海平面變化休戚與共 It is evident that the mass extinction of marine life is closely bound up to sea-level changes.6 居維葉是宗教人士，但他的災(zāi)變論和科學(xué)歷史理論并不是建立在超自然理論基礎(chǔ)上。Cuvier was a religious man , but his proposal of Catastrophism and his perspective of natural science were not based on supernaturalism.1 小規(guī)模可以觀察到暴風(fēng)雨時發(fā)生的侵蝕作用。Erosion can be observed during a storm in a small scale.2 尼亞加拉瀑布是一個為人熟知的列子，它一直被用于研究來了解河流的侵蝕速率。It is well know that the Niagara Falls have been used to study river erosion rate .3 除了海盜號著陸點(diǎn)緊鄰周邊地區(qū)外，火星地圖的繪制根本沒有進(jìn)行地面檢查。Mars is being mapped with no ground check ta all except for the area immediately surrounding the landing site of viking .4 即使巖石本身沒有變化，但隨著時間的推移，我們觀察它們的方式起了變化，因此我們繪制它們的方式也起了變化。Even though the rock themselves have not changed , the way we look at them , and therefore the way we map them , his changed over the years .1 通常的觀點(diǎn)把地球看做是靜態(tài)的，也就是不變的，而在地質(zhì)學(xué)家眼中，地球始終處在變化的過程中。The Earth is usually considered to be static and unchanged while geologists regard it as being constantly changing ,2 作用于地殼內(nèi)部的力能夠?qū)е麓蠓秶貐^(qū)變形。在某些情況下，有些場合區(qū)域性運(yùn)動只是簡單的上下位移，并不造成巖性組多大的變形。The force , acting upon the crust interior , can result in large-scale deformation . In some cases , regional movement involves only up and down displacement without much deformation. 3在大約250萬年的古生代末期，聯(lián)合大陸從地球的一端延伸到另一端。In late paleozoic (250 Myr ago) , the pangaea extended from one end to the other of the Earth.4 如何才能夠識別不復(fù)存在的古板塊的界線呢？How can we recognize the disappeared boundaries between ancient plates.英譯漢1 Star in universe may be classified according to size , color , composition , temperature , mutual relationships , or stages of evolutionary development .Obviously , a description of all these classifications is beyond the scope of the present discussion .宇宙中的恒星或許是根據(jù)其形狀、顏色、構(gòu)成、溫度、互相作用或階段性的演變發(fā)展。顯然，關(guān)于這所有分類的描述已超過了現(xiàn)在討論到范疇2 By measuring the optical spectra of distant galaxies , Edwin Hubble noted that the velocity a galaxy moves away from the Earth increases proportionally to its distance from the Earth.通過關(guān)于銀河系距離的光學(xué)光譜，哈勃注意到星體遠(yuǎn)離地球的速率與地球距離成比例3 Scientists believe that gravity , electromagnetic force , strong nuclear force and weak nuclear force are the Four Basic Forces of the universe.科學(xué)家認(rèn)為重力、電磁力、強(qiáng)作用力、弱作用力是宇宙中的4個基礎(chǔ)的力4 Further study of the currently found galaxy will provide astronomers with new insights into the early history of our own solar system.進(jìn)一步的研究，最近發(fā)現(xiàn)的星體將為天文學(xué)家提供一些關(guān)于太陽系早期歷史的新視角5 The Jovian planets are all large and have low mean densities , indicating they are compounds such as ammonia and methane .類木行星都很巨大并且平均密度低，表明它們是由一些很輕的氣體組成比如氫氣和氦氣，還有冰凍化合物比如氡和甲烷1 Changes of a radical or striking sort are usually indicative of major lapses of deposition and are of great importance in interpreting the local and regional history .這種根本的或顯著的改變方式通常象征沉積間斷和具有解釋當(dāng)?shù)氐暮蛥^(qū)域性沉積歷史的重要作用2 On the continental shelf sand may accumulate in the high-energy nearshore environment , while simultaneously mud and carbonate deposition take place in offshore low-energy environments . Deposition in each of these laterally adjacent environments yields a sedimentary facies ,a body of sediment with distinctive physical , chemical , and biological attributes .在大陸架上的沙體可能積累沉積于高能近岸的環(huán)境中，同沉積泥巖和碳酸鹽沉積物發(fā)生在遠(yuǎn)岸低能環(huán)境中。沉積物在每一個橫向相鄰的環(huán)境中形成一個沉積相，一個沉積體系擁有著與眾不同的物理、化學(xué)、生物的屬性3 When tracing rock units laterally , Walther reasoned that sedimentary facies deposited in laterally adjacent environments were also present in a vertical sequence, His observations have been formulated into Walthers law , which holds that the same facies following one another in a conformable vertical sequence will also replace one another laterally .當(dāng)在橫向上追蹤巖層時，沃爾特詳盡地敘述了一個沉積于橫向相鄰的沉積環(huán)境也存在于垂直序列的沉積相。他的觀察被歸納為沃爾特相律。相律所持的觀點(diǎn)垂向上有幾種沉積相相互出現(xiàn)的次序與它們在橫向上的相帶順序是一致的4 Geologists agree that uplift or subsidence of the continents , the amount of seawater frozen in glaciers , and rates of seafloor spreading are enough to cause marine transgressions and regressions .地質(zhì)學(xué)家同意大陸的抬升或沉降，大量的海水凍結(jié)成冰川和海底擴(kuò)張的速率是足以導(dǎo)致海侵或海退的5 As a result of the oceanographic research conducted in the 1950s, Harry Hess of the Princeton University proposed the theory of seafloor spreading in 1962 to account for continental movement.作為20世紀(jì)60年代開展的海洋學(xué)研究結(jié)果，普林斯頓大學(xué)的Harry Hess1962年提出的洋底擴(kuò)張理論對大陸漂移學(xué)說作出了解釋1 This book attempts to introduce professional and amateur paleontologists , and all those fascinated by evolutionary biology , to the aesthetic and scientific essence of the Chengjiang fossils.這本書試圖介紹給專業(yè)和業(yè)余的古生物學(xué)者和那些著迷于生物進(jìn)化的人去了解澄江化石群美學(xué)和科學(xué)的本質(zhì)2 Fossils are the remains or traces of prehistoric life that have been preserved in sedimentary rocks or stratified igneous rocks . In addition to their use in determining relative ages of strata , fossils are important in determining depositional environments .化石是史前生物的遺骸或遺跡，被保存在沉積巖或分層火成巖中，另外它們用來判斷地層的相對年齡，化石對于沉積環(huán)境也是重要的判別依據(jù)3 William Smith , an English civil engineer involved in surveying and building canals in southern England, independently recognized the principle f superposition, reasoning that the lowest fossils in a sequence of strata are oldest and those higher in the sequence are younger.威廉史密斯，一名參與過英格蘭南部運(yùn)河的勘測和建設(shè)的英國土木工程師。他獨(dú)立的驗(yàn)證了地層疊覆律，論證了在地層層序中最低部的化石是最老的層序上層的化石更年輕4 According to the principle of fossil succession, fossil assemblages succeed one another through time in a regular and determinable order根據(jù)化石層序律，化石組合以一定規(guī)律的和可決定的時間順序出現(xiàn)5 Alvarez racked his brain to figure out an explanation for the superhigh content of iridium between the Cretaceous and Paleocene limestones, and the only one that made sense was an impact by an asteroid about 10 km in diameter阿爾瓦雷斯絞盡腦汁終于想出了一個解釋白堊紀(jì)和古新世灰?guī)r中銥元素大量富集的原因，而唯一能解釋是這是由于它是被一個直徑為10千米的小行星所撞擊所導(dǎo)致的1 At numerous times in the geologic past, the Earths magnetic field has completely reversed.在過去很長的地質(zhì)歷史時期中，地磁場曾完全倒轉(zhuǎn)2 Magnetic survey of the oceanic crust revealed striped magnetic anomalies in the rocks that were both parallel to and symmetrical with the oceanic ridges.在洋殼磁性調(diào)查中顯示了巖石中的磁異常曲線沿大洋中脊平行，對稱分布3 The age of the worlds ocean basins established from magnetic anomalies demonstrates that the youngest oceanic crust is adjacent to the spreading ridges and that its age increase s away from the ridge axis世界上海洋盆地的年齡是通過磁異常來確定的，越年輕的洋殼越鄰近擴(kuò)張中脊，洋殼的年齡隨著距離洋中脊軸線距離的增大而變老4 When iron minerals are being deposited as particles, they fall into place like freely swinging compass needles aligned in the direction of the Earths magnetic field. This is called depositional remanent magnetism.當(dāng)鐵礦物作為顆粒沉積時，它沉積時就像羅盤指針隨地球磁場自由搖擺對齊。這種現(xiàn)象叫沉積剩磁5 Paleomagnetism is the remanent magnetism in ancient rocks recording the direction of the Earths magnetic poles at the time of the rocks formation古地磁學(xué)是在巖石形式過程中記錄的地球磁極方向在古巖石中的剩磁1 The mechanical force of a magma invading rocks leads to structural deformation, which alone can metamorphose rocks.巖漿侵入巖石的機(jī)械應(yīng)力導(dǎo)致結(jié)構(gòu)變形，這就能使巖石變質(zhì)2 I remembered having seen this geologic phenomenon somewhere else.我記得在另一個地方見到過這種地質(zhì)現(xiàn)象3 Some magma is erupted onto the surface as lava flows, and some is forcefully ejected into the atmosphere as particles known as pyroclastic materials.一些巖漿被噴發(fā)至表面作為熔巖流，還有一些被強(qiáng)有力地噴發(fā)至大氣中作為我們所知道的火山碎屑物原料的顆粒來源4 Although silica is the primary constituent of nearly all magmas, silica content varies and serves to distinguish 雖然二氧化硅是幾乎所有巖漿的主要組成部分，二氧化硅含量會有變化且有助于區(qū)分長英質(zhì)（65%二氧化硅），中性（53-60%二氧化硅），鎂鐵質(zhì)（45-53%二氧化硅）巖漿5 Metamorphism usually takes place beneath .變質(zhì)作用通常發(fā)生在地球表面之下，巖石遭受充分的熱量，壓力，流體活動改變了礦物的成分和（或）結(jié)構(gòu)1 The division of the geologic timescale .地質(zhì)年代的劃分分為紀(jì)、世、期，主要是基于化石記錄的變化；因此，它原本是一個相對的時間刻度2 Uniformitarianism is thus a powerful principle .均變論是一個允許我們使用現(xiàn)今的過程作為解釋過去和預(yù)測未來事件強(qiáng)有力的原則3 The Earths curst and upper mantle.地殼和上地幔的巖石圈，它被分解成一系列的板塊，發(fā)散，收斂，橫向滑動到另一個板塊上4 Although geologists can describe .盡管地質(zhì)學(xué)家可以描述和解釋在板塊邊界發(fā)生的事情，但仍有關(guān)于導(dǎo)致板塊運(yùn)動的可能驅(qū)動因素的爭論1 Visualizing the larger pattern of geologic .設(shè)想把大多數(shù)地質(zhì)關(guān)系和構(gòu)造大多數(shù)模式的圖件，與地質(zhì)學(xué)交叉部分結(jié)合在一起能幫助地質(zhì)研究者的想法并且能從圖件上達(dá)證明更多的細(xì)節(jié)和推理2 The geologic mapper strives to understand the composition.地質(zhì)圖旨在圖件上使用符號和顏色來描述觀察和解釋，努力去認(rèn)知地球表面及深處在地質(zhì)圖件上的文字和地質(zhì)細(xì)節(jié)的構(gòu)造3 The most notable mineral deposits .原生代最值得注意的礦物儲量是條帶狀鐵礦。盡管在太古代和原生代有一小部分被發(fā)現(xiàn)，但是92%的條帶狀鐵礦是在被存儲在晚原生代4 The key to any reconstruction of world .世界古地理的大陸經(jīng)緯度正確位置的重建的關(guān)鍵就和古大陸的相關(guān)性跟古北極的一樣1 Both compounds do not dissolve in water兩個化合物不溶于水 2 I couldnt agree you more 我非常同意你的觀點(diǎn)3 But for your help , we should not have finished work in time要不是你的幫助，我們就不能及時完成這項(xiàng)工作了。 4 I dont think it is beyond his power to fulfill this task 我覺得他有能力完成這個任務(wù) 5 His visit to London is a nothing but success 他的倫敦之行根本不成功6 Nothing his contributed more to the fall of nations than humankinds failure to cooperate with nature .沒有什么比人類與自然合作的失敗更能促進(jìn)國家的下降完型；1.THE- nature, breaks, moves down, is made up of, top, whose, erupts, every, which, pile, volcano2. FOR-eroded, downstream, bedded, grains, sedimentary, deposition, concrete, clay, pressure, evaporate3. PEKING-Excavated, vanished, mystery. Tension, break out, schemes, temporary, territory, alternative, however, granted, transferred, where, attacked, lost4. THE FIRST-Recorded, navigation, however, parallel, stable, interval, unfortunately, alter, various, extract, that, caused, where, dynamic, ranges5. A-Destructive, constantly, smaller, wind, pressure, consist, huge, categories, capable6. TWO-Contribute, proposed, accounted, perfect, species, contrast, gradual, present, beyond, addition7. GEOLOGIC-Distribution, locate, features. Striking, color, different, pale, information, basis, illustrate8. GEOLOGY STUDIES-Referred, comes, evolved, well, chemical, understand, predict, earthquakes, locate, requireSandstone 砂巖 limestone 灰?guī)r dolomite 白云巖 calcite 方解石 sedimentary 沉積巖soft sediment軟沉積 deposition 沉積作用 Sedimentary compaction 壓實(shí) explosion 大爆發(fā) strata 地層 stratigraphy地層學(xué) methane 甲烷Ammonia 氨thin section薄片rock巖石currently found galaxy 目前發(fā)現(xiàn)的星系solar system太陽系Lithostratigraphy 巖石地層biostratigraphy 生物地層學(xué) tectonostratigraphy 構(gòu)造地層學(xué)Depositional Gap 沉積間斷causes of Hiatus 地殼抬升 outcrop 露頭quarry 采石場Drilling Exploration 鉆探 fold 褶皺Drill