外文翻譯--帶高速攝影系統(tǒng)的汽車離合器旋轉(zhuǎn)破壞強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)機(jī)

附 錄 The Spin Tester for the Automobile Clutch Test with High Speed Photography System Abstract:The development of a new type spin tester for the automobile clutch test is introduced.A vertical flexible shaft system with rubber damper is applied to the tester.The crushing test of the clutch assembly can be done frequently on the spin tester,and the high speed photography system adopting ordinary camera can record the crushing wink.The crushing test of a clutch on this tester is also introduced.and the weak link of the clutch assembly can be found from the photograph of crushing wink. Key words:spin tester automobile clutch high speed photography Clutch by gland assembly and platen assembly which, in their rotation strength is the key parts of the quality evaluation car is an important index, rules and regulations should be acceleration in their state of the rotating speed is higher than speeding strength test to determine the safety and reliability of the clutch disc. For example, santana clutch disc assembly and driven plate total chengdu in ordinary temperature requirements in a = rad/s2 acceleration of 50 acc to 12 000 r/min, and platen assembly also requires in high temperature (250 ) at a = rad/s2 acceleration of 50 acc to 10 000 r/min without fracture. These tests require in the specialized testing machine. At present, the domestic is no clutch assembly strength test on the special equipment. This paper introduces the author developed a vertical multi-function of clutch rotating strength tester (see chart 1). It has a strong drive ability (1), can generate enough acceleration, the maximum weight 50 kg, with the highest speed 18 000 r/min, maximum acceleration 20 rad PI/s2 the clutch assembly strength test； (2) the strong vibration absorber system, to absorb the clutch assembly high speed rotating vibration energy； (3) the reliable and steady automation control system and absolute safety of lead brick protection recessed； (4) to observe the clutch assembly rotation experiment process and the rupture instantaneous state surveillance and high-speed photography system. To all sorts of clutch assembly, the machine can strength test, especially for high speed can be frequently do destructive testing, use convenient, safe and reliable. Figure 1 clutch rotating strength tester photos 1.The main structure characteristics 1.1 With rubber damping bearing on the flexible shaft type This kind of test enginery due to frequent, high-speed destructive testing, the host axis should be able to complete the clutch assembly rose quickly to the whole process of destruction, so we used on the vertical with rubber damper flexible shaft of 1, the structure see FIG. 2). Due to the vertical axis, one soft critical speed is low, order only 1800 to 2000 r/min or so, make whole high-speed area are on supercritical of smooth state. At the same time in soft shaft with a middle with O type of rubber ring damping bearing shaft system, when the critical speed or because the clutch assembly brought serious imbalance fierce, the vibration damping bearing can absorb vibration energy, attenuation shaft vibration 2, ensure the clutch assembly continue to rise until the complete destruction, ensure speed high-speed damage test. This structure is simple, easy to adjust, damping range. In order to prevent the clutch assembly damage time, great instantaneous vibration energy cause shaft and the lower the destruction of the transmission system, in the gentle shaft with a limit bearing, head to prevent soft shaft bending big and the bottom of the drive shaft damage components. Soft axis adopt plug-in installation, when the clutch assembly, the most serious destruction is replaced the soft shaft, head bent to the whole machine didnt have any effect, operation loading and unloading is very convenient, and ensure the tester can frequently in the clutch assembly destructive test. The vertical axis, facilitate on the cover from the Windows of the testing process and observe specimens of installation and removal. Figure 2 rubber damper with flexible shaft 1.2 The clutch assembly damage moments of high-speed photography system The clutch assembly by many parts assembly and become, the parts quality is directly related to the quality of the assembly. If can through the high-speed strength test find assembly parts the weak links, had better be to be in test chamber to take the parts assembly by deformation and destruction and yield spread to the whole process of, that will be very significant. Although currently not at a close range in advance, do not know when the clutch assembly of the damage happened produced high speed the whole process of destruction, but they can take to destroy the moment alone photos. Foreign is widely accepted in the specimen outside trigger coil rotor set, as the rotor fly crack, debris flying out of line, met trigger trigger circuit triggered by high speed camera shutter open, took a damage the image of the rotor moment. Obviously this design requirements must have taken the camera very high speed. For example the clutch assembly destruction speed than 10 000 r/min, the linear velocity in the 200 m/s above, if want to take clear debris flying out of the instantaneous movement condition when, captured fragments of the distance from the 2 mm moving images. So, the camera at least should have t = 2 mm / (200 m/s) = 1 x 10-5 s shooting speed, for ordinary camera it is clearly the deficits. In order to solve this problem, we developed a common cameras with the high-speed photography in the technology, with the clutch high-speed strength test machine, took the clutch assembly destruction of photographs. The moment The high-speed photography work principle of the system is shown in figure 3. The specific practices for ordinary camera, will cover the Windows in testing machine in the darkness of the test chamber outside, open shutter, in advance for shooting state. At the same time, add the rear cover outside the window between the two steel ball must high pressure of the capacitor voltage. When the clutch assembly, high speed rotating parts fly crack damage, cut off the assembly line, the periphery of the trigger that set up light source line work trigger pin, triggering a trigger pulse, so that the air between two steel ball, a steel ball capacitor in ionization produced strong, between discharge pulse light source, then the camera narrow photographic plate, get the clutch assembly destruction of photographs. The moment The technology of the method is simple, save expensive high-speed cameras, the shooting accuracy is high. Figure 3 high-speed photography system work principle diagram 2.Experimental study We in the testing machine to clutch cover plate assembly and made a large destructive testing. Now to the santana gland assembly damage test as an example. First, take the santana clutch cover assembly state of rest； Then, the gland assembly, and to destroy the damage process using high-speed photography system to shoot, have the following results: (1) santana clutch cover assembly in speed for 11 560 r/min, gland spring of fly out, cut off the trigger coil, took a high-speed photography photos (see chart 4), photos are the right off about 20 position on a spring of the flying out of the shadows. After parking the tray found not damage, but find spring of crack, the obvious skeleton spring of centrifugal force along the role in the first bending fly out broken. (2) this gland assembly continue to rise in speed for speed test, 14 010 r/min happened when the tray destruction, like on high-speed photography photos (see chart 5). Photos of the moment by damage, the whole clutch cover visible assembly gland produces serious warping deformation, radial on turn over the close (see photo) and cut off the trigger coil. As gland warping, clutch the tray imbalances fly crack damage. But did not see the gland cast iron rings (cover parts cant photographed) fly out of the shadow of the fracture. (3) from gland assembly destroyed the crack of photos skeleton (see figure 6) can see, gland serious warping deformation in spring of installation, the gaps, but pulled gland and without breaking into several pieces, although gland lower part of the cast iron ring has fractured into seven pieces, but found no gland inside surface, cast iron rings pieces the trace of the impact. The result shows the santana car clutch cover the failure process of the instantaneous assembly for local parts, (spring of) fly out-gland serious warping deformation, in local weak section and pulled in the bottom of the gland cast iron rings and the whole gland assembly fracture failure. This tester has been put into use of factory three years, because the function is all ready, performance stability, price cheap, and solve the clutch a lot of detection, the development, and the research question, is expected to replace the imported, application. Figure 4 gland assembly spring of fly out of the moment photos Figure 5 gland assembly moments of photos. Damage Figure 6 gland assembly after damage remains of the photo Reference 1 WuDaWen. O type rubber ring experimental study of the dynamic characteristics of the masters degree thesis: Masters degree thesis. Hangzhou, zhejiang university, 1998 2 QianLiXin. Ultra-high speed rotor test development speeding some issues of the study: Ph.D. Thesis. Hangzhou, zhejiang university, 1998 帶高速攝影系統(tǒng)的汽車離合器旋轉(zhuǎn)破壞強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)機(jī) 摘要 ： 提供了一種帶高速攝影系統(tǒng)的汽車離合器旋轉(zhuǎn)破壞強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)機(jī)，該機(jī)可以頻繁地做離合器總成的破壞性試驗(yàn)，并可拍攝到離合器總成破壞瞬間的獨(dú)幅照片，以利找出總成零件的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)。 關(guān)鍵詞： 旋轉(zhuǎn)破壞性試驗(yàn) 試驗(yàn)機(jī) 汽車離合器 高速攝影 汽車離合器由壓蓋總成和從動(dòng)盤總成組成，它們的旋轉(zhuǎn)強(qiáng)度是評(píng)價(jià)汽車關(guān)鍵零件質(zhì)量的重要指標(biāo)，規(guī)范規(guī)定它們都應(yīng)在加速度 狀態(tài)下進(jìn)行高于工作轉(zhuǎn)速的超速強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)，以確定離合器盤的安全性和可靠性。例如，桑塔納轎車的離合器壓盤總成與從動(dòng)盤總成都要求在常溫下以 a=50 rad/s2的加速度升速至 12 000 r/min,而從動(dòng)盤總成還要求在高溫 (250) 下以 a=50 rad/s2的加速度升速至 10 000 r/min而不發(fā)生破裂。這些試驗(yàn)都要求在專門的試驗(yàn)機(jī)上進(jìn)行。 目前，國內(nèi)尚缺少進(jìn)行汽車離合器總成強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)的專用設(shè)備。本文介紹筆者研制的一種立式多功能的汽車離合器旋轉(zhuǎn)強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)機(jī) (見圖 1)。它具有 較強(qiáng)的驅(qū)動(dòng)能力，可產(chǎn)生足夠大的加 速度，進(jìn)行最大重量 50 kg、最高轉(zhuǎn)速 18 000 r/min、最大加速度 20 rad/s 2的離合器總成強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)； 強(qiáng)大的減振系統(tǒng)，以吸收離合器總成高速旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)的振動(dòng)能量； 可靠而平穩(wěn)的自控系統(tǒng)和絕對(duì)安全的鉛磚防護(hù)腔體； 可供觀察離合器總成旋轉(zhuǎn)試驗(yàn)過程和破裂瞬時(shí)狀態(tài)的監(jiān)視與高速攝影系統(tǒng)。對(duì)各種汽車離合器總成，該機(jī)可進(jìn)行高速強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)，尤其可頻繁地做破壞性試驗(yàn)，使用方便、安全可靠。 圖 1 汽車離合器旋轉(zhuǎn)強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)機(jī)照片 1.主要結(jié)構(gòu)特色 1.1 帶橡膠阻尼支承的上托式柔性軸系 這類試驗(yàn)機(jī)由于要頻繁地進(jìn)行高速破壞性試驗(yàn)，主機(jī)軸系應(yīng)能順利完成離合器總成升速至破壞的全過程，因此我們采用立式上托的帶橡膠阻尼器的柔性軸系 1 ，其結(jié)構(gòu)見圖 2。由于采用立式柔軸，其一階臨界轉(zhuǎn)速很低，只有 1800 2000 r/min左右，使整個(gè)高速區(qū)域均處在超臨界的平穩(wěn) 狀態(tài)。同時(shí)在柔軸中間設(shè)有一個(gè)用 “O” 型橡膠圈組成的阻尼支承，當(dāng)軸系通過臨界轉(zhuǎn)速或者由于離合器總成發(fā)生嚴(yán)重失衡帶來激烈振動(dòng)時(shí)，該阻尼支承能吸收振動(dòng)能量，衰減軸系振動(dòng) 2 ，確保離合器總成繼續(xù)升速直至破壞，保證完成高速破壞試驗(yàn)。此結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、容易調(diào)整、減振范圍大。為了防止離合器總成破壞時(shí)刻，巨大的瞬時(shí)振動(dòng)能量造成下部軸系和傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的破壞，在柔軸頭部設(shè)有一限位支座，防止柔軸彎曲變形過大而破壞軸系下部的傳動(dòng)部件。柔軸采用插入式安裝，當(dāng)離合器總成破壞嚴(yán)重時(shí)，最多是更換頭部彎曲的柔軸，對(duì)整個(gè)機(jī)器沒有任何影響，操作裝卸十分 方便，從而保證了該試驗(yàn)機(jī)可以頻繁地進(jìn)行離合器總成的破壞性試驗(yàn)。采用立式上托軸系，便于從頂蓋視窗觀察試驗(yàn)過程以及試件的安裝與拆卸。 圖 2 帶橡膠阻尼器的柔性軸系 1.2 離合器總成破壞瞬間的高速攝影系統(tǒng) 離合器總成由許多零件組裝而成， 各零件質(zhì)量的好壞直接關(guān)系到總成的質(zhì)量。若能通過高速強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)找出總成零件的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，最好是在試驗(yàn)腔內(nèi)拍攝到總成各零件由變形 屈服 散架 破壞的全過程，那將是十分有意義的。雖然目前無法在近距離內(nèi)，在事先不知道離合器總成何時(shí)發(fā)生破壞的情況下拍攝高速破壞的全過程，然而卻可以拍攝到破壞瞬間的獨(dú)幅照片。 國外普遍采用的是在試件轉(zhuǎn)子外設(shè)置觸發(fā)線圈，當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)子飛裂時(shí)，碎片飛出碰到觸發(fā)線，由觸發(fā)電路觸發(fā)高速照相機(jī)打開快門，拍下轉(zhuǎn)子破壞瞬間的形象。顯然這種設(shè)計(jì)要求照相機(jī)必須有很高的拍攝速度。例如離合器總成的破壞轉(zhuǎn)速多大于 10 000 r/min，其線速度在 200 m/s以上，若要拍攝清楚碎片飛出時(shí)的瞬時(shí)運(yùn)動(dòng)狀況，捕捉到碎片移動(dòng)