chapter 3 Morphology 英語專業(yè)語言學(xué)PPT.pptVIP

chapter3morphology形態(tài)學(xué) morphologyisthebranchofgrammarthatstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesofwordformation morphologyfallsintotwocategories inflectionalmorphology studyofinflections andlexical derivationalmorphology studyofwordformation basicunitsofmeaning morphemes形位wordswordgroupsclausessentences words vocabulary alistofwordsforalanguage lexicology 詞典學(xué) subdisciplineofsemanticsthatinvestigatesanddescribesthestructureofthevocabularyofalanguage lexicon 某語言或?qū)W科 某人或群體使用的 全部詞匯 alistofwordsforalanguage itsmorphological forms andsemantic meanings aspects definitionsofword awordisaunitofexpressionwhichhasuniversalintuitiverecognitionbynativespeakers whetheritisexpressedinspokenorwrittenform threemainsensesof word areusuallydistinguished thoughterminologyvaries threemainsensesof word 1 1 aphysicallydefinableunit aseriesofsoundsegmentsorlettersbetweentwopausesorblanks 形體可定義的單元 phonological theyarefriends orthographic they refriends threemainsensesof word 2 2 thecommonfactorunderlyingasetofforms 隱含于一組詞形中的共同因素 whichareplainlyvariantsofthesameunit suchaswalk walks walking walked theunderlyingunitisoftenreferredtoasalexeme詞位 whichisaunitofvocabulary anitemlistedinadictionary alexicalitem threemainsensesof word 2 add lexeme 詞位 inordertoreducetheambiguityofthetermword thetermlexemeisusedbysomelinguiststorefertotheminimaldistinctiveunitinthesemanticsystemofalanguage thelexemeisthuspostulatedastheabstractunitunderlyingsuchsetsofgrammaticalvariantsaswalk walks walking walked orbig bigger biggest idiomaticphrases bythisdefinition arealsoconsideredlexemes e g kickthebucket die lexemesaretheunitswhichareconventionallylistedindictionariesasseparateentries threemainsensesof word 3 3 agrammaticalunit 一個(gè)語法單位 intermsoflexicogrammar詞法學(xué) wordisalevelbetweenmorphemeandwordgroupinthehierarchyofgrammaticalunits whichrisesfrommorphemeatthebottomuptothesentenceatthetop sentence clause wordgroup phrase word morpheme theidentificationofwords besidesthethreesensesof word thereareotherfactorswhichhelpustoidentifywords 1 stability 穩(wěn)定性 wordsarethemoststableofalllinguisticunits inrespectoftheirinternalstructure theidentificationofwords 2 relativeuninterruptibility 相對(duì)的不可隔斷性 newelementsarenottobeinsertedintoawordevenwhenthereareseveralpartsintheword i e outlaws touch me not 3 aminimumfreeform awordisthesmallestunitwhichcanconstitute byitself acompleteutterance themorphemeistheminimaldistinctiveunitofmeaning thesmallestunitintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent aunitwhichcannotbedividedwithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning whetheritislexicalorgrammatical morpheme1形位 詞素p 52 morpheme2 asinglewordmaybecomposedofoneormorethanonemorphemes grammaticalitygramma r tical ityungentlemanlinessun gentle man li nessmodernisationsmodern is e ation sbabysittingbaby sit t ingdisinteresteddis interest ed freeandboundmorphemes52 freemorphemes 自由形位 canstandalone freemorphemesaresingle morphemewordsorrootsofwords suchas friend stop 山 水 人 boundmorphemes 依附形位 粘著語素 附加語素 cannotstandalone theyareaffixestobeaddedtothestemsformedbyrootstoconstructwords e g s ed ing er 阿姐 木頭 初一 freerootandboundroot1 arootisthebaseformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity itmaybeafreemorphemeaswellasaboundone whentherootofthewordisafreemorpheme wesaythewordhasafreeroot suchase g hopeful interpersonalwhenitisaboundmorpheme wesaythewordhasaboundroot suchase g precede receive submit retain recur freerootandboundroot2 rootsareusuallyfreeinenglish buttherearealsoafewboundones oflatinandgreekorigin pel compel dispel expel propel repel ceive receive perceive conceive tain retain maintain contain vert convert divert invert someverbsandnounsinenglishthathaveirregularformsmayhavebothboundandfreeroots sleep sli p slept slep t sli p and slep beingallomorphs derivationalandinflectionalmorphemes p 55 somederivationalmorphemeschangethegrammaticalcategoryofwords orgrammaticalclassofwords andothersdon t 一些派生詞素可以改變?cè)~性 e g educatev ioneducationn sufficientadj insufficient physic醫(yī)術(shù) physiciann inflectionalmorphemescannotchangethegrammaticalcategoryofwords 曲折詞素不改變?cè)~性 theyshowaspectsofthegrammaticalfunctionofaword e g happyhappier wordclasses partsofspeech openclasses membershipindefiniteorunlimited noun adjective fullverb adverbclosedclasses membershipfixedorlimited preposition pronoun determiner conjunction modalverb primaryverb do have be additionalclassesnumeral interjection root stemandbase add arootisthebaseformofawordthatcannotfurtherbeanalysed base issometimesusedintheplaceof root toindicatethesamething astemisamorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichanaffixcanbeadded rootsandstems add de centr e al iz e ed affixrootaffixaffixaffix stem stem stem stem stem girlfriend s rootrootaffix decentralized girlfriends root affixandstem arootisthebaseformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity itmaybeafreemorphemeoraboundone affixcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme therootorstem affixesbelongtothetypeofboundmorphemes root affixandstem affixesaregenerallyclassifiedintothreesubtypes prefix suffixandinfix accordingtotheirpositionwithreferencetotherootorstemoftheword affixesmayalsobedividedintoinflectionalandderivationaltypes astemisanymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichanaffixcanbeadded 1 morphemescanberepresentedintermsofmorphemicshapes forexample wecansaythewordmapscontainstwomorphemes themorphememapandthemorpheme s expressingpluriality transcriptionofmorphemes transcriptionofmorphemes morphemescanalsobetalkedaboutintermsofphoneticforms forexample wecansaytheword m ps containstwomorphemes themorpheme m p andthemorpheme s expressingpluriality morpheme morphandallomorphp 56 morphemes 形位 areabstractunits whicharerealisedinparticularcontextsbyspecificforms knownasmorphs 語素 thevariantformsofamorphemethatappearindifferentcontextsarecalledtheallomorphs 變素 詞素 詞形變體 ofthemorpheme ormorphemeal ternants somemorphemeshavemorethanoneallomorph butsomehaveonlyoneforminallcontexts 形位 語素 變素 在不同的音位 語音和文字組合中 形位morpheme可以兌現(xiàn)成相應(yīng)的語素morph 或者可以有一個(gè)以上的變素 如果一個(gè)形位在不同的局部語境中可以兌現(xiàn)成一個(gè)以上的語素 這些語素就是變素allomorph allomorphs anallomorphisphonologicallyconditionedwhenitsformisdependentontheneighbouringphonemes itislexicallyconditionedwhenitsformisanarbitrarypartofanothervocabularyitem allomorphsinenglish themorpheme plural inenglishisrealisedbyatleast7differentallomorphs plural s z iz a n i theallomorphs s z and iz arephonologicallyconditioned theothersarelexicallyconditioned allomorphsinenglishp 56 plurality s z iz ai i n past t d id negativeprefix il in im ir freevariationandcomplementarydistribution thepluralofthewordformula isformedeitherbychangingthefinalvowelto i asinformulaeoradding z asinformulas thetwomorphs i and z areinfreevariation freevariationandcomplementarydistribution z s and iz areincomplementarydistributionbecause z onlyoccursaftervoicedphonemesexceptsibilants s onlyoccursaftervoicelessphonemesexceptsibilants iz onlyoccursaftersibilants咝音 questions1 definethetermsandillustratewithappropriateexamples freemorpheme boundmorphememorph allomorph root stemderivationalmorphemes inflectionalmorpheme questions2 basedonyourunderstandingofmorphology pleasemakesomecommentonbloomfield sdefinitionofaword aword then isafreeformwhichdoesnotconsistentirelyof2ormorelesserforms inbrief awordisaminimumfreeform wordformationp 57 1 compounding合成法lookers on2 derivation派生法sadsadness3 conversion轉(zhuǎn)化法guess aguess4 backformation逆生法donation donate5 clipping shortening abbreviation縮略法 demonstration demo6 blending拼綴法brunch breakfast lunch7 acronym 首字母拼音詞apec8 intialism首字母縮略詞gps9 borrowing借詞法kungfu compounding whentwowordsareinthesamegrammaticalcategory thecompoundwilloftenbeinthiscategory e g ice creamwhentheyarenot theclassofthesecondorfinalwordwilldecidethegrammaticalcategory e g greenhousecompoundsoftenhavedifferentstresspatternsfromthenon compoundedwordsequence e g redcoat breakupwordsintoseparatemorphemesandexplainthemintermsoffree boundmorpheme stem free boundroot