機(jī)床刀具設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯@中英文翻譯@外文翻譯

英語原文： Design Of Tool Machine Prop Research significance The original knife machine control procedures are designed individually, not used tool management system, features a single comparison, the knife only has to find the tool knife, knife positioning the shortest path, axis tool change, but does not support large-scale tool. Automatic knife in the knife election, in the computer memory knife-election on the basis of using the Siemens 840 D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use the knife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of the knife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be very beneficial, it is easy to use its other machine. Automatic tool change systems will be faster growth, reduced tool change time, increase the positioning accuracy tool is an important means to help NC technology development. Tool and inventory components of modern production is an important link in the management, especially for large workshop management. The traditional way of account management, and low efficiency, high error rate, and not sharing information and data, tools and the use of state can not track the life cycle, are unable to meet the current information management needs. With actual production, we have to establish a workshop tool for the three-dimensional tool storage system to meet the knife workshop with auxiliary storage and management needs. The system uses optimization technology, a large number of computer storage inventory information, timely, accurate, and comprehensive tool to reflect the inventory situation. The entire system uses a graphical interface, man-machine dialogue tips from the Chinese menu, select various functions can be realized and the importation of all kinds of information. Management system using online help function. Through the workshop management, network management and sharing of information. Have automated inventory management, warehousing management tool, a tool for the management and statistical functions. 1.System components and control structure The entire system, including the structure and electrical machinery control systems. 1.1.1Mechanical structure and working principle Tool from the stent, drive, drive system, Turret, shielding, control system, and electrical components. Support from the column, beam, the upper and lower guide Central track, and track support component. 1) Drive for the system chosen VVVF method. Cone used brake motors, with VVVF by Cycloid reducer through sprocket drive. 2) Drag a variable frequency drive system and control technology. VVVF adopted, will speed drive shaft in the normal range adjustment to control the speed rotary turret to 5 30mm in, the drive shaft into two, two under through sprocket, the two profiled rollers Chain driven rotating shelves. Expansion chain adopted by the thread tight regulation swelling, swelling the regular way. - Conditioned, under the same chain-of-conditioning, so that the chain of uniform. 3) Turret and shields the entire total of 14 independent Turret. 13 of them as a socket-Turret, as a drawer-Turret, each Turret back through the pin and, under the conveyor chain link chain plate, installed at the bottom roller, chain driven rotating turret rotation along the track. Outlet-Turret and BT50-BT40 Turret Turret two kinds of forms. To strengthen management, security, landscaping modeling, shelf peripherals and shields. Turret-drawer drawer placed at six other Des Voeux a knife, can be categorized with some of knife auxiliary equipment, such as bits, such as turning tools. 1.1.2.Electrical Control System This tool storage systems is the main electrical control their shelves for operational control and position control. Operational control equipment, including operation of the start of braking control. Position Control is the main location and address of the shelves for testing. Control system as shown in Figure 1. 圖 1 Tool Control System for the 1) Electric Transmission horizontal rotary tool storage systems are the mechanical movements are repeated short-term work system. And the run-time system needs some speed, speed transmission needs, the system will use VVVF method can be used simple structure, reliable operation of the motor and frequency inverter. 2) Control of the system is divided into two kinds of manual control and automatic control, manual control as a general reserve and debugging methods of work； ways to the system control computer (IPC) and the control unit (inverter contactor , etc.) consisting of a control system. 3) location and positioning accuracy of the system automatically identify the site and location using a detection device as proximity switches, relays through the plate-point isolation and the number plate recorded close to the switching signal acquisition and operation of Hutchison with a Optimal Path addressable identify the current location and shelves of the purpose of the shelf location. In order to enable a more accurate positioning system, adopted two photoelectric switches, to detect the two shelves of the two films. 1.2.The functions of the knife knife The is the role of reserves a certain number of tools, machine tool spindle in hand to achieve the fungibility a disc cutter knife is the type of library, the chain knives, and other means, in the form of the knife and capacity according to the Machine Tool to determine the scope of the process. 1.3.Common types The knife is a tool storage devices, the common knife mainly in the following forms: (1) the turret knife Including the first level turret vertical turret and the first two, see Figure 2.6 a) and b): (2) the disc cutter Disc knife in the library with discoid knife, cutting tool along See how vertical arrangement (including radial and axial from knife from knife), along See how radial array into acute or arranged in the form of the knife. Simple, compact, more applications, but are ring-cutter, low utilization of space. Figure 2.7 a) to c). If the knife storage capacity must be increased to increase the diameter of the knife, then the moment of inertia also increased correspondingly, the election campaign long knife. Tool number not more than 32 general. Cutter was multi-loop order of the space utilization knife, but inevitably given the knife from complex institutions, applicable to the restricted space Machine Tool storage capacity and more occasions. Two-disc structure is two smaller capacity knife on both sides of the sub-spindle place, more compact layout, the number of certificates corresponding increase knife, apply to small and medium-sized processing center. (3) the chain knife Including single-and multi-ring chain ring chain, chain link can take many forms change, see Figure 2.8 a) to c), the basic structure shown in Figure 2. 8 do Features: knife apply to the larger capacity of the occasion, the space of the small number of generally applicable to the tool in the 30-120. Only increase the length of the chain tool will increase the number should not be increased circumferential speed of its moment of inertia of the knife does not increase the disc as large. (4) linear combination knife and the knife library The linear knife simple structure in Figure 2.9, tool single order, the capacity of small knife, used for CNC lathe and drill press on. Because the location of fixed knife, ATC completed action by the spindle without manipulator. The cutter knife is generally the turret combination turret with a combination of the disc cutter knife and the chain combination. Every single knife the knife certificates of smaller, faster tool change. There are also some intensive drum wheel, and the lattice-type magazine for the knife, the knife-intensive though. Small footprint, but because of structural constraints, basically not used for single processing center, the concentration used for FMS for the knife system. 1.4 Tool storage capacity Tool storage capacity of the first to consider the needs of processing, from the use of point of view, generally 10 to 40 knives, knife will be the utilization of the high, and the structure is compact. 1.5 Tool options (1) choose to order processing tool according to the order, followed Add to the knife every knife in the Block. Each tool change, the order of rotation of a cutter knife on location, and remove the need knives, has been used by the cutter knife can be returned to the original Block, can also order Add Block, a knife. However, as the knife in the tool in different processes can not be repeated use of the knife must increase the capacity and lower utilization rate. (2) most of the arbitrary choice of the current system of using arbitrary NC election knives, divided into Daotao coding, coding and memory-cutter, three. Daotao coding tool code or knives or Daotao need to install the code used to identify, in accordance with the general principle of binary coding coding. Tool knife election coding method uses a special knife handle structure, and each of the coding tool. Each of the tool has its own code, thereby cutting tool can be in different processes repeatedly used, not to replace the tool back at the original knife, the knife capacity can be reduced accordingly. Memory-election this paper knife, in this way can knives and knife in the position corresponding to the Daotao memory of the PLC in the NC system, no matter which tool on the Inner knife, tool information is always there in mind, PLC . On the knife with position detection devices, will be the location of each Daotao. This tool can be removed and sent back to arbitrary. On the knife is also a mechanical origin, every election, the nearest knife selection. 1.6. Control of the knife (1) the knife as a system to control the positioning axis. In the ladder diagram in accordance with the instructions for computing T code comparison of the output angle and speed of instructions to the knife the knife servo drive servo motor. Tool storage capacity, rotation speed, and / deceleration time, and other system parameters can be set in such a manner free from any outside influence positioning accurate and reliable but the cost is higher. (2) knife from the hydraulic motor drives, fast / slow the points, with proximity switches count and positioning. In comparison ladder diagram of the current storage system knife (knife spindle) and goals knife (pre-knife) and computing, then output rotation instructions, judging by the shortest path rotation in place. This approach requires sufficient hydraulic power and electromagnetic valve knife the rotational speed can be adjusted through the throttle. But over time may be oily hydraulic, oil temperature and environmental factors impact the change in velocity and accuracy. Not generally used in large and medium-sized machine tool change frequently. (3) the knife from AC asynchronous motor driven cam mechanism (Markov institutions), with proximity switches count, which means stable operation, and generally accurate and reliable positioning cam used in conjunction with a mechanical hand, ATC fast-positioning. 2. ATC, the main types, characteristics, and the scope of application 2.1 Auto Rotary Tool Rotary Tool automatically on the use of CNC machine tool is a simple installation of automatic tool change, the Quartet and 47.60 Turret Tool various forms, such as rotary turret were installed on four, six or more of the Tool , NC instructions by ATC. Rotary Tool has two vertical and horizontal, relatively simple structure, applicable to economic CNC lathe. Rotary Tool in the structure must have good strength and stiffness, resistance to bear rough Cutting Tool in the cutting force and reduce the role of deformation and improve processing accuracy. Rotating Tool to choose reliable positioning programme structure and reasonable position, in order to ensure that each rotary turret to a higher position after repeated positioning accuracy (typically 0.001 to 0.005mm). Figure 2.1 shows the spiral movements of the Quartet Turret. Auto Rotary Tool in the simplest of ATC, is 180 rotary ATC devices, as shown in Figure 2.2 ATC instructions received, the machine control system put ATC spindle control to the designated location at the same time, the tool movement to the appropriate location, ATC, with the rotary axis and at the same time, the knives matching tool； drawbars from Spindle Cutting Tools rip, ATC, will be the tool from their position removed； ATC, 180 rotary tool spindle and the tool and tool away； ATC, the Rotary At the same time, the tool refocusing its position to accept Spindle removed from the cutting tool； Next, ATC, will be replaced with the cutter knives were unloaded into the spindle and tool: Finally, back to the original ATC, standby position. At this point, ATC completed procedures to continue to run. This ATC, the main advantage of simple structure, the less movement, fast tool change. The main disadvantage is that knives must be kept in parallel with the axis of the plane, and after the home side compared to the tool, chip and liquid-cutting knife into the folder, it is necessary to the tool plus protection. Cone knife folder on the chip will cause ATC error, or even damage knife folders, and the possibility of spindle. Some processing centre at the transfer, and the tool side. When the ATC command is called, the transfer-cutter knives will be removed, the machine go forward, and positioning with the ATC, in line with the position. 180 Rotary ATC devices can be used horizontal machine, can also be used for vertical machining centers. 2. 2 ATC head-turret installed With rotating CNC machine tool often used such ATC devices, with a few turret head spindle, each with a spindle on both knives, the first tower interim process can be automatic tool change-realization. The advantage is simple structure, tool change time is short, only about 2 s. However, due to spatial constraints, the number of spindle can not be too much, usually only apply to processes less, not to high precision machine tools, such as the NC drill, such as CNC milling machine. In recent years there has been a mechanical hand and the turret head with a knife for the automatic tool change ATC devices, as shown in Figure 2.3. It is in fact a turret head ATC, and the knife-ATC device combination. The principle is as follows: 5 turret on the first two tool spindle 3 and 4, when using the tool spindle 4 processing tool, the manipulator 2 will be the next step to the need for the tool does not work on the tool spindle 3 until after the completion of this process , the first rotary turret 180 , ATC completed. ATC most of their time and processing time coincidence, the only real tool change time turret transposition of the first time, this approach mainly used for ATC and NC NC drilling file bed. 2. 3.Daidao system for the automatic tool change Figure 2.4 shows the knife and the whole machine tool CNC machine tools for the appearance of Fig. Figure 2.5 shows the knife and split-type machine to the appearance of CNC machine tool plans. At this point, knife storage capacity, a heavier tool can, and often additional transport unit to complete the knife between the spindle and cutting tool transport. Daidao the knife from the ATC, the election knives, automatic loading and unloading machine tool and tool exchange institutions (manipulator), composed of four parts, used widely. Tool Automatic Tool Change the manipulator system, the whole process more complicated ATC. We must first used in the processing of all installed in the standard tool on the knife handle in the machine outside the pre-size, according to a certain way Add to the knife. ATC, selected first in the knife knife, and then from ATC, from the knife from the knife or spindle, exchange, the new knife into the spindle, the old knife back into the knife. ATC, as the former two knives to accommodate a limited number can not be too many, can not meet the needs of complex parts machining, CNC machine tool Automatic Tool Change Daidao the use of the automatic tool change devices. The knife has more capacity, both installed in the spindle box side or above. As for the automatic tool change Daidao device CNC machine tool spindle box only a spindle, spindle components to high stiffness to meet the machining requirements. The number of establishments in larger knife, which can meet the more complex parts of the machining processes, significantly improving productivity. Daidao system for the automatic tool change applied to drilling centres and CNC machining centers. The comparison drawn Daidao automatic tool change system is the most promising. 3.PLC control of the knife random mode of election 3. 1Common methods of automatic election knife Automatic control of the knife CNC refers to the system after the implementation of user instructions on the knife library automation process, including the process to find knives and automatic tool change (63,71. CNC Machining Center device (CNC) directive issued by the election knife , a knife, the tool required to take the knife position, said the election automatic knife. automatically elected knife There are two ways: random sequence election knives and knife election method. 3.1.1 order election knife Tool Selection order is the process tool according to the sequence of the insert knife, the use of knives in order to take place, used knives back at the original knife, can also order Add Block, a knife. In this way, no need Tool identification devices, and drive control is a relatively simple, reliable and can be used directly from the points of the knife machinery to achieve. But the knives in each of the tool in different processes can not be reused, if the tool is installed in accordance with the order of the knife, there will be serious consequences. The need to increase the number of knives and knife the capacity of the tool and reduce the utilization of the knife. 3.1.2Random election knife Random election under the knife is arbitrary instructions to select the required tools, then there must be tool identification devices. Tool knife in the library do not have the processing in accordance with the order of the workpiece can be arbitrary storage. Each of the tool (or knife blocks) are for a code, automatic tool change, the rotary cutter, every tool have been the tool identification device acceptable identification. When CNC tool code and the code in line with directives of the tool selected, the rotary cutter knives will be sent to the ATC position, waiting to grab manipulator. Random knife election is the advantage of the cutter knife in the order has nothing to do with the processing sequence, the same tool can be used repeatedly. Therefore, the relatively small number of knives, knife the corresponding smaller. Random elections knife on the tool must be coded to identify. There are three main coding. 1. Tool coding. Adopt special knife handle structure coding, the drawbars on the knife handle back-end packages such as spacing of the coding part of the lock-nut fixed. Coding diameter ring diameter of a size two, respectively, said that binary 1 and 0 to the two rings are different, can be a series of code. For example, there are six small diameter of the ring can be made to distinguish between 63 (26-1 = 63) of the coding tool. All of 0 normally not allowed to use the code, to avoid the cutter knife Block did not confuse the situation. 2. Knife Block coding. On the knife Block coding, coding tool, and tool into line with the number of knives in the Block. ATC knife when the rotation, so that each knife seats followed through knowledge knife, knife found blocks, knives stopped the rotation. At this time there is no knife handle encoding part of the knife handle simplified. 3. Annex coding methods. This style of coding keys, coded cards, coding and coding-disc, which is the most widely used coding keys. First toknives are attached to a tool of the show wrapped coding keys, and when the cutter knife to the store at knife in, so put the number of keys to remember knife Block Road, will be inserted into key to the coding Block next to the key hole in the seat for the knife to the numbers. Conclusion Focused on in todays manufacturing environment tool storage and management of new models and methods, practical application of good results in systems integration and optimization, and other aspects of operations will be further explored, so that it has a higher theoretical and practical level. 譯文： 機(jī)床刀具設(shè)計(jì) 課題研究意義 機(jī)床原來的刀庫控制程序是單獨(dú)設(shè)計(jì)的，沒有采用刀具管理系統(tǒng)，功能也比較單一，只實(shí)現(xiàn)了刀庫刀具的找刀、刀庫最短路徑定位、主軸換刀，而且不支持大型刀具。 在刀庫自動(dòng)選刀方面，在計(jì)算機(jī)記憶式選刀的基礎(chǔ)上采用了西門子 840D 特色功能，使選刀程序更簡潔，并完成空刀套的查找。刀庫快速換刀利用 STEP-7 完成編程，并在實(shí)際中得到驗(yàn)證。在刀庫定位問題上， PLC 程序控制采用模塊化設(shè)計(jì)方法，這對(duì)今后生產(chǎn)類似機(jī)床將十分有利，很容 易將其利用到其他機(jī)床上。自動(dòng)換刀系統(tǒng)將以較快的速度增長，縮短換刀時(shí)間，提高刀具的定位精度是重要的手段，有利于數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展。 刀具及其元件庫存是現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)管理中的重要環(huán)節(jié) , 特別是大型車間管理。傳統(tǒng)的人工記帳管理方式 , 效率低下 , 錯(cuò)誤率高 , 且信息數(shù)據(jù)不能共享 , 刀具的使用狀態(tài)和壽命周期無法跟蹤 , 不能適應(yīng)當(dāng)前信息化管理需要。結(jié)合生產(chǎn)實(shí)際 , 我們在車間刀具準(zhǔn)備間建立刀具貯存立體庫系統(tǒng) , 以滿足車間刀輔具儲(chǔ)存與管理的需要。 該系統(tǒng)采用最優(yōu)化技術(shù) , 利用計(jì)算機(jī)存儲(chǔ)的大量庫存信息 , 能及時(shí)、準(zhǔn)確、全面地反映刀具庫 的庫存情況。整個(gè)系統(tǒng)采用圖形界面 , 人機(jī)對(duì)話由中文菜單提示 , 可實(shí)現(xiàn)各種功能選擇和各種信息的輸入。管理系統(tǒng)采用在線幫助功能?？赏ㄟ^車間管理層、網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)信息管理和共享。具有自動(dòng)庫存管理、刀具入庫管理、刀具出庫管理和統(tǒng)計(jì)查詢功能。 1.系統(tǒng)組成及其控制結(jié)構(gòu) 整個(gè)系統(tǒng)包括機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)及電氣控制系統(tǒng)。 1.1.1 機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理 刀具庫由支架、驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)、傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)、刀架、護(hù)罩、電氣控制系統(tǒng)等部分組成。支架由立柱、橫梁、上下導(dǎo)向環(huán)軌、支撐地軌組成。 1)驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu) 該系統(tǒng)選用了變頻調(diào)速的方法。采用錐形制動(dòng)電機(jī) , 帶變 頻調(diào)速 , 經(jīng)擺線針輪減速器 , 通過鏈輪傳動(dòng)。 2)拖動(dòng)與傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng) 采用變頻控制技術(shù)。通過變頻調(diào)速 , 可使傳動(dòng)軸轉(zhuǎn)速在正常范圍內(nèi)調(diào)節(jié)使刀架回轉(zhuǎn)速度控制到 5 30mm in, 2 個(gè)傳動(dòng)軸各帶上、下 2 個(gè)鏈輪通過上、下2 條異形滾子鏈帶動(dòng)貨架轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。鏈條脹緊機(jī)構(gòu)采用螺紋調(diào)節(jié)脹緊 , 為定期脹緊方式。調(diào)節(jié)時(shí)上、下鏈條松度調(diào)節(jié)一致 , 使鏈條受力均勻。 3)刀架與防護(hù)罩 整庫共有 14 列獨(dú)立刀架。其中 13 列為插座式刀架 , 1 列為抽屜式刀架 , 每個(gè)刀架背部通過銷軸與上、下輸送鏈鏈板聯(lián)接 , 底部安裝滾輪 , 鏈條轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng) 帶動(dòng)刀架沿地軌轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。插座式刀架分 BT40 刀架和 BT50 刀架 2 種形式。為加強(qiáng)管理 , 保證安全 , 美化造型 , 貨架外圍加防護(hù)罩。抽屜式刀架分 6 個(gè)抽屜放置其他刀輔具 , 可分類裝存一些刀輔具 , 如鉆頭、車刀等。 1.1.2. 電氣控制系統(tǒng) 本刀具儲(chǔ)存系統(tǒng)的電氣控制主要是對(duì)其貨架進(jìn)行運(yùn)行控制和位置控制。運(yùn)行控制包括運(yùn)行設(shè)備的啟動(dòng)、制動(dòng)控制。位置控制主要是對(duì)貨架位置和地址進(jìn)行檢測?？刂葡到y(tǒng)框圖如圖 1 所示。 圖 1 刀具庫控制系統(tǒng)圖 1)電氣傳動(dòng) 水平旋轉(zhuǎn)刀具儲(chǔ)存系統(tǒng)各機(jī)械的動(dòng)作都屬于反復(fù)短時(shí)工作制。 而且系統(tǒng)在運(yùn)行時(shí)需要幾種速度 , 因此傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)需要調(diào)速 , 所以該系統(tǒng)選用了變頻調(diào)速的方法 , 可以采用結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、運(yùn)行可靠的變頻器和變頻電動(dòng)機(jī)。 2)控制方式 該系統(tǒng)分為手動(dòng)和自動(dòng)控制 2 種控制方式 , 手動(dòng)控制一般作為調(diào)試用和備用的工作方式 ； 自動(dòng)控制方式為本系統(tǒng)計(jì)算機(jī) (IPC)和控制單元 (變頻器、接觸器等 )組成的一個(gè)自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)。 3)位置及定位精度檢測 本系統(tǒng)中自動(dòng)認(rèn)址和位置檢測采用了接近開關(guān)作為檢測元器件 , 通過光點(diǎn)隔離繼電器板和記數(shù)板對(duì)接近開關(guān)采集的信號(hào)進(jìn)行記數(shù)和運(yùn)算處理 , 采用最優(yōu)路徑尋址方式確定貨架的 當(dāng)前位置和貨架的目的位置。為了使系統(tǒng)定位更準(zhǔn)確 , 采用了 2 只光電開關(guān) , 分別檢測 2 個(gè)貨架的 2 只檢測片。 1.2.刀庫的功能 刀庫的作用是儲(chǔ)備一定數(shù)量的刀具，機(jī)械手實(shí)現(xiàn)主軸上刀具的互換 zsa 刀具的類型有盤式刀庫、鏈?zhǔn)降稁斓榷喾N形式，刀庫的形式和容量要根據(jù)機(jī)床的工藝范圍來確定。 1.3.常見類型 刀庫是存儲(chǔ)刀具的裝置，常見的刀庫主要有以下幾種形式 : (1)轉(zhuǎn)塔式刀庫 包括水平轉(zhuǎn)塔頭和垂直轉(zhuǎn)塔頭兩種，見圖 2.6a)與 b): (2)盤式刀庫 盤式刀庫中刀庫呈盤狀 ,刀具沿盤面垂直排列 (包 括徑向取刀和軸向取刀 ),沿盤面徑向排列或成銳角排列的形式的刀庫 。 結(jié)構(gòu)簡單 、 緊湊 ,應(yīng)用較多 ,但刀具單環(huán)排列 ,空間利用率低 。 見圖 2.7a)c)。 若增加刀庫容量必須使刀庫的外徑增大 ,那么轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量也相應(yīng)增大 ,選刀運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間長 。 刀具數(shù)量一般不多于 32 把 。 刀具呈多環(huán)排列的刀庫的空間利用率高 ,但必然使得取刀機(jī)構(gòu)復(fù)雜 ,適用于機(jī)床空間受限制而刀庫容量又較大的場合 。 雙盤式結(jié)構(gòu)是兩個(gè)較小容量的刀庫分置于主軸兩側(cè) ,布局較緊湊 ,儲(chǔ)刀數(shù)量也相應(yīng)增大 ,適用于中小型加工中心 。 (3)鏈?zhǔn)降稁?包括單環(huán)鏈和多環(huán)鏈，鏈環(huán)形式可有 多種變化，見圖 2.8a)c)，基本結(jié)構(gòu)見圖 2. 8do 特點(diǎn) :適用于刀庫容量較大的場合，所占的空間小，一般適用于刀具數(shù)在 30-120 把。僅增加鏈條長度即可增加刀具數(shù)，可以不增加圓周速度其轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量不像盤式刀庫增加的那樣大。 (4)直線式刀庫和組合刀庫 直線式刀庫結(jié)構(gòu)簡單如圖 2. 9，刀具單行排列，刀庫容量小，多用于數(shù)控車床和鉆床上。由于刀庫位置固定，換刀動(dòng)作由主軸完成，無需機(jī)械手。組合刀庫一般是轉(zhuǎn)塔式刀庫的組合、轉(zhuǎn)塔式與盤式刀庫的組合及鏈?zhǔn)降稁斓慕M合。每單個(gè)刀庫的儲(chǔ)刀量較小，換刀速度快。另外還有一些 密集型的鼓輪式、彈匣式和格子式刀庫，這些密集型刀庫雖 .占地面積小，但由于結(jié)構(gòu)限制，基本上不用于單機(jī)加工中心，多用于 FMS 的集中供刀系統(tǒng)。 1.4.刀庫的容量 刀庫的容量首先要考慮加工工藝的需要，從使用角度出發(fā)，一般為 1040 把刀，刀庫的利用率會(huì)高，而結(jié)構(gòu)比較緊湊。 1.5.刀具的選擇方式 (1)順序選擇將刀具按加工工序的順序，依次放入刀庫的每一個(gè)刀座內(nèi)。每次換刀時(shí)，刀庫順序轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)一個(gè)刀座位置，并取出所需要的刀具，己經(jīng)使用過的刀具可以放回原來的刀座內(nèi)，也可以順序放入下一個(gè)刀座內(nèi)。但由于刀庫中刀具在不同的工 序中不能重復(fù)使用，必須增加刀庫的容量，降低了利用率。 (2)任意選擇目前大多數(shù)的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)都采用任意選刀的方式，其分為刀套編碼、刀具編碼和記憶式等三種。刀具編碼或刀套編碼需要在刀具或刀套上安裝用于識(shí)別的編碼條，一般都是根據(jù)二進(jìn)制編碼的原理進(jìn)行編碼。刀具編碼選刀方式采用了一種特殊的刀柄結(jié)構(gòu)，并對(duì)每把刀具編碼。每把刀具都具有自己的代碼，因而刀具可在不同的工序中多次重復(fù)使用，換下的刀具不用放回原刀座，刀庫的容量也可相應(yīng)減少。本文采用記憶式選刀，這種方式能將刀具號(hào)和刀庫中的刀套位置對(duì)應(yīng)地記憶在數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的 PLC 中，無論 刀具放在哪個(gè)刀套內(nèi)，刀具信息都始終記存在 PLC 內(nèi)。刀庫上裝有位置檢測裝置，可獲得每個(gè)刀套的位置。這樣刀具就可以任意取出并送回。刀庫上還設(shè)有機(jī)械原點(diǎn)，使每次選刀時(shí)就近選取。 1.6.刀庫的控制方式 (1)刀庫作為系統(tǒng)的定位軸來控制。在梯形圖中根據(jù)指令的 T 碼進(jìn)行運(yùn)算比較后輸出角度和速度指令到刀庫伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)刀庫伺服電機(jī)。刀庫的容量、旋轉(zhuǎn)速度、加 /減速時(shí)間等均可在系統(tǒng)參數(shù)中設(shè)定，此種方式不受外界因素影響定位準(zhǔn)確、可靠但成本較高。 (2)刀庫由液壓馬達(dá)驅(qū)動(dòng)，有快 /慢速之分，用接近開關(guān)計(jì)數(shù)并定位。在梯形圖中 比較系統(tǒng)存儲(chǔ)的當(dāng)前刀號(hào) (主軸上的刀 )和目標(biāo)刀號(hào) (預(yù)選刀 )并運(yùn)算，再輸出旋轉(zhuǎn)指令，同時(shí)判斷按最短路徑旋轉(zhuǎn)到位。這種方式需要足夠的液壓動(dòng)力和電磁閥刀庫旋轉(zhuǎn)速度可通過節(jié)流閥調(diào)整。但使用一段時(shí)間后可能會(huì)因?yàn)橛唾|(zhì)、油壓、油溫及環(huán)境因素的變化而影響運(yùn)動(dòng)速度和準(zhǔn)確性。一般用于不需頻繁換刀的大中型機(jī)床。 (3)刀庫由交流異步電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)凸輪機(jī)構(gòu) (馬氏機(jī)構(gòu) )，用接近開關(guān)計(jì)數(shù)，這種方式運(yùn)行穩(wěn)定，定位準(zhǔn)確可靠一般與凸輪機(jī)械手配合使用，換刀速度快，定位準(zhǔn)。 2.換刀裝置的主要類型 ,特點(diǎn)和適用范圍 2.1.自動(dòng)回轉(zhuǎn)刀架 自動(dòng)回轉(zhuǎn)刀架 是數(shù)控機(jī)床上使用的一種簡單的自動(dòng)換刀裝置，有四方刀架和六角刀架