數(shù)控技術(shù)和裝備發(fā)展趨勢及對策畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯、中英文翻譯、外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

0 附錄 1 外文原文 Numerical control technology and equipment trend of development and countermeasure For mechanical paper The equipment industry technical level and the modernized degree were deciding the entire national economy level and the modernized degree, the numerical control technology and the equipment are the development emerging high technology and new technology industry and the state-of-art industry (for example defense industry industries and so on information technology and industry, biological technology and industry, aviation, astronautics) enables the technology and the most basic equipment. Marx had said “each kind of economical time difference, does not lie in produces any, but how lies in produces, with any means of labor production”. The technique of manufacture and the equipment is the humanity produces active the most basic producer goods, but the numerical control technology also is advanced now the technique of manufacture and the equipment most core technology. Now the various countries manufacturing industry widely uses the numerical control technology, sharpens the manufacturing capacity and the level, enhances to the dynamic changeable market adaptiveness and competitive ability. In addition in the world various industries developed country also lists as the national strategic resources the numerical control technology and the numerical control equipment, not only takes the significant measure to develop own numerical control technology and the industry, moreover implements the blockade and the limit policy in “precise and advanced” the numerical control key technologies and the equipment aspect to our country. In brief, develops vigorously take the numerical control technology has become the world each developed country acceleration economy development as the core advanced technique of manufacture, enhances the comprehensive national strength and the national status important way. The numerical control technology is carries on the control with the numerical information to the mechanical movement and the work process the technology, the numerical control equipment is take the numerical control technology as representatives new technology the integration of machinery product which forms to 1 the traditional manufacture industry and the emerging manufacturing industry seepage, namely so-called digitized equipment, its technical scope cover very many domains: (1) machine manufacture technology； (2) information processing, processing, transmission technology； (3) automatic control technology； (4) servo actuates the technology； (5) sensor technology； (6) software technology and so on. 1 numerical control technology trend of development Not only the numerical control technology application has brought the revolutionary change for the traditional manufacturing industry, causes the manufacturing industry to become the industrialization the symbol, moreover along with numerical control technology unceasing development and application domain expansion, he to national economy and the peoples livelihood some important professions (IT, automobile, light industry, medical service and so on) development more and more vital role, because these professions must equip the digitization already was the modern development major tendency. The numerical control technology and the equipment development tendency looked from the present world that, its main research hot spot has following several aspect 14. 1.1 high speed, high precision work technology and equipment new tendency The efficiency, the quality are the advanced technique of manufacture main bodies. High speed, the high precision work technology may enhance the efficiency enormously, enhances the product the quality and the scale, reduces the production cycle and sharpens the market competition ability. Lists as one of 5 great modern techniques of manufacture for this Japan Tip Technology Research board it, the international production project learns (CIRP) its determination is one of 21st century central research directions. In the passenger vehicle industry domain, yearly produces 300,000 production metres was 40/s， moreover the multi-variety processing is one of key questions which the passenger vehicle equipment must solve； In the aviation and the astronavigation industry domain, its processing spare part many for the thin wall and the thin muscle, the rigidity is very bad, material for aluminum or aluminum alloy, only then in the high cutting speed and the cutting force very small situation, can to these muscles, the wall carry on the processing. Recently uses the large-scale overall aluminum alloy semifinished materials “pull out spatially” the method to make the wing, the fuselage and so on the large-scale components substitutes many 2 components through the multitudinous rivets, the bolt and other joint way assembling, causes the component the intensity, the rigidity and the reliability obtains the enhancement. These all to processed the equipment to propose high speed, Gao Jing and the high flexible request. Unfolds from EMO2001 meets the situation to look that, processes the center feed rate to be possible high speed to reach 80m/min, even higher, the aerial transport stroke speed may reach 100m/About min. At present in the world many automotive factories, including our countrys Shanghai General Motors, already used by the high speed processing center composition production line part substitution aggregate machine-tool. American CINCINNATI Corporations HyperMach engine bed feed rate reaches 60m/most greatlymin, fast is 100m/min, the acceleration reaches 2g, the main axle rotational speed has reached 60 000r/min. Processes a thin wall airplane part, only uses 30min, but the same components need 3h in the common high speed milling machine processing, needs 8h in the plain milling machine processing； The German DMG Corporations double main axle lathe main axle speed and the acceleration respectively reach 12*! 000r/mm 和 1g。 In the processing precision aspect, in the recent 10 years, the ordinary level numerical control engine bed processing precision from 10m enhanced 5m, the fine level of secrecy processing center from 35 m, enhances to 11.5 m, and the ultra precise processing precision started to enter a nanometer level (0.01m). In the reliable aspect, the overseas numerical control installment value has reached above 6 000h, the servosystem value achieved above 30000h, displays the extremely high reliability. In order to realize, the high precision work high speed, with it necessary function part like electricity main axle, the straight line electrical machinery obtained the fast development, the application domain further expanded. 1.2 5 axis linkage processing and compound processing engine bed fast development Uses 5 axis linkages to the three dimensional curved surface components processing, the available cutting tool best geometry shape carries on the cutting, not only the smooth finish is high, moreover the efficiency also large scale enhances. Believed generally that, 1 5 axis linkage engine bed efficiency may be equal to 2 3 axis linkage engine bed, specially uses when the cubic boron nitride and so on the 3 ultra hard material milling cutter carries on the high speed milling hardened steel components, 5 axis linkage processing may compared to 3 axis linkage processing display a higher benefit. Because but past 5 axis linkage numerical control system, main engine structure complex and so on reasons, its price must outdo the several fold compared to 3 axis linkage numerical control engine bed, added the programming technology difficulty to be big, has restricted 5 axis linkage engine bed development. Current as a result of electricity main axle appearance, causes to realize 5 axis linkage processing compound host axle neck structure is greatly the simplification, its manufacture difficulty and the cost reduce large scale, numerical control system price disparity reduction. Therefore promoted the compound host axle neck type 5 axis linkage engine bed and the compound processing engine bed (including 5 processing engine beds) development. Unfolds at the meeting in EMO2001, the new Japanese labor machine 5 processing engine beds use the compound host axle neck, may realize 4 vertical plane processings and the random angle processing, causes 5 processings and 5 axis processings may realize on the identical Taiwan engine bed, but also may realize the inclined plane and the back taper hole processing. German DMG Corporation displays the DMUVoution series processing center, may clamp the next 5 processings and 5 axis linkage processing in an attire, may by the CNC systems or CAD/CAM which are controled deract or inderact. 1.3 intellectualizations, open style, the network becomes the contemporary numerical control system development the main tendency The 21st century numerical control equipments will be has certain intellectualized system, the intellectualized content including in numerical control system each aspect: In order to pursue the processing efficiency and the processing quality aspect intellectualization, like processing process adaptive control, craft parameter automatic production； In order to enhance the actuation performance and the use connection convenient intellectualization, like feed-forward control, electrical machinery parameter auto-adapted operation, automatic diagnosis load automatic designation model, self regulating grade； Simplification programming, simplification operation aspect intellectualization, like intellectualized automatic programming, intellectualized man-machine contact surface and so on； Also has the 4 intelligence to diagnose, the intelligent monitoring aspect content, the convenience system diagnosis and the service and so on. In order to solve the traditional numerical control system closeness and the numerical control application software industrial production production existence question. At present many countries conduct the research to the open style numerical control system, like US NGC(The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control)、European Economic Community OSACA(Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems)、 Japanese OSEC(Open System Environment for Controller)， Chinese ONC(Open Numerical Control System) and so on。 The numerical control system will open already becomes the numerical control system road of the future. The so-called open style numerical control system is the numerical control system development may in the unified movement platform, face the engine bed factory and the end-user, through the change, the increase or the tailor structure object (numerical control function), forms the seriation, and may conveniently integrates users special application and the technical knack in the control system, the fast realization different variety, the different scale open style numerical control system, forms has the bright individuality famous brand goods. At present the open style numerical control system architecture standard, the correspondence standard, the disposition standard, the movement platform, the numerical control system function storehouse as well as the numerical control system function software development kit and so on is the current research core. The network numerical control equipment is a near two year international famous engine bed exposition new luminescent spot. The numerical control equipment network enormously will satisfy the production line, the manufacture system, the manufacture enterprise to the information integration demand, also will be realizes new manufacture pattern like agile manufacture, hypothesized enterprise, the global manufacture foundation unit. The domestic and foreign some famous numerical control engine bed and the numerical control system manufacture company all has promoted the related new concept and the prototype in the nearly two years. 1.4 takes the new technical standard, the standard establishment 1.4.1 about numerical control system design development standard As mentioned above, the open style numerical control system has a better versatility, the flexibility, the compatibility, the extension, countries and so on US, 5 European Economic Community and Japan implements the strategy development plan in abundance, and carries on the open style architecture numerical control system specification (OMAC, OSACA, OSEC) the research and the formulation, the world 3 biggest economies have carried on the nearly same science plan and the standard formulation in the short-term, has indicated a numerical control technology new transformation time oncoming. Our country also started in 2000 to conduct Chinas ONC numerical control system standard frame research and the formulation. 1.4.2 about numerical control standard The numerical control standard is the manufacturing industry informationization development one tendency. The numerical control technology is born after 50 year exchanges of information all is based on the ISO6983 standard, how namely uses the G, M code to describe the (how) processing, its substantive characteristics faces the processing process, obviously, he has more and more not been able to satisfy modern numerical control technology high speed the need to develop. Therefore, on international is studying and formulates one kind of new CNC system standard ISO14649(STEP-NC), its goal is provides one kind not to rely on the concrete system neutral mechanism, can describe in the product entire life cycle unified data model, thus realizes the entire manufacture process, and even each industry domain product information standardization. The STEP-NC appearance is possibly a numerical control area of technology revolution, regarding the numerical control technology development and even the entire manufacturing industry, will have the profound influence. First, STEP-NC proposed one kind of brand-new manufacture idea, in the traditional manufacture idea, the NC processing procedure all concentrates on the single computer. But under the new standard, the NC procedure may disperse on the Internet, this is precisely the numerical control technology open style, the network development direction. Next, the STEP-NC numerical control system also may reduce the processing blueprint greatly (approximately 75%), the processing programming time (approximately 35%) and the process period (approximately 50%). At present, the European and American countries extremely took STEP-NC the research, Europe initiate STEP-NC IMS to plan (1999.1.12001.12.31). Participates in this plan to have comes from European and Japans 20 CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC user, manufacturer and academic organization. USs STEP Tools Corporation is in 6 the global scope the manufacturing industry data exchange software exploiter, he already developed has served as the numerical control engine bed processing exchange of information the super model (Super Model), its goal was with the unification standard description all processing process. At present this kind of recent data exchange form already in has provided SIEMENS, FIDIA as well as on the European OSACA-NC numerical control system prototype prototype has carried on the confirmation. 2 pair of our country numerical control technology and industrial development basic estimate Our country numerical control technology start in 1958, the near 50 year development course might divide into 3 stages approximately: First stage from 1958 to 1979, namely enclosed type development phase. In this stage, as a result of the overseas technical blockade with our countrys foundation condition limit, the numerical control technology development is slow. The second stage is in the country “65”, “75” the period as well as “85” the earlier period, namely the introduction technology, the digestion absorption, establishes the manufacture domestically system stage initially. In this stage, as a result of reform and open policy and the national value, as well as the research development environment and the international environment improvement, our country numerical control technology research, the development as well as has all made the considerable progress in the product manufacture domestically aspect. The third stage is in the country “85” later period and “95” period, namely the implementation industrial production research, enters the market competition stage. In this stage, our country domestic product numerical control equipment industrial production has made the substantive progress. In “95” the last stage, the domestically produced numerical control engine bed domestic market percentage of reaches 50%, matched the domestically produced numerical control system (popular sedan) also to achieve 10%. Looks over our country numerical control technology near 50 year development course, specially passes through 4 5 year plan attacks, the overall looked has obtained following result. a.Has laid the numerical control technological development foundation, has 7 grasped the modern numerical control technology basically. Our country basically has grasped now from the numerical control system, the servo actuated, the numerical control main engine, the special plane and the necessary foundation technology, in which majority of technologies has had carries on the commercialized development the foundation, the partial technologies commercialized, the industrial production. b.Has formed the numerical control industry base initially. In the attack achievement and in the partial technical commercialization foundation, established such as the Central China numerical control, astronautics numerical control and so on had the volume production ability numerical control system plant. Lanzhou electrical machinery plant, Central China numerical control and so on one batch of servosystem and servo electrical machinery plant as well as Beijing first machine tool factory, Jinan first machine tool factory and so on certain numerical control main engine plant. These plants have basically formed our countrys numerical control industry base c. Has established a numerical control research, the development, managerial talents basic troop. Although has made the considerable progress in the numerical control technology research development as well as the industrial production aspect, but we also must realize soberly, our country high end numerical control technology research development, in particular also has the big disparity in the industrial production aspect technical level present situation and our countrys realistic demand. Although from longitudinal looked our countrys development speed is very quick, not only but crosswise compared to (with overseas contrast) the technical level has the disparity, also has the disparity in certain aspect development speed, namely some precise and advanced numerical control equipment technical level disparity has the expanded tendency. From international looked that, is approximately as follows to our country numerical control technical level and the industrial production level estimate. a. In the technical level, probably falls behind with the overseas advanced level for 1015 years, in precise and advanced technical aspect then bigger. b. In the industrial production level, the market share is low, the variety coverage fraction is small, but also has not formed the scale production； The 8 function part specialization production level and complete set ability are low； Outward appearance quality relative error； The reliability is not high, the commercialized degree is insufficient； The domestically produced numerical control system not yet establishes own brand effect, the user confidence is insufficient. c.In sustainable development ability, to the competition before the numerical control technology research development, project ability is weak； Numerical control technology application domain development dynamics is not strong； Correlation standard standard research, formulation lag. The analysis existence above disparity primary cause has following several aspects. a. Knows the aspect. To domestically produced numerical control industry advancement difficulty, complexity and long-term characteristic understanding insufficiency； To the market not standard, overseas blocks Canada to strangle, the system and so on the difficult underestimate； Is insufficient to our country numerical control technology application level and ability analysis. b. System aspect. From technical angle attention numerical control industrial production question time are many, from system, industrial chain angle overall evaluation numerical control industrial production question time are few； Has not established the integrity high grade necessary support systems and so on system, consummation training, service network. c. Machine-made aspect. The good opportunity does not make the adult only then to drain, also has restricted technical and the technical route innovation, the product innovation, also has restricted the plan effective implementation, often plans the ideal, the implementation difficult d. technology aspect. The enterprise innovates in the technical aspect ability not to be strong independently, core technologies project ability is not strong. The engine bed standard is backward, the level is low, the numerical control system new standard research is insufficient. 3.To our country numerical control technology and industrial production development strategic ponder 3.1 strategy consideration Our country makes the great nation front end, but must accept in the world 9 industry shift is not the rear end shift as far as possible, namely must grasp the advanced manufacture core technologies, otherwise in the new turn international industrial structure adjustment, our country manufacturing industry will go a step further “the spatial core”. We take the resources, the environment, the market as the price, the exchange obtain possibly merely are in the world new economical pattern international “the processing center” and “the assembly center”, but the non-grasping core technologies manufacturing center status, will like this be able to affect our country modern manufacturing industry seriously the development advancement. We should stand in the national security strategy take the numerical control technology and the industrial question highly, first looked from the security, social, because the manufacturing industry is our country employed population most professions, not only the manufacturing industry development may raise peoples living standard, moreover also may alleviate our country employment the pressure, the safeguard societys stability； Next looked safely from the national defense that, the Western developed country all lists as the precise and advanced numerical control product the national strategic material, realizes to our country embargoes and limits, “the Toshiba event” and “Cox reported” is the best illustration. 3.2 development strategies Embarks from our country fundamental realities of the country angle, take the national strategic demand and the national economy market demand as the guidance, take enhances our country to make the equipment industry synthesis competitive ability and the industrial production level as the goal, with the system method, the choice can lead the 21st century initial period our country to make the key technologies as well as the support industrial production development support technology, the necessary technology which the equipment industry development promotes takes the research development the content, the realization manufacture equipment industry cross leap type development. Emphasized the market demand is the guidance, namely by the numerical control terminal product primarily, by the complete machine (for example quantity big surface broad numerical control lathe, milling machine, 10 high speed high fine high performance numerical control engine bed, model digitization machinery, key profession essential equipment and so on) leads the numerical control industry the development. Key solution numerical control system and correlation function part (digitization servosystem and electrical machinery, high speed electricity main axle system and new equipment appendix and so on) reliable and scale of production question. Does not have the scale not to be able to have the redundant reliable product； Does not have the scale not to be able to have the price inexpensive and the rich competitive power product； Certainly, does not have the scale Chinas numerical control equipment finally with difficulty to have raises ones head the date. In the precise and advanced equipment research and development aspect, must emphasize produces, studies, grinds as well as end-users close union, take “does obtains, usefully, sells falls” as the goal, implements the attack according to the national will, solves urgent need of the national. Before the competition the numerical control technology aspect, emphasizes the innovation, emphasized the research development has the proprietary intellectual property rights technology and the product, for our country numerical control industry, the equipment manufacturing industry and even the entire manufacturing industry sustainable development lays the foundation. Reference: 1 China Engine bed Tool Industrial association Profession Development division.CIMT2001 tourism J.The world technique of manufacture with equips the market, 2001(3):18-20. 2 Liang Xunwang proclaims,The distribution blesses.Engine bed technological development new trend J.The world technique of manufacture with equips the market, 2001(3):21-28. 3 China engine bed tool industrial association numerical control system branch.CIMT2001 tourism J.The world technique of manufacture with equips the market, 2001(5):13-17. 4 Yang Xuetong, Li Dongru, He Wenli, and so on?Is apart from century numerical control engine bed technological development strategic research M.Beijing: National Mechanical Industry bureau, 2000. 11 附錄 2 外文譯文 數(shù)控技術(shù)和裝備發(fā)展趨勢及對策 機(jī)械論文 裝備工業(yè)的技術(shù)水平和現(xiàn)代化程度決定著整個(gè)國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的水平和現(xiàn)代化程度，數(shù)控技術(shù)及裝備是發(fā)展新興高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)和尖端工業(yè)（如信息技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)、生物技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)、航空、航天等國防工業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)）的使能技術(shù)和最基本的裝備。馬克思曾經(jīng)說過 “ 各種經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代的區(qū)別，不在于生產(chǎn)什么，而在于怎樣生產(chǎn)，用什么勞動資 料生產(chǎn) ” 。制造技術(shù)和裝備就是人類生產(chǎn)活動的最基本的生產(chǎn)資料，而數(shù)控技術(shù)又是當(dāng)今先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)和裝備最核心的技術(shù)。當(dāng)今世界各國制造業(yè)廣泛采用數(shù)控技術(shù)，以提高制造能力和水平，提高對動態(tài)多變市場的適應(yīng)能力和競爭能力。此外世界上各工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家還將數(shù)控技術(shù)及數(shù)控裝備列為國家的戰(zhàn)略物資，不僅采取重大措施來發(fā)展自己的數(shù)控技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)，而且在 “ 高精尖 ” 數(shù)控關(guān)鍵技術(shù)和裝備方面對我國實(shí)行封鎖和限制政策?？傊罅Πl(fā)展以數(shù)控技術(shù)為核心的先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)已成為世界各發(fā)達(dá)國家加速經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、提高綜合國力和國家地位的重要途徑。 數(shù)控技 術(shù)是用數(shù)字信息對機(jī)械運(yùn)動和工作過程進(jìn)行控制的技術(shù)，數(shù)控裝備是以數(shù)控技術(shù)為代表的新技術(shù)對傳統(tǒng)制造產(chǎn)業(yè)和新興制造業(yè)的滲透形成的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品，即所謂的數(shù)字化裝備，其技術(shù)范圍覆蓋很多領(lǐng)域： (1)機(jī)械制造技術(shù)； (2)信息處理、加工、傳輸技術(shù)； (3)自動控制技術(shù)； (4)伺服驅(qū)動技術(shù)；(5)傳感器技術(shù)； (6)軟件技術(shù)等。 12 1 數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢 數(shù)控技術(shù)的應(yīng)用不但給傳統(tǒng)制造業(yè)帶來了革命性的變化，使制造業(yè)成為工業(yè)化的象征，而且隨著數(shù)控技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展和應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的擴(kuò)大，他對國計(jì)民生的一些重要行業(yè)（ IT、汽車、輕工、醫(yī)療等）的發(fā)展起著越來越重要的作用，因?yàn)檫@些行業(yè)所需裝備的數(shù)字化已是現(xiàn)代發(fā)展的大趨勢。從目前世界上數(shù)控技術(shù)及其裝備發(fā)展的趨勢來看，其主要研究熱點(diǎn)有以下幾個(gè)方面 1 4。 1 1 高速、高精加工技術(shù)及裝備的新趨勢 效率、質(zhì)量是先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的主體。高速、高精加工技術(shù)可極大地提高效率，提高產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和檔次，縮短生產(chǎn)周期和提高市場競爭能力。為此日本先端技術(shù)研究會將其列為 5 大現(xiàn)代制造技術(shù)之一，國際生產(chǎn)工程學(xué)會（ CIRP）將其確定為 21 世紀(jì)的中心研究方向之一。 在轎車工業(yè)領(lǐng)域，年產(chǎn) 30 萬輛的生產(chǎn)節(jié)拍是 40 秒 /輛，而且多品種加工是轎車裝備必須解決的重點(diǎn)問題之一；在航空和宇航工業(yè)領(lǐng)域，其加工的零部件多為薄壁和薄筋，剛度很差，材料為鋁或鋁合金，只有在高切削速度和切削力很小的情況下，才能對這些筋、壁進(jìn)行加工。近來采用大型整體鋁合金坯料 “ 掏空 ” 的方法來制造機(jī)翼、機(jī)身等大型零件來替代多個(gè)零件通過眾多的鉚釘、螺釘和其他聯(lián)結(jié)方式拼裝，使構(gòu)件的強(qiáng)度、剛度和可靠性得到提高。這些都對加工裝備提出了高速、高精和高柔性的要求。 從 EMO2001 展會情況來看，高速加工中心進(jìn)給速 度可達(dá) 80m/min，甚至更高，空運(yùn)行速度可達(dá) 100m/min 左右。目前世界上許多汽車廠，包括我國的上海通用汽車公司，已經(jīng)采用以高速加工中心組成的生產(chǎn)線部分替代組合機(jī)床。美國 CINCINNATI 公司的 HyperMach 機(jī)床進(jìn)給速度最大達(dá) 60m/min，快速為100m/min，加速度達(dá) 2g，主軸轉(zhuǎn)速已達(dá) 60 000r/min。加工一薄壁飛機(jī)零件， 13 只用 30min，而同樣的零件在一般高速銑床加工需 3h，在普通銑床加工需 8h；德國 DMG 公司的雙主軸車床的主軸速度及加速度分別達(dá) 12*!000r/mm 和 1g。 在加工精度方面，近 10 年來，普通級數(shù)控機(jī)床的加工精度已由 10m提高到 5m ，精密級加工中心則從 3 5m ，提高到 1 1.5m ，并且超精密加工精度已開始進(jìn)入納米級 (0.01m) 。 在可靠性方面，國外數(shù)控裝置的 MTBF 值已達(dá) 6 000h 以上，伺服系統(tǒng)的 MTBF 值達(dá)到 30000h 以上，表現(xiàn)出非常高的可靠性。 為了實(shí)現(xiàn)高速、高精加工，與之配套的功能部件如電主軸、直線電機(jī)得到了快速的發(fā)展，應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大。 1.2 五軸聯(lián)動加工和復(fù)合加工機(jī)床快速發(fā)展 采用 5 軸聯(lián)動對三維曲面零件的加工， 可用刀具最佳幾何形狀進(jìn)行切削，不僅光潔度高，而且效率也大幅度提高。一般認(rèn)為， 1 臺 5 軸聯(lián)動機(jī)床的效率可以等于 2 臺 3 軸聯(lián)動機(jī)床，特別是使用立方氮化硼等超硬材料銑刀進(jìn)行高速銑削淬硬鋼零件時(shí)， 5 軸聯(lián)動加工可比 3 軸聯(lián)動加工發(fā)揮更高的效益。但過去因 5 軸聯(lián)動數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、主機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜等原因，其價(jià)格要比 3 軸聯(lián)動數(shù)控機(jī)床高出數(shù)倍，加之編程技術(shù)難度較大，制約了 5 軸聯(lián)動機(jī)床的發(fā)展。 當(dāng)前由于電主軸的出現(xiàn)，使得實(shí)現(xiàn) 5 軸聯(lián)動加工的復(fù)合主軸頭結(jié)構(gòu)大為簡化，其制造難度和成本大幅度降低，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的價(jià)格差距縮小。因此促進(jìn)了復(fù)合主軸頭類型 5 軸聯(lián)動機(jī)床和復(fù)合加工機(jī)床（含 5 面加工機(jī)床）的發(fā)展。 在 EMO2001 展會上，新日本工機(jī)的 5 面加工機(jī)床采用復(fù)合主軸頭，可實(shí)現(xiàn) 4 個(gè)垂直平面的加工和任意角度的加工，使得 5 面加工和 5 軸加工可在同一臺機(jī)床上實(shí)現(xiàn)，還可實(shí)現(xiàn)傾斜面和倒錐孔的加工。德國 DMG 公司展出DMUVoution 系列加工中心，可在一次裝夾下 5 面加工和 5 軸聯(lián)動加工，可由 CNC系統(tǒng)控制或 CAD/CAM 直接或間接控制。 14 1.3 智能化、開放式、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化成為當(dāng)代數(shù)控系統(tǒng)發(fā)展的主要趨勢。 21世紀(jì)的數(shù)控裝備將是具有一定智能化的系統(tǒng)，智能 化的內(nèi)容包括在數(shù)控系統(tǒng)中的各個(gè)方面：為追求加工效率和加工質(zhì)量方面的智能化，如加工過程的自適應(yīng)控制，工藝參數(shù)自動生成；為提高驅(qū)動性能及使用連接方便的智能化，如前饋控制、電機(jī)參數(shù)的自適應(yīng)運(yùn)算、自動識別負(fù)載自動選定模型、自整定等；簡化編程、簡化操作方面的智能化，如智能化的自動編程、智能化的人機(jī)界面等；還有智能診斷、智能監(jiān)控方面的內(nèi)容、方便系統(tǒng)的診斷及維修等。 為解決傳統(tǒng)的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)封閉性和數(shù)控應(yīng)用軟件的產(chǎn)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)存在的問題。目前許多國家對開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行研究，如美國的 NGC(未來的工作站 / 機(jī)器控制 )、歐 共體的 OSACA、日本的 OSEC，中國的 ONC等。數(shù)控系統(tǒng)開放化已經(jīng)成為數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的未來之路。所謂開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)就是數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)可以在統(tǒng)一的運(yùn)行平臺上，面向機(jī)床廠家和最終用戶，通過改變、增加或剪裁結(jié)構(gòu)對象（數(shù)控功能），形成系列化，并可方便地將用戶的特殊應(yīng)用和技術(shù)訣竅集成到控制系統(tǒng)中，快速實(shí)現(xiàn)不同品種、不同檔次的開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，形成具有鮮明個(gè)性的名牌產(chǎn)品。目前開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的體系結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)范、通信規(guī)范、配置規(guī)范、運(yùn)行平臺、數(shù)控系統(tǒng)功能庫以及數(shù)控系統(tǒng)功能軟件開發(fā)工具等是當(dāng)前研究的核心。 網(wǎng)絡(luò)化數(shù)控裝備是近兩 年國際著名機(jī)床博覽會的一個(gè)新亮點(diǎn)。數(shù)控裝備的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化將極大地滿足生產(chǎn)線、制造系統(tǒng)、制造企業(yè)對信息集成的需求，也是實(shí)現(xiàn)新的制造模式如敏捷制造、虛擬企業(yè)、全球制造的基礎(chǔ)單元。國內(nèi)外一些著名數(shù)控機(jī)床和數(shù)控系統(tǒng)制造公司都在近兩年推出了相關(guān)的新概念和樣機(jī)，如在 EMO2001展中，日本山崎馬扎克（ Mazak)公司展出的“CyberProduction Center” （智能生產(chǎn)控制中心，簡稱 CPC)；日本大隈（ Okuma）機(jī)床公司展出 “IT plaza” （信息技術(shù)廣場，簡稱 IT廣場 )；德國西門子 (Siemens)公司展出的 開放制造環(huán)境，簡稱 OME）等，反映了數(shù)控機(jī)床加工向網(wǎng)絡(luò)化方向發(fā)展的趨勢。 1.4 重視新技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、規(guī)范的建立 15 1.4.1 關(guān)于數(shù)控系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)開發(fā)規(guī)范 如前所述，開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)有更好的通用性、柔性、適應(yīng)性、擴(kuò)展性，美國、歐共體和日本等國紛紛實(shí)施戰(zhàn)略發(fā)展計(jì)劃，并進(jìn)行開放式體系結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)規(guī)范 (OMAC、 OSACA、 OSEC)的研究和制定，世界 3 個(gè)最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)體在短期內(nèi)進(jìn)行了幾乎相同的科學(xué)計(jì)劃和規(guī)范的制定，預(yù)示了數(shù)控技術(shù)的一個(gè)新的變革時(shí)期的來臨。我國在 2000 年也開始進(jìn)行中國的 ONC 數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的 規(guī)范框架的研究和制定。 1.4.2 關(guān)于數(shù)控標(biāo)