基于虛擬樣機(jī)技術(shù)的汽車驅(qū)動(dòng)橋橋殼CADCAE系統(tǒng)的建立于研究外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯@中英文翻譯@外文翻譯

黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 1 附 錄 附錄 A 外文文獻(xiàn)原文 A1 Establish and research on CA/CAE sysytem of automobile drive axle housing based on virtual prototype technology Virtual prototype refer to a model which is in the step of product progress, occurring in the computer realm, aiming at the optimization based on the CAD model used to stimulating analysis product. Virtual prototype in mainly used for test which was failed by physical test. Based on the result which is drawn from the stimulation result, it is easy to modify and guide design, until reach the optimistic design Automobile drive axle housing is a main part of a mobile. disconnect drive axle housing is used for bearing the mobiles weight ,transferring the load to the wheels Drawing force, braking force lateral force and vertical force are transferred to frame and compartment by drive axle housing. So drive axle housing is either a bearing or a transmission item. If not correctly designed or some problem occurred while manufacturing, drive axle housing may deformed or fracture. As a traditional design method is so costly that is necessary to introduce the virtual prototype technology. A1.1 design scheme Traditional design method for drive axle housing is firstly giving a scheme ,manufacturing , a sample item then a series test (such as stiffness test bending fatigue test and static strenth test )is carried out Apparently this method is very money consuming ,and the final parameter may be not optimal .if adopt the Virtual prototype technology stimulazing kinds of working condition of drive axle housing ,and draw a series of optimal parameters .Based on these parameter the physical machine are carried out to do physical test .this method can save time ,cutting the cost ,thus bring in huge benefit to the 黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 2 enterprise. Modern trial production progress vary largely to the traditional one .As depicted ,in the picture ,A loop is absent in the traditional drive axle housing making virtual prototype can assess the cost quality and manufacturability on the computer. If the assessment is not satisfying, it is necessary to adjust .repeat a loop until reach a ideal parameter. This scheme design a software terrace, providing a interface for Solidworks patron and Nastron ,using superiority of this professional software ,and develop these software ,but a drive axle housing product design terrace. Considering the question of improving the analysis efficiency and simplifying finite element ,this system adopt a method which uses parametric modeling that is totally different from do make up for CAD model .And the CAD model is only used for oversight A1.2 Parameterized Modeling by SolidWorks They are all available for second-time development of SolidWorks for the softwares that support OLE and COM. Because of design requirements, the development software of the system is Delphi and second development software of SolidWorks is OLE. The copyright of SolidWorks is 2006. To use this method, it must be registered for auto-severed including files sldworks.tlb and element files that filenames are SldWorks_TLB.pas severed by SolidWorks under Delphi program environment, and they are available after programs are complied. The topology structure of SolidWorks is typically five layers topology structure. A part is consist of bodies, and bodies include surfaces, and surfaces include edges, and edges include curves and points. It may use record in delphi to define bodies, surfaces and points these data structure and apply respectively to store topology information. The steps of the parameterized modeling of CAD by SolidWorks are as follows: firstly, it must be defined correctly for the relationship between automobile dimension and other dimensions. Secondly, initialize the various record and auto-product the drawing of axle housing using API function. Lastly, it is available for users to check the CAD model and modify various 黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 3 dimensions on the plate. The program can auto-modify the other relative dimensions and redraw the picture in SolidWorks by using the relationships that have been defined previously. A1.3 Patran & Nastran FEA analysis A1.3.1 PCL program MSC/PATRAN provides a fully functions program language for users, as PCL. PCL provide abundant of tables and menus and allow users to read and write all information in Patran database, which structure is similar with C language. The paper develops the analysis module of the automobile drive axle housing, which includes parameterize modeling, ALE, material definition, load cases definition, Nastran analysis submitted and results post-possessing and other functions. There are no special develop environment in PCL, generally the codes are written in test editor and saved as *.pcl format, and then the files are pre-compiled as *.cpp format in DOS, and debug them in Patran at last. The detail operates are as follows: Pre-compile *.pcl file: cpp *.pcl *.cpp debug *.cpp file in patran: !input *.cpp When starting, Patran will execute init.pcl file under its root catalogue. The file includes two commands:!INPUT p3prolog.pcl and !IPUT p3epilog.pcl. As pre-compile these two files when Patran starts. Users can write commands to initialize Patran starting viewport. For example, write commands： !iput C:MSC.SoftwareMSC.Patran2005_r2 rearhouse.cpp and rearhouse.init() in p3epilog.pcl, in which, rearhouse.cpp is the second-time development program for automobile drive axle housing. It will influence the starting speed, for this, users can write self-definition functions and compile them into a database, which Patran can call directly. The method is that: Input commands in Patran: 黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 4 !COMPLIE rearhouse.cpp into rearhouse.plb !library rearhouse.plb !llibrar keepopen rearhouse.plb As this, Patran can load including files when it starts and the speed is rather fast. For initialize the viewport, users need to input that: rearhouse,init(). A1.3.2 Program Design Flowchar The FEA parameterize modeling part is implemented as follows: Input various key parameters into delphi, and they will be compiled and format a file whose suffix is .cpp. The contents of init.pcl can be modified by dephi. As that, users can enter Patran by click “FEA parameterize modeling” in this system, and they will see a new file, whose drawing zone has complete FEA module. The program parts dont need to communicate with users and just like a back program. In this progress it will need API function of Windows system. Due to they require high communicate for ALE, material definition, load cases definition, Nastran analysis submitted and results post-possessing and other functions, which are not convenient for delphi to control directly, these parts will be written by PCL. Patran may copy the .CPP files to the catalog such as “C:MSC.SoftwareMSC.Patra2005_r2”, and modify the relative contents in init.pcl file. Allowing for the special features of housing modeling and computing speed of computers, the program all use shell elements to simulate housing. Therefore it use sgm_const_surface_extrude() to product shell function when modeling, and use fem_create_mesh_surf_4() to mesh when FEA meshing. A1.4 Software application example This software is established by the delphi computer language. After enter the system, preliminary design of automobile drive axle housing by basis mechanics must be completed to define the key dimension, then CAE/CAD modeling and analyzing of various operating conditions should be starting. The software interface is shown in the Figure A1, Figure A2 黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 5 shows the solid model of axle housing by SolidWorks parameterized modeling. Figure A1 The software interface Figure A2 The solid model of axle housing Table A1 illustrates material parameters which Component Material Modulus of elasticity Poisson ratio Density Drive axle housing QT400-15 1.962E8 KPa 0.3 7.8E-6 kg/mm3 Half axle casing 45Mn2 2.1E8 KPa 0.28 7.9E-6 kg/mm3 Five operating conditions are analyzed by Patran&Nastran in this system, which are shown in Figure A5, static of 2.5 times full load, driving by the maximum drawing force, brake of full load, turning around of full load, brake of full load in turning around. 黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 6 Longitudinal direction, side direction, vertical direction and revolve of longitudinal direction constraints are laid on at the center of steel plate spring. Load is laid on at the half axle casing, which resulting stress is inconsistent with actual condition, bringing no impact on stress of other parts of axle housing. The result shows that Tresca stress on wheel side is larger in Table A3. Table A2 The stress of axle housing of 5 operating conditions Static of 2.5 times full load Driving by the maximum drawing force Brake of full load Turning around of full load Brake of full load in turning around Stress in critical section 175 87 93.5 158 205 The allowable stress of axle housing is 400MPa, the design is very safe, which shown in the Table A2. Figure 8 illustrates the distribution of stress nearby the steel plate spring. Figure A3 The distribution of stress nearby the steel plate spring Table A3 illustrates the former 9th order natural frequency of automobile drive axle housing by this system. Table A3 The former 9th order natural frequency Order 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Frequency 181.47 265.91 433.24 614.33 658.76 1119.9 1166 1347.4 1399.6 Since the road is not absolutely smooth, automobile natural frequency often occur 黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 7 between 120Hz. Resonance of axle housing wont be caused. This result is reasonable. Figure A4 The 1st order mode of vibration 黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 8 附錄 B 外文文獻(xiàn)中文翻譯 A1 基于虛擬樣機(jī)技術(shù)的汽車驅(qū)動(dòng)橋橋殼 CAD/CAE 系統(tǒng)的建立于研究 虛擬樣機(jī)是指在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)階段，在計(jì)算機(jī)世界中，以優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)思想為指導(dǎo)，以產(chǎn)品 CAD 模型為基礎(chǔ)，利用各種相關(guān) CAE 分析軟件，進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品主要性能仿真分析的數(shù)字模型。虛擬樣機(jī)主要進(jìn)行對(duì)物理樣機(jī)而言難以進(jìn)行的試驗(yàn)，根據(jù)虛擬樣機(jī)反饋的仿真結(jié)果，修正、指導(dǎo)設(shè)計(jì)，直至獲得系統(tǒng)級(jí)的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì) 方案。 驅(qū)動(dòng)橋橋殼是汽車上主要零件之一，非斷開(kāi)式驅(qū)動(dòng)橋殼起著支承汽車荷重的作用，并將載荷傳給車輪。作用在驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪上的牽引力、制動(dòng)力、側(cè)向力和垂向力也經(jīng)過(guò)橋殼傳到懸架及車架或車廂上。因此，橋殼既是承載件又是傳力件。如設(shè)計(jì)不當(dāng)或制造工藝有問(wèn)題時(shí)，會(huì)使橋殼變形或折斷。傳統(tǒng)橋殼設(shè)計(jì)方法代價(jià)過(guò)于昂貴，因此有必要引進(jìn)虛擬樣機(jī)技術(shù)。 A1.1 設(shè)計(jì)方案 以往的橋殼設(shè)計(jì)方法都是先提出一種方案，制造出物理樣機(jī)，然后通過(guò)剛度試驗(yàn)、靜強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)、彎曲疲勞壽命試驗(yàn)等多次破壞性的物理試驗(yàn)來(lái)確定其性能參數(shù)、材料特性。顯然這種方法 的代價(jià)是相當(dāng)昂貴的，而且最后得出的參數(shù)也不一定是最優(yōu)的。如果采用虛擬樣機(jī)技術(shù)先對(duì)驅(qū)動(dòng)橋橋殼工作的各種工況進(jìn)行仿真，在計(jì)算機(jī)里面通過(guò)參數(shù)優(yōu)化得出一組合理的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)值，然后再根據(jù)這組合理的參數(shù)值制造出物理樣機(jī)做物理試驗(yàn)。這種方法節(jié)省時(shí)間，降低成本，將為企業(yè)帶來(lái)巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。 現(xiàn)代模式的新產(chǎn)品試制過(guò)程，和傳統(tǒng)的新產(chǎn)品試制過(guò)程有很大不同。 A 循環(huán)部分為汽車驅(qū)動(dòng)橋橋殼新產(chǎn)品試制傳統(tǒng)方法中所無(wú)，即虛擬樣機(jī)部分。虛擬樣機(jī)可對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量、成本、可制造性（制造工藝性）等指標(biāo)在計(jì)算機(jī)上進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)，當(dāng)評(píng)價(jià)不滿意時(shí)，進(jìn)行修改設(shè)計(jì)，重復(fù) A 循環(huán)，直到獲得理想的參數(shù)為止。 本方案設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)發(fā)一個(gè)軟件平臺(tái)，提供 SolidWorks、 Patran&Nastran 的接口，利用兩種專業(yè)應(yīng)用軟件在 CAD 建模和有限元分析方面的優(yōu)勢(shì)，分別對(duì)二者進(jìn)行二次開(kāi)發(fā)，建立一個(gè)針對(duì)汽車驅(qū)動(dòng)橋橋殼產(chǎn)品的數(shù)字化設(shè)計(jì)平臺(tái)。 考慮到提高有限元軟件的分析效率和有限元模型的簡(jiǎn)化問(wèn)題，本系統(tǒng)采用在Patran 中單獨(dú)參數(shù)化建模的方法，而不是直接修改簡(jiǎn)化 CAD 模型，而 CAD 模型只用黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 9 于觀察裝配干涉和生成二維生產(chǎn)圖。 A1.2 SolidWorks 參數(shù)化建模 凡支持 OLE 和 COM 編程的開(kāi)發(fā)工具 均可用于 SolidWorks 的二次開(kāi)發(fā)。由于設(shè)計(jì)需要本系統(tǒng)采用 Delphi 作為開(kāi)發(fā)工具，運(yùn)用 OLE 自動(dòng)化技術(shù)對(duì) SolidWorks 進(jìn)行二次開(kāi)發(fā)。 SolidWorks 版本為 2006 版。采用這種方法必須在 Delphi 編程環(huán)境中注冊(cè)由SolidWorks 提供的自動(dòng)化服務(wù)類型庫(kù)文件 sldworks.tlb，生成名為 SldWorks_TLB.pas的單元文件，并在編譯程序時(shí)引用之方可。 SolidWorks 的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)為典型的五層式拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)。一個(gè)零件對(duì)象由體構(gòu)成，體中含面，面中含邊，邊中含曲線和頂點(diǎn)?？捎?delphi中 的 record 記錄定義體、面、點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)，分剔用于存儲(chǔ)各自拓?fù)湫畔?。?SolidWorks 中 CAD 參數(shù)化建模過(guò)程如下：首先，定義好驅(qū)動(dòng)尺寸和其余尺寸間的關(guān)系。其次，初始化各 record，利用 API 函數(shù)自動(dòng)生成橋殼實(shí)體圖形。最后，用戶可以在本軟件平臺(tái)上檢查 CAD 模型并修改各尺寸參數(shù)，程序利用預(yù)先定義好的各尺寸間的關(guān)系，自動(dòng)修改橋殼其余相關(guān)尺寸，在SolidWorks 中重畫橋殼圖形。 A1.3 Patran&Nastran 有限元分析。 A1.3.1 PCL 編程 MSC/PATRAN 為用戶提供了一種全功能的編程語(yǔ) 言，即 PCL(PATRAN command language)lsi。 PCL 提供了豐富的表格和萊單庫(kù)，使用戶可以方便快捷的編制 Motif 界面，允許用戶讀寫 Patran 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中的全部信息，其結(jié)構(gòu)和 C 語(yǔ)言類似。本文利用 PCL語(yǔ)言開(kāi)發(fā)包括參數(shù)化建模、自動(dòng)網(wǎng)格劃分、定義材料、定義工況、提交 Nastran 分析和結(jié)果后處理等功能的汽車驅(qū)動(dòng)橋橋殼分析模塊。 PCL 沒(méi)有專門的集成開(kāi)發(fā)環(huán)境，一般都是在文本編輯器中編寫代碼，并將文本保存為 *.pcl格式，然后在 DOS 環(huán)境中將文件預(yù)編譯為 *.cpp 格式，最后在 Patran 中調(diào)試*.cpp 文件。具體操作如下： Patran 每次啟動(dòng)都會(huì)執(zhí)行其根目錄下的 init.pcl 文件，該文件中包含兩個(gè)命令：！ !INPUT p3prolog.pcl 和！ !INPUT p3epilog.pcl。即在 Patran 啟動(dòng)時(shí)預(yù)編譯p3prolog.pcl 和 p3epilog.pcl 文件。用戶可以在此二文件中寫入命令初始化 Patran 啟動(dòng)黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 10 界 面 。 如 在 p3epilog.pcl 中 寫 入 命 令 ： ！ ！ input C: MSC.SoftwareMSC.Patran2005_r2rearhouse.cpp 和 rearhouse.init0，其中 rearhouse.cpp為汽車驅(qū)動(dòng)橋橋殼分析二次開(kāi)發(fā)程序。會(huì)影響 Patran 的啟動(dòng)速度，用戶可以先將自己編寫的函數(shù)編譯到一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中， Patran 可直接調(diào)用。方法如下： 在 Patran 命令行中輸入如下命令： ！ !COMPILE rearhouse.cpp into rearhouse.plb $編譯形成用戶化庫(kù) 在 init.pcl文件中輸入如下內(nèi)容： ！ !library rearhouse.plb ! !library keepopen rearhouse.plb 如此， Patran 肩動(dòng)時(shí) 自動(dòng)加載庫(kù)文件，速度很快，用戶要初始化界面只需在命令行中輸入： rearhouse.init0。 按有限元分析一般流程，本文有限元參數(shù)化建模部分的實(shí)現(xiàn)如下： 在 delphi 中輸入各關(guān)鍵參數(shù)，經(jīng)過(guò) delphi 編譯后生成一個(gè)后綴名為 .cpp 的文件，并由 delphi程序控制修改 init.pcl文件內(nèi)容，初始化 Patran。即用戶從此軟件系統(tǒng)中點(diǎn)擊“有限元參數(shù)化建模”按鈕就會(huì)自動(dòng)進(jìn)入 patran 中，并看到一個(gè)新建的文件，其繪圖區(qū)中已有自動(dòng)建模完畢的有限元分析模型。在 Patran 看來(lái)這部分程序不需要同用戶交互操作，就像 一個(gè)后臺(tái)程序。在此過(guò)程中需用到 Windows 系統(tǒng)的 API 函數(shù)。 其余網(wǎng)格劃分、定義工況、定義材料、提交 nastran 分析、后處理等工作需要很高昀交互性，不便由 delphi程序直接控制，因此實(shí)現(xiàn)這一部分功能的 PCL 程序單獨(dú)編寫。delphi 只將編譯好的實(shí)現(xiàn)這部分功能的 .cpp 文件拷貝到如“ C: MSC.SoftwareMSC.Patr